PRACTICAL WORK BOOK

For Academic Session 2012

CIRCUIT THEORY-II (EE-312)

For
T.E (EE) & T.E (EL)

Name:
Roll Number:
Class:
Batch:
Department :

Semester/Term :

Department of Electrical Engineering

NED University of Engineering & Technology

Circuit Theory II

Contents

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

CONTENTS
Lab.
Dated
No.

List of Experiments

Page
No.

Introduction To MATLAB

1-2

Using MATLAB
Plot and analyze instantaneous power for R,
L and C networks. Calculate power, and
power factor for single phase circuits using
phasors in MATLAB. Single and three phase
analysis.

3-7

Analysis of Maximum Power Transfer

Theorem for AC circuit.
Verification of fundamentals and Proofs of
Single Phase and Polyphase systems using
MATLAB

Representation of Time Domain signal and

their understanding using MATLAB

Apply Laplace transform using MATLAB.

Solving complex Partial fraction problems
easily. Understanding Pole zero constellation
and understanding s-plane.
1. Analyzing / Visualizing systems transfer
function in s-domain.
2. Analysis of system response using LTI
viewer.
Perform convolution in time domain when
impulse response is x2(t).
Calculations and Graphical analysis of series
and parallel resonance circuits.

8-10

11-13

14-16

17-20

21-24

25-26

27-28

10

Analysis of Diode and DTL Logic circuits

29-30

11

Analysis of LC Circuit

31-32

12

13

14

3 Phase Power Measurement for Star

connected load employing single and three
wattmeter method.
3 Phase Power Measurement for Delta
connected load employing Two Wattmeter
Method.

To design a circuit showing Bode Plot i.e.

Magnitude and phase plot.

Remarks

33-35

36-37

38-39

Revised 2012 MG

Circuit Theory II

Introduction to MATLAB

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

LAB SESSION 01
INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB

IN-LAB EXERCISE 1

MATLAB is a high-performance language

for technical computing. It integrates
computation, visualization, and programming
in an easy-to-use environment where
problems and solutions are expressed in
familiar mathematical notation. The name
MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory.
MATLAB was originally written to provide
easy solution to matrix analysis.
In laboratory we will use MATLAB as a tool
for graphical visualization and numerical
solution of basic electrical circuits we are
studying in our course.

1.1.

TO GENERATE SINE WAVE AT

50 Hz
clear all;
close all;
clc;
f=50;
%Defining a variable frequency
t=0:0.000005:0.02;
%Continuous time from 0 to 0.02 with steps
0. 000005
x=sin(2*pi*f*t);
% pi is built in function of MATLAB
plot(t,x)

HOW TO START:
Step 1: Make a new M file. (From Menu bar
select New and then select M-File)
Step 2: When Editor open, write your
program.
Step 3: After writing the program, select
Debug from menu bar and then select run and
save.
Further information can be obtain from the
website www.mathworks.com
Some basic commands are;
clear all: Clear removes all variables from the
workspace. This frees up system memory.
close all: Close deletes the current figure.
clc
: Clear Command Window.
%
: To write comments
Graphical commands:
plot : Linear 2-D plot.
grid : Grid lines for two- and threedimensional plots.
xlabel : Label the x axis, similarly ylabel for
y axis labeling.
legend : Display a legend on graphs.
title : Add title to current graph.

-1-

1.2.

TO GENERATE TWO SINE

WAVE AT 50Hz AND 25 Hz
clear all; close all; clc;
% t is the time varying from 0 to 0.02
t=0:0.000005:0.02;
f1=50;
f2=100;
% Plotting sinusoidal voltage of frequency
100Hz & 50Hz
v1=sin(2*pi*f1*t);
v2=sin(2*pi*f2*t);
plot(t,v1,t,v2)
RUN THE PROGRAM.
ADD SOME COMMANDS IN THE SAME
PROGRAM AND THEN AGAIN RUN IT.
xlabel('Voltage');
ylabel('Time in sec');

Circuit Theory II

Introduction to MATLAB

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

legend('50 Hz','100 Hz');

title('Voltage Waveforms');grid;

1.3.

only one plot command. Comments can be

included after the % symbol. In the plot
command, one can specify the color of the
line as well as the symbol: 'b' stands for blue,
'g' for green, 'r' for red, 'y' for yellow, 'k' for
black; 'o' for circle, 'x' for x-mark, '+' for

PLOT THE FOLLOWING

THREE FUNCTIONS:
v1(t)=5cos(2t+45 deg.)
v2(t)=2exp(-t/2)
v3(t)=10exp(-t/2) cos(2t+45 deg.)

plus, etc. For more information type help

plot in matlab.

MATLAB SCRIPT:
clear all; close all; clc;
t=0:0.1:10;
% t is the time varying from 0 to 10 in steps
of 0.1s
v1=5*cos(2*t+0.7854);
%degrees are concerted in radians
taxis=0.000000001*t;
plot(t,taxis,'k',t,v1,'r')
grid ; hold;
v2=2*exp(-t/2);
plot (t,v2,'g')
v3=10*exp(-t/2).*cos(2*t+0.7854);
plot (t,v3,'b')
title('Plot of v1(t), v2(t) and v3(t)')
xlabel ('Time in seconds')
ylabel ('Voltage in volts')
legend('taxis','v1(t)','v2(t)','v3(t)');

POST LAB EXCERCISE

Task 1.1
W rite a program to plot inverted sine
waveform.
Task 1.2
Write a program to plot 2 cycles of sine
wave.
Task 1.3
W rite a program to plot three phases
waveform showing each phase 120 degree
apart.

NOTE:

The combination of symbols .* is used to

multiply two functions. The symbol * is used
to multiply two numbers or a number and a
function. The command "hold on" keeps the
existing graph and adds the next one to it.
The command "hold off" undoes the effect of
"hold on". The command "plot" can plot
more than one function simultaneously. In
fact, in this example we could get away with
-2-

Circuit Theory II

Power Analysis in MATLAB

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

LAB SESSION 02
2.2. PLOT INSTANTANEOUS
POWER:
v(t)=20cos(377t)
i(t)=5cos(377t)
for t=0 to 20e-4 seconds

IN-LAB EXERCISE 2
OBJECTIVE OF LAB-2:
1. Plot and analyze instantaneous
power for R, L and C networks
supplied by AC source.
2. Calculate power, and power
factor for single phase circuits
using phasors in MATLAB and
their related commands.
3. Single and three phase circuit
analysis.
NEW COMMANDS IN LAB 2: abs,
angle, inv, fprintf.

MATLAB SCRIPT:
clear all; close all; clc;
%Resistive Circuit, current i(t), voltage
v(t), t is time
t=0:1e-4:200e-4
v=20*cos(377*t);
i=5*cos(377*t);
p=v.*i;
plot(t,v,'r',t,i,'b',t,p,'k');
title('Voltage and Current of RL
circuit');
xlabel('sec');
ylabel('Voltage(v) and Current(mA)')'
legend('v','i','p');grid;hold;

2.1. PLOT FOLLOWING

FUNCTION:
v(t)=20cos(377t)
i(t)=5cos(377t+60)
for t=0 to 20m seconds

MATLAB SCRIPT:
clear all; close all; clc;
% RL circuit, current i(t), voltage v(t), t
is time
t=0:1e-3:20e-3
v=20*cos(377*t);
%Converting angle in radians
a_rad=(60*pi/180);
i=5*cos(377*t - a_rad);
plot(t,v,'r',t,i,'b');
title('Voltage and Current of RL
circuit');
xlabel('sec');
ylabel('Voltage(v) and Current(mA)')'
legend('v','i');
grid;
hold;

2.3. TO VERIFY THE CONSTANT

INSTANTANEOUS POWER IN
THREE PHASE
clear all; close all; clc;
t=0:0.00005:0.02; f=50;
x=2*pi*f*t;
va=sin(x); vb=sin(x-2*pi/3);
vc=sin(x+2*pi/3);
plot(x,va,'o',x,vb,'x',x,vc,'v');
grid on, box on, % turn grid and axes
box on
legend('Red Phase','Green Phase','Blue
Phase');
ia=va/2;ib=vb/2;ic=vc/2;
plot(x,ia,x,ib,x,ic);
plot(x,va,x,vb,x,vc);

-3-

Circuit Theory II

Power Analysis in MATLAB

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

fprintf('Average Power: %f \n',P_avg);

%\n is for new line
fprintf('Power Factor: %f \n',p.f);
fprintf('rms voltage: %f \n',V_rms);

p1=va.*ia;p2=vb.*ib;p3=vc.*ic;
pt=p1+p2+p3; % you can add hold
command here
plot(x,p1,'r',x,p2,'g',x,p3,'b',x,pt,'*');
grid on;

ANSWER: Average Power: 25.980762,

Power Factor: 0.866025, rms voltage:
7.071068
In the above program add the following
commands and comment on the
resulting plot.
t=0:0.00005:0.04; plot(t,P_avg);

PHASORS IN MATLAB
Euler's formula indicates that sine waves
can be represented mathematically as
the sum of two complex-valued
functions:

2.4. CALCULATE the absolute value

of complex value of voltage V=10+j10.

as the real part of one of the functions:

MATLAB SCRIPT:
clear all; close all; clc;
v=10+10*j;
x=abs(v);
fprintf('Vabsolute: %f \n',x); or
display (x)
In this program two new commands are
introduced; abs (for absolute value of a
complex quantity) and fprintf (for
printing a value where %f is defining
that fixed value & \n new line). Answer:
absolute=10

As indicated above, phasor can refer to

either
or just the complex
constant,
. In the latter case, it is
understood to be a shorthand notation,
encoding the amplitude and phase of an
underlying sinusoid. And even more
compact shorthand is angle notation:

2.5. DETERMINE,
Average power, power factor and rms
value of voltage when
v(t)=10cos(120 t+30) and
i(t)=6cos(120 t+60)

2.6. SOLVING LINEAR

EQUATIONS & MATRICES
Assume you have the following two
linear complex equations with unknown
I1 and I2:
(600+1250j)I1 + 100j.I2 = 25
100j.I1 + (60-150j).I2 = 0
Matrix form of above two equations is,

MATLAB SCRIPT:
clear all; close all; clc;
t=1/60;
Vm=10;%Maximum value of voltage
Im=6;
Vtheta=30*pi/180; %angle in radians
Itheta=60*pi/180;
p.f=cos(Vtheta-Itheta); %power factor &
avg. power
P_avg=(Vm*Im/2)*cos(Vtheta-Itheta);
V_rms=Vm/sqrt(2);

=
This can be written in matrix form: A.I
= B. To solve this in MATLAB we will
use command: I = inv(A)*B.

-4-

Circuit Theory II

Power Analysis in MATLAB

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

(1)

MATLAB SCRIPT:
clear all; close all; clc;
A=[600+1250j 100j;100j 60-150j];
B = [25;0];
I = inv(A)*B
MAGN=abs(I);
%Converting angle from degrees into
radians
ANG=angle(I)*180/pi;
fprintf('MAGNITUDE: %f \n',MAGN);
fprintf('ANGLE: %f \n',ANG);

(2)

(3)
Substituting the element values in the above
three equations and simplifying, we get the
matrix equation,

We used the abs() operator to find the

magnitude of the complex number and
the angle() operator to find the angle (in
radians). To get the result in degree we
have multiplied the angle by 180/pi as
shown above.
ANSWER: I = 0.0074 - 0.0156i

=
The above matrix can be written as,
[I]=[Y][V]
We can compute the vector [v] using the
MATLAB command;
V=inv(Y)*I
Where inv(Y) is the inverse of the
matrix [Y]

0.0007 - 0.0107i
MAGNITUDE: 0.017262, MAGNITUDE:
0.010685
ANGLE: -64.522970, ANGLE: -86.324380

MATLAB SCRIPT
clear all; close all; clc;
Y = [0.05-0.0225*j 0.025*j -0.0025*j;
0.025*j 0.01-0.0375*j 0.0125*j;
-0.0025*j 0.0125*j 0.02-0.01*j];
c1 = 0.4*exp(pi*15*j/180);
I = [c1;0;0]; % current vector entered as
column vector
V = inv(Y)*I; % solve for nodal
voltages
v3_abs = abs(V(3));
v3_ang = angle(V(3))*180/pi;
fprintf('Voltage V3, magnitude: %f \n',
v3_abs);
fprintf(' Voltage V3, angle in degree:
%f', v3_ang);

In standard phasors format currents are,

I1=0.01726 -64.5229, I2= 0.01068 86.3243

In the program add following commands

& observe;
i1= 0.017262*exp(pi*-64.54*j/180);
i1_abs=abs(i1);
i_ang=angle(i1)*180/pi;

fprintf('Magnitude of i1\n',i1_abs);
fprintf('Angle of i1: %f \n',i_ang);

ANSWER: (output on command window)

Voltage V3, magnitude: 1.850409
Voltage V3, angle in degree: -72.453299

2.7. CALCULATE
V3 (t) In Figure, if R1 = 20 , R2 = 100
, R3 = 50 , and L1 = 4 H, L2 = 8 H and
C1 = 250F, when w = 10 rad/s.
Solution: Using nodal analysis, we
obtain the following equations. At node
1, node 2 and node 3 the equations are;

From the MATLAB results, the time

domain voltage v 3(t) is;
V 3(t) = 1.85cos (10t 72.45o) V

POLY PHASE SYSTEM IN

MATLAB
2.8. A balanced Y-Y system has phase

-5-

Circuit Theory II

Power Analysis in MATLAB

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

voltage of source Van=120 0o rms. If

the load impedance is (10+j8) and the
transmission line has an impedance per
phase of (5-j2) , find the line currents.

%f \n',MAGNb,ANGb);
Icn=abs(Ian)*exp((ANGa+120)*pi*j/18
0);
MAGNc=abs(Icn);
ANGc=angle(Icn)*180/pi;
fprintf(' MAGNITUDE: %f \n ANGLE:
%f \n',MAGNc,ANGc);
2.9. CALCULATE
In Figure, showing an unbalanced wyewye system, find the phase voltages
Van, Vbn, and Vcn.
Solution: Using KVL, we can solve for I1, I2
and I3. From the figure;

Solution:
A
balanced Y-Y
system is a
three-phase
system with a
balanced
Yconnected source and a balanced Yconnected load. It can be converted in a
single phase equivalent circuit as shown
in figure.
Zy is a combination of transmission,
source and load impedance. Therefore,
Zy = (15+j6) ,
Currents are,
Ia =Van/Zy, Ib=Ia
120 and
Ic=Ia
240

110 0o = (1+j1)I1 + ( 5+j12)I1

110 -120 o = (1-j2) I2 + (3+j4) I2
110 120 o = (1-j0.5) I3 + (5-j 12) I3
After simplifying, expressing the above
three equations in matrix form, we have;
Z I V

We obtain the vector I using the

MATLAB command

MATLAB SCRIPT
clear all; close all; clc;
Van=110;
Zy=15+6*j;
Ian=Van/Zy
MAGNa=abs(Ian);
ANGa=angle(Ian)*180/pi;
fprintf(' MAGNITUDE: %f \n ANGLE:
%f \n',MAGNa,ANGa);
Ibn=abs(Ian)*exp((ANGa120)*pi*j/180);
MAGNb=abs(Ibn);
ANGb=angle(Ibn)*180/pi;
fprintf(' MAGNITUDE: %f \n ANGLE:

I inv(Z)*V.

The phase voltages can be obtained as

VAN = (5+j12) I1, VBN (3 4) I2,
VCN (5+j12) I3

MATLAB SCRIPT
% Z is impedance matrix, V is voltage
vector and
% I is current vector
Z = [6-13*j 0 0;0 4+2*j 0;0 0 6-12.5*j];
c2 = 110*exp(j*pi*(-120/180));
c3 = 110*exp(j*pi*(120/180));
-6-

Circuit Theory II

Power Analysis in MATLAB

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

three-phase
generator
with
an
impedance of 0.4+j0.3 per phase is
connected Y-connected balanced load
with an impedance of 24 + j19 per
phase. The line joining the generator and
the load has an impedance of 0.6 +
j0.7 per phase. Assuming a positive
sequence for the source voltages and
that Van = 120 30o V, find: (a) the line
voltages & the line currents using
MATLAB.

V = [110; c2; c3]; % column voltage

vector
I = inv(Z)*V; % solve for loop currents
% calculate the phase voltages
Van = (5+12*j)*I(1); Vbn =
(3+4*j)*I(2);
Vcn = (5-12*j)*I(3);
Van_abs = abs(Van); Van_ang =
angle(Van)*180/pi;
Vbn_abs = abs(Vbn); Vbn_ang =
angle(Vbn)*180/pi;
Vcn_abs = abs(Vcn); Vcn_ang =
angle(Vcn)*180/pi;
% now print out results
fprintf('phasor voltage Van,magnitude:
%f \n phasor voltage Van, angle in
degree: %f \n', Van_abs, Van_ang);
fprintf('phasor voltage Vbn,magnitude:
%f \n phasor voltage Vbn, angle in
degree: %f \n', Vbn_abs, Vbn_ang);
fprintf('phasor voltage Vcn,magnitude:
%f \n phasor voltage Vcn, angle in
degree: %f \n', Vcn_abs, Vcn_ang);
ANS: Van= 99.8 132.6, Vbn=
122.9 -93.4, Vcn=103.13 116.9

POST LAB EXCERCISE

TASK 2.1 Plot the curve of voltage and
current same as in 2.1, just the current is
leading 90 degrees using MATLAB.

TASK 2.2 Plot instantaneous power for

the pure capacitor and inductor.

TASK 2.3 Prove that the summation of

voltage and current in three phase circuit
is zero.

TASK 2.4 Solve example 2.7

numerically on paper and compare the
answers with the result given by
MATLAB.

TASK 2.5 For the circuit shown in

Figure, find the current i 1(t) and the
voltage VC (t) by MATLAB. (Hint: I=
inv(Z)*V)

TASK 2.6 A Y-connected balanced

-7-

Circuit Theory II

Maximum Power Transformer

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

LAB SESSION 03
Object:

MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM USING MATLAB

MATLAB SCRIPT

clear all; close all; clc;

% Load Resistance is 'r'
r=input('please input the
load resistances: ')
Rth=input('please input the
thevenin resistance:')
% Total resistance is 'Rt'
Rt=Rth+r
% Source voltage is 'Vs'
Vs=input('please input the
source voltage: ')
V=(Vs)/(sqrt(2))
% Current is the ratio of
voltage and resistance
Il=V./Rt;
Vrl=(V*r)./(Rt)
format long
Il=single(Il)
%Input power 'Pin' and
Output power 'Po'
Pin=V*Il*1000
Po=Vrl.*Il*1000
%power in mW
n=(Po./Pin)
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(r,n,'r'); grid on;
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(r,Po,'b');grid on;
% Check command window

-8-

Circuit Theory II

Maximum Power Transformer

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

Object:
Analysis of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem for AC circuit

Apparatus:
Digital Multimeter, Power Supply (10V, 50Hz sinusoidal), Resistors of various values ,
connecting wires and Breadboard.

Theory:
The maximum power transfer theorem states that when the load resistance is
equal to the source's internal resistance, maximum power will be developed in the
load or An independent voltage source in series with an impedance Zth or an
independent current source in parallel with an impedance Zth delivers a maximum
average power to that load impendence ZL which is the conjugate of Zth or ZL =
Zth. Since most low voltage DC power supplies have a very low internal
resistance (10 ohms or less) great difficulty would result in trying to affect this
condition under actual laboratory experimentation. If one were to connect a low
value resistor across the terminals of a 10 volt supply, high power ratings would
be required, and the resulting current would probably cause the supply's current
rating to be exceeded. In this experiment, therefore, the student will simulate a
higher internal resistance by purposely connecting a high value of resistance in
series with the AC voltage supply's terminal. Refer to Figure 13.1 below. The
terminals (a & b) will be considered as the power supply's output voltage
terminals. Use a potentiometer as a variable size of load resistance. For various
settings of the potentiometer representing RL, the load current and load voltage
will be measured. The power dissipated by the load resistor can then be
calculated. For the condition of
RL = Ri, the student will verify by measurement that maximum power is developed in the
load resistor.

Procedure
1. Refer to Figure 1, set Rin equal to 1 K representing the internal resistance of the
ac power supply used and select a 10 K potentiometer as load resistance RL.
Vin=10V,50Hz.
a. Using the DMM set the potentiometer to 500 ohms.

b. Connect the circuit of Figure 1. Measure the current through and the voltage across
RL. Record this data in Table 1.
c. Reset the potentiometer to 1K and again measure the current through and the
voltage across RL. Record.

-9-

Circuit Theory II

Maximum Power Transformer

NED University of Engineering and Technology

d.

Department of Electrical Engineering

Continue increasing the potentiometer resistance in 500 ohm steps until the value 10
K is reached, each time measuring the current and voltage and record same in
Table 1. Be sure the applied voltage remains at the fixed value of 10 volts after each
adjustment in potentiometer resistance.

1. For each value of RL in Table 1, calculate the power input to the circuit using the
formula:
Pinput = Vinput x IL
2.

For each value of RL in Table 1, calculate the power output (the power developed
in RL) using the formula:
Pout = VRL x IL.

3.

For each value of RL in Table.1, calculate the circuit efficiency using the formula:
% efficiency = Pout/Pin x 100.

4.
On linear graph paper, plot the curve of power output vs. RL. Plot RL on the
horizontal axis (independent variable). Plot power developed in RL on the vertical axis
(dependent variable). Label the point on the curve representing the maximum power.

Observation:
RL ( )

IL (mA)

VRL (V)

Pin (mW)

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

Conclusion and comments:

- 10 -

Pout (mW)

% eff.

Circuit Theory II

Polyphase System

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

LAB SESSION 04
Object: Verification and Proofs of Single Phase and Polyphase systems using
MATLAB

IN LAB EXERCISE
TASK 1: Plot the line voltages and phase voltages as sinusoids when van = 2sin(wt).
MATLAB SCRIPT:
clear all; close all; clc;
t=-.01:0.00005:0.02;
f=50;
v1=2*sin(2*pi*f*t);
v2=2*sin(2*pi*f*t-120*pi/180);
v3=2*sin(2*pi*f*t-2*120*pi/180);
V1=(v1-v2);
V2=(v2-v3);
V3=(v3-v1);
plot(t,v1,'*b',t,v2,'g',t,v3,'r',t,V
1,'x',t,V2,'o',t,V3,'*r');
grid;

TASK 2: Plot the neutral voltages for Van=1L0, Vbn=1L-90 and Vcn=1L-240

MATLAB SCRIPT:
clear all; close all; clc;
t=-.01:0.00005:0.02; f=50;
v1=2*sin(2*pi*f*t);
v2=2*sin(2*pi*f*t-90*pi/180);
v3=2*sin(2*pi*f*t-2*120*pi/180);
Vn=v1+v2+v3
plot(t,v1,'r',t,v2,'y',t,v3,'b',t,Vn,
'k*');grid;

TASK 3: When load connected is same and power consumed is same in two systems (3
phase and 2 phase circuits) compare the resultant plot and comment on two phase
system.

MATLAB SCRIPT:
clear all; close all; clc;
t=-.01:0.00005:0.02;
f=50;
v1=2*sin(2*pi*f*t);
v2=2*sin(2*pi*f*t-120*pi/180);

- 11 -

Circuit Theory II

Polyphase System

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

v3=2*sin(2*pi*f*t-2*120*pi/180);
i1=v1/18;i2=v2/18;i3=v3/18;
%R=1 ohm
p1=v1.*i1;p2=v2.*i2;p3=v3.*i3;
pt=p1+p2+p3;
plot(t,p1,'r',t,p2,'g',t,p3,'b'
,t,pt,'*')
grid;figure;
va=2*sin(2*pi*f*t);
vb=2*sin(2*pi*f*t-90*pi/180);
ia=va/12;ib=vb/12;
pa=va.*ia; pb=vb.*ib;
pt1=pa+pb
plot(t,pa,'r',t,pb,'g',t,pt1,'k
*');
TASK 4: Prove that the power measured by two wattmeter at each and every instant is
same as the power compute p(t) = vaia+vbib+vcic.

MATLAB SCRIPT:
clear all; close all; clc;
t=-.01:0.00005:0.02;
f=50;
v1=2*sin(2*pi*f*t);
v2=2*sin(2*pi*f*t-120*pi/180);
v3=2*sin(2*pi*f*t-2*120*pi/180);
%At unity power factor and
% For Task R=1 ohm
i1=2*sin(2*pi*f*t);
i2=2*sin(2*pi*f*t-120*pi/180);
i3=2*sin(2*pi*f*t-2*120*pi/180);
V1=(v1-v2);
V2=(v2-v3);
V3=(v3-v1);
p1=v1.*i1;p2=v2.*i2;p3=v3.*i3;
pt=p1+p2+p3;
plot(t,p1,'r',t,p2,'g',t,p3,'b',t
,pt,'*')
grid; figure;
%Two Wattmeter method
w1=(v1-v3).*i1;
w2=(v2-v3).*i2;
w=w1+w2;
plot(t,w1,'r',t,w2,'g',t,w,'b')
grid; figure; plot(t,pt,'y*',t,w,'b');
- 12 -

Circuit Theory II

Polyphase System

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

Task 5: Prove that the power measured by two

wattmeter at each and every instant is same as the
power compute p(t)=vaia+vbib+vcic when the load
is purely inductive.

MATLAB SCRIPT:
clear all; close all; clc;
t=-.01:0.00005:0.02;
f=50;
v1=2*sin(2*pi*f*t);
v2=2*sin(2*pi*f*t-120*pi/180);
v3=2*sin(2*pi*f*t-2*120*pi/180);
%At unity power factor and R=1 ohm
i1=2*sin(2*pi*f*t-90*pi/180);
i2=2*sin(2*pi*f*t-120*pi/180-90*pi/180);
i3=2*sin(2*pi*f*t-2*120*pi/180-90*pi/180);
V1=(v1-v2);V2=(v2-v3);V3=(v3-v1);
p1=v1.*i1;p2=v2.*i2;p3=v3.*i3;
pt=p1+p2+p3;
plot(t,p1,'r',t,p2,'g',t,p3,'b',t,p
t,'*')
grid; figure;
%Two Wattmeter metod
w1=(v1-v3).*i1;
w2=(v2-v3).*i2;
w=w1+w2;
plot(t,w1,'r',t,w2,'g',t,w,'b')
grid; figure;
plot(t,pt,'y*',t,w,'b');
ylim([-6 6]);

Post Lab Exercise

1. Write analysis for each task of this lab.
2. Prove that the power measured by two wattmeter at each and every instant is
same as the power compute p(t )= vaia+vbib+vcic when the p.f is 0.5 lagging.

- 13 -

Circuit Theory II

Time Domain Signals

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

LAB SESSION 05

TIME DOMAIN SIGNAL ANALYSIS

Object:
T i me D o ma i n s ig n a l p l o t ti n g an d th e ir u n d er s t a nd i n g u s in g MA T L A B

IN-LAB EXERCISE
1. Plot unit step, unit ramp, unit impulse, and t2 using MATLAB commands
ones and zeros.

MATLAB SCRIPT:
close all; clear all; clc;
t =0:0.001:1;
f=0:1:100;
y1 = [1, zeros(1,99)];
% impulse, zeros(1,99)returns
%an m-by-n matrix of zeros
y2 = ones(1,100);
% step
y3 = f;
% ramp
y4 = f.^2;
% Now start plottings
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(y1,'r');grid;
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(y2,'b');grid;
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(f,y3,'m');grid;
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(f,y4,'b');grid;

2. Plot f(t)=t+(-t)

MATLAB SCRIPT:
close all;clear all; clc;
tx=0:0.5:10;
y1=tx;
y2=-tx;
y=y1+y2;
plot(tx,y1,'r',tx,y2,'g',tx,y,'b');grid;

3. Plot f(t)=tu(t)-tu(t-5)

MATLAB SCRIPT:
close all;clear all;clc;
t1=0:0.05:10;
t1_axis=0*t1;
%plot(Y) plots, for a vector Y, each %element against its index. If Y
is a

- 14 -

Circuit Theory II

Time Domain Signals

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

%matrix, it plots each column of the %matrix as though it were a

vector.
plot([0 0], [-25 25]);
hold;
plot(t1,t1_axis);grid;
t=[0:0.05:15];
y=t;
%/we need to find when y=5 and
before 5 all columns must be zero.
a=find(y==5)
y1=-t
y1(1:a)=0
y2=y+y1
plot(t,y,'r',t,y1,'b',t,y2, 'k');

4. Plot f(t)=sinwt u(t)-sinwt u(t-4)

MATLAB SCRIPT:
close all;clear all;clc;
t=0:0.00005:0.1;
y=sin(t*2*pi*10)
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,y,'g');grid;hold;
z=sin(t*2*pi*10);
a=find(z==1)
z(1:a)=0;
plot(t,z,'r');
u=y-z;
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,u,'yo');

5. Plot f(t)=e-st in 3-D and show its different views.

MATLAB SCRIPT:
t=[0:1:150];
f = 1/20;
r=0.98;
signal=(r.^t).*exp(j*2*pi*f*t);
figure;
plot3(t,real(signal),imag(signal));
grid on;
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('real part of exponential');
zlabel('imaginary part of exponential');
title('Exponential Signal in 3D');
%Select one command of view at a time
% view([0 0 0])
% view([1 0 0]) %(positive x-direction is up) for 2-D views
% view([0 0 1]) %(positive z-direction is up) for 2-D views

- 15 -

Circuit Theory II

Time Domain Signals

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

% view([0 1 0]) %(positive y-direction is up) for 2-D views

a. Plot f(t)=e-st in 3-D and show its different views through animation.

MATLAB SCRIPT:
clear all; close all; clc;
t=[0:1:150];
f = 1/20;
r=0.98;
signal=(r.^t).*exp(j*2*pi*f*t);
m=[0 0 1;0 1 0;1 0 0;0 0 0];
for k = 1:4
plot3(t,real(signal),imag(signal));grid on;
view(m(k,:))
pause(1)
end

POST LAB EXCERCISE

Task 1.1
Plot example 3 with new technique using the time function;
f(t)= tu(t)-(t-5)u(t-5)-5u(t-5)

Task 1.2
TASK: Plot the curves a = 0.9, b = 1.04, c = -0.9, and d = -1.0.
Plot at, bt , ct and dt when t=0:1:60. Comment on the plot.

Task1.3 (+2 Bonus Marks)

Plot f(t)=e-st in 3-D and show its different views through animation using movie
command and convert file into .avi format.

- 16 -

Circuit Theory II

Frequency Domain Analysis

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

LAB SESSION 06
pretty(a)
% Second example
F1=10*(s+2)/(s*(s^2+4*s+5))
a1=ilaplace(F1)
pretty(a1)

IN-LAB EXERCISE
Objective:
1. Apply Laplace transform using
MATLAB
2. Solving complex Partial fraction
problems easily.
3. Understanding
Pole
zero
constellation.
4. Understanding s-plane.

1.3. Polynomials in MATLAB

The rational functions we will study in

the frequency domain will always be a
ratio of

1.1. Laplace Transform

Please find out the Laplace transform
of
1.sinwt
2. f(t)= -1.25+3.5te(-2t)+1.25e(-2t)
MATLAB SCRIPT:
clear all;close all;clc;
syms s t % It helps to work with

polynomials, so it is important to be able

understand how MATLAB deals with
polynomials. Some of these functions
will be reviewed in this Lab, but it will
be up to you to learn how to use them.
Using the MATLAB help facility
study the functions roots , polyval ,
and
conv .
Then
try
these
experiments:

symbols

g=sin(3*t);
G=laplace(g)
a=simplify(G)
pretty(a)

Roots of Polynomials

Finding the roots of a polynomial:

F(s)= s4+10s3+35s2+50s+ 24

Check the result on command

window.
clear all;close all; clc;
syms t s
f=-1.25+3.5*t*exp(2*t)+1.25*exp(-2*t);
F=laplace(f)
a=simplify(F)
pretty(a)

Write in command window

a= [1 10 35 50 24];
r= roots (a)
In command window the roots are;
r= -4.0000,-3.0000, -2 .0000, 1.0000
Multiplying Polynomials

The conv function in MATLAB is

designed to convolve time sequences,
the basic operation of a discrete time
filter. But it can also be used to multiply
polynomials, since the coefficients of
C(s) = A(s)B(s) are the convolution of
the coefficients of A and the coefficients
of B. For example:
a= [1 2 1];b=[1 4 3];
c= conv(a,b)
c=

1.2. Inverse Laplace Transform

Please find out the Inverse Laplace

transform of
1 F(s) = (s-5)/(s(s+2)2);
1. F(s) = 10(s+2)/(s(s2+4s+5));
MATLAB SCRIPT:
clear all;close all;clc;
syms t s ;
F=(s-5)/(s*(s+2)^2);
a=ilaplace(F)

- 17 -

Circuit Theory II

Frequency Domain Analysis

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

expansion

1 6 12 10 3
In other words,
(s2 +2s+l)(s2 +4s+3)=s4 +6s3
+12s2 +l0s+3

H (s)

s 1

Second Example:
clear all; close all;clc
num=[1 2 3 4];
den=[1 6 11 6];
[r p k]=residue(num,den)

When you need to compute the value of

a polynomial at some point, you can use
the built-in MATLAB function
polyval . The evaluation can be done
for single numbers or for whole arrays.
For example, to evaluate
A(s)=s2+2s+1 at s=1,2, and3, type

After watching the command

window, add command:
[n,d]=residue(r,p,k)

It s interesting to see what you get in

command window now.

a=[1 2 1];
poIyvaI(a,[1:3])

1.5.
ans =
4 9 16
To produce the vector of values A(1) =
4, A(2) = 9, and A(3) = 16.

First Example:

s3

s2
6s 2

Poles, Zeros and transfer

funtion

The transfer function H(s) is the ratio of

the output response Y(s) to the input
excitation X(s), assuming all initial
conditions are zero.
In MATLAB it will be written as

1.4. Partial Fraction Easy to

solve .

H (s)

s 3

5
s 2

(For Task 2(3). find its Inverse Laplace

transform)

Evaluating Polynomials

s2 1
s 1 s 2 s 3

H=tf([num],[den])

1
11s 6

Use the command residue for finding

partial fraction.
See Help for residue command.
MATLAB SCRIPT:
clear all; close all;clc
num=[1 0 1];
den=[1 6 11 6];

Let we have H(s) = 1/(s+a), the

system have two conditions,
1. H(s) = 0 at s=infinity, that is the
system has a zero at iinfinity.
2. H(s) = infinity at s= -a, system
has a pole at s= -a.
First Example:
Taking the first example of 1.4 we
have,

[r p k]=residue(num,den)
Result on command window will be:
r=
5.0000
-5.0000
1.0000
p=
-3.0000
-2.0000
-1.0000
k=[]

This means that H(s) has the partial fraction

H = tf([1 0 1],[1 6 11 6])

- 18 -

Circuit Theory II

Frequency Domain Analysis

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

Draw its pole zero constellation and plot

|F( )| verses sigma.

pzmap(H)
Second Example:

MATLAB SCRIPT:

Plot poles and zeros for H(s) = s+2 /

(s2+2s+26)

clear all; close all; clc;

sigma=-6:0.0005:6;
omg=0;
s=sigma+j*omg;
z1=1./(s.^2+5*s+6);
z=abs(z1);
plot(s,z);
grid;
ylim([-10 30])
xlabel('Sigma')
ylabel('Magnitude of F(s)')
figure;
h=tf([1],[1 5 6])
pzmap(h)

H=tf([1 2],[1 2 26])

num=[1 2]
den=[1 2 26]
[r p k]=residue(num,den)
1.6.

Complex Frequency Response

when w =0

First Example:
Let F(s) = 3+4s, and s= +j , suppose
that only real component is present and
w=0.
Now we will plot magnitude of F(s)
with respect to s.

Complex Frequency Response when

=0
First Example:

MATLAB SCRIPT:
clear all; close all; clc;
sigma=-6:0.0005:6;
omg=0;
s=sigma+j*omg;
z1=3+4*s;
z=abs(z1);
plot(s,z);
grid;
ylim([-10 30])
xlabel('Sigma')
ylabel('Magnitude of F(s)')

Same F(s) as in 1.6, that is, F(s) = 3+4s

MATLAB SCRIPT:
clear all;close all; clc;
%Magnitude Plot
omg=-6:0.0005:6;
sigma=0;
s=sigma+j*omg;
z1=3+j*4*omg;
z=abs(z1);
plot(omg,z);
grid;
ylim([-10 30])
xlabel('Omega');
ylabel('Magnitude of
F(s)');figure;

%Phase plot
z_phase=atan(4*omg./3)
z_phase1=rad2deg(z_phase)
plot(omg,z_phase1);grid;
xlabel('Omega');
ylabel('Phase Plot of
F(s)');

Find x intercept and y

intercept, that is the value of
sigma at which function is equal
to zero and value of function
when sigma equal to zero.

Find
x
intercept
and
y
intercept, that is the value of
omega at which function is equal
to zero and value of function
when omega equal to zero.
In

Second Example:
F(s) = 1 / (s2+5s+6)
- 19 -

Circuit Theory II

Frequency Domain Analysis

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

phase plot find values of w when

angle is equal to 45 and 90.

F(s) = s

POST LAB EXCERCISE

Task 1.1:
Find Laplace of;
1. Cos(wt)
2. g(t)=[4-4e(-2t)cost+2e(-2t)sint]u(t)

Task 1.2:
Find Inverse Laplace of:
1. G(s)=10(s+2)/s(s2+4s+5)
2. F(s)=0.1/(0.1s+1)
5
5
1
3. H ( s )
s 3
s 2
s 1

Second Example: F(s)= 1/(s2+5s+6),

find its complex frequency response
when sigma=0.

MATLAB SCRIPT:
clear all;close all; clc;
%Magnitude Plot
omg=-6:0.0005:6;
sigma=0;
s=sigma+1i*omg;
z1=1./(s.^2+5*s+6);;
z=abs(z1);
plot(omg,z);
grid;
xlabel('Omega');
ylabel('Magnitude of
F(s)');figure;
%Phase plot
z_phase=atan((5*omg)./(6omg.^2))
z_phase1=rad2deg(z_phase)
plot(omg,z_phase1);grid;
xlabel('Omega');
ylabel('Phase Plot of
F(s)');

1.7.

Task 1.3

Apply partial fraction.

Ans: r =1.0470 + 0.0716i; 1.0470 0.0716i
-0.0471 - 0.0191i; -0.0471 + 0.0191i
0.0001
p = -0.0000 + 3.0000i; -0.0000 - 3.0000i
-0.0488 + 0.6573i; -0.0488 - 0.6573i; 0.1023
2.

Task 1.4
1. Draw the pole zero constellation
for H(s)=25/s2+s+25

2. Draw |F( )| vs and |F(j )| vs

.
a. F(s)=2+5s
b. F(s)=s / (s+3)(s+2)(s+1)
c. F(s)=(s+1) / (s3+6s2+11s+6)

Complex Frequency Response

when s= +j*

Write analysis for a, b and c in your own

words.
Task 1.5
Write a program in MATLAB to plot
surface plot for 1.7

- 20 -

Circuit Theory II

S-Domain

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

LAB SESSION 7
(or X and Y are zero) or
not.

IN-LAB EXERCISE
Objective:

3. Analyzing / Visualizing systems

transfer function in
s-domain.
4. Analysis of system response using
LTI viewer.
1.

Understanding F(s) = s

Plot and understand the function

F(s)=s
MATLAB SCRIPT:

% Transfer Function is
F(s)=s
close all; clear all; clc;
num=[1 0]
den=[1]
H=tf([num],[den])
% Pole Zero constellation
pzmap(H)
figure;

CHANGES IN THE ORIGIINAL

PROGRAM (3D)

Slicing the curve from mid.

sigma=-10:1:10;
omega=0:1:10;

% Defining sigma and omega

sigma=-10:1:10;
omega=-10:1:10;
%***Creating a Matrix***
[X,Y]=meshgrid(sigma,omega)
;
Z=abs(X+j*Y);
surf(X,Y,Z);
xlabel('Sigma')
ylabel('Omega')
zlabel('Magnitude')

If you see from right side

you will see a V curve
between sigma and omega.

ANALYSIS :

ADD COMMANDS:
View([0 0 1])
Put data cursor on the most
midpoint and see if
function is zero when s=0

- 21 -

|F(s)|

Circuit Theory II

S-Domain

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

%Creating a Matrix
[X,Y]=meshgrid(sigma,omega)
;

CHANGES IN THE ORIGIINAL

PROGRAM (2D)

ADD COMMANDS:
% Plot when sigma is zero
plot(omega,Z(omega==0,:));
xlabel('Omega');
ylabel('Magnitude');
figure;
% Plot when Omega is zero
plot(sigma,Z(:,omega==0))
xlabel('Sigma');ylabel('Mag
nitude')

Z=abs((X+j*Y)+2);

surf(X,Y,Z);
xlabel('Sigma');
ylabel('Omega');
zlabel('Magnitude');
%Untill here check the
output
ANALYSIS:

ADD command
View([0 0 1])
Put data cursor on the most
midpoint and see if
function is zero when s=-2
(or X and Y are zero) or
not.

|F(s)|

Omega

CHANGES IN THE ORIGINAL

PROGRAM (3D)

%Slicing the curve from

mid.
sigma=-10:1:10;
omega=0:1:10;

|F(s)|

and when we change as;

sigma=-10:1:10;
omega=0:1:10;

Sigma
2.

Understanding F(s) = (s+2)

Plot and understand the function

F(s)=s+2
MATLAB SCRIPT:
close all; clear all; clc
num=[1 2]
den=[1]
H=tf([num],[den])
pzmap(H)
figure;
% Defining sigma and omega
sigma=-10:1:10;
omega=-10:1:10;

- 22 -

Circuit Theory II

S-Domain

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

ylim([0 10])
3.

Understanding F(s) = (1/s)

Plot and understand the function

1. F(s)=1/s
MATLAB SCRIPT:

clear all;close all;clc;

sigma=-15:1:15;
omega=-15:1:15;
CHANGES IN THE ORIGIINAL
PROGRAM (2D)
ADD Commands:

[X,Y]=meshgrid(sigma,omega)
;
Z=abs(1./((X+j*Y)))
a=surf(X,Y,Z); hold;

figure;
% Plot when sigma is zero
plot(sigma,Z(omega==0,:));
xlabel('Sigma');
ylabel('Magnitude');
figure;
% Plot when w is only
positive
plot(omega,Z(:,sigma==0))
xlabel('Omega')
ylabel('Magnitude')

xlabel('X-Axis: Sigma')
ylabel('Y-Axis: Omega')
zlabel('Magnitude')
figure;
% Plot when sigma is zero
plot(sigma,Z(omega==0,:));
xlabel('Sigma');
ylabel('Magnitude');
figure;
% Plot when w is only
positive
plot(omega,Z(:,sigma==0))
xlabel('Omega')
ylabel('Magnitude')

- 23 -

Circuit Theory II

S-Domain

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

POST LAB EXCERCISE

Task 1:

Understanding the plot and perform

the analysis of
1. F(s) = 1/(s+3)
2. F(s) = 25/(s2+s+25)
a. Write Transfer function and
draw PZ plot.
b. Draw s-plane representation.
c. Slice it w.r.t and plane.
d. Draw 2-D plot and w.r.t and
plane and compare it with the
plots of part c .

Slice the plot:

MATLAB Script:

clear all;close all;clc;

sigma=-0:1:15;
omega=-15:1:15;
[X,Y]=meshgrid(sigma,omega)
;
Z=abs(1./((X+j*Y)))
a=surf(X,Y,Z);
colormap(Pink); hold;
xlabel('X-Axis: Sigma')
ylabel('Y-Axis: Omega')
zlabel('Magnitude')

- 24 -

Circuit Theory II

Convolution

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

LAB SESSION 8

Convolution
Object:

Perform convolution in time domain

when impulse response is x2(t).
MATLAB Script:
x(t)
h(t)

MATLAB Script:
tint=0;
tfinal=10;
tstep=.01;
t=tint:tstep:tfinal;
x=1*((t>=0)&(t<=2));
subplot(3,1,1),
plot(t,x);grid
axis([0 10 0 3])
h=1*exp(-1*t)
subplot(3,1,2),plot(t,h);gr
id
axis([0 10 0 3])
t2=2*tint:tstep:2*tfinal;
y=conv(x,h)*tstep;
subplot(3,1,3),plot(t2,y);g
rid
axis([0 10 0 3])

clear all;close all;clc

tint=-10;
tfinal=10;
tstep=.01;
t=tint:tstep:tfinal;
x=1*((t>=0)&(t<1))+2*((t>=1
)&(t<=2));
subplot(3,1,1),
plot(t,x);grid
axis([0 5 0 4])
h=1*((t>=0 & (t<=1)));
subplot(3,1,2),plot(t,h);gr
id
axis([0 5 0 5])
t2=2*tint:tstep:2*tfinal;
y=conv(x,h)*tstep;
subplot(3,1,3),plot(t2,y);g
rid
axis([0 6 0 5])
Example 2:

Perform convolution between h(t)=e(-t);

and x(t)=1u(t)-u(t-2)
- 25 -

Circuit Theory II

Convolution

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

TASK:
Perform the time domain convolution on
MATLAB as well as on paper.

ANS:

- 26 -

Circuit Theory II

Resonance

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

LAB SESSION 9
B=wo./Q

IN-LAB EXERCISE

%Check the result on

command window

Objective:

Calculations and Graphical analysis of

series and parallel resonance circuits

Impedance

1. Series Resonance

For the given circuit, determine

resonance frequency, Quality factor and
bandwidth.

Frequency

2. Series Resonance

Plot the response curves

for Impedance, reactance
and current.
MATLAB SCRIPT:

clear all;close all;clc;

MATLAB SCRIPT:

V=10
R=1000;
L=8e-3;
C=0.1e-6;

%Calculation of resonance
frequency %for series RLC
resonant circuit
clear all;
close all;
clc;
R=input('Please inuput the
Resistance(Ohm): ');

wo=1./(L.*C).^(0.5)
fr=wo./(2.*pi)
f=(fr-2500):0.5:(fr+2500);
Xl=2.*pi.*f.*L;
Xc=1./(2.*pi.*f.*C)

L=input('Please inuput the

Inductance(H): ');

%Impedance
Z=(R.^2+(Xl-Xc).^2).^(0.5);

C=input('Please inuput the

Capacitance(F): ');

%Plot reactances
plot(f,Xl,'r',f,Xc,'g');gri
d;
xlabel('Frequency')
ylabel('Reactances')

wo=1./(L.*C).^(0.5)
fr=wo./(2.*pi)
Q=wo.*L./R

- 27 -

Circuit Theory II

Resonance

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

%Plot Impedance
figure;
plot(f,Z,'m',f,R,'r');grid;
hold
ylim([990 1060]);
plot([5627 5627], [990
1070])
xlabel('Frequency')
ylabel('Impedance')

POST LAB EXCERCISE

Task 1.1:

Plot the current response verses

frequency using MATLAB. Write brief
statement for these plots.
Task1.2:

Perform 1.1 and 1.2 for parallel

resonance circuits.

- 28 -

Circuit Theory II

Diode Logic

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

LAB SESSION 10

Diode Logic
Object:
Analysis of Diode and DTL Logic circuits.
Apparatus:
Power supply, Resistors, Diodes, Transistor, DMM and SPDT Switch on each input.
Theory:
Analog signals have a continuous range of values within some specified limits and can
be associated with continuous physical phenomena.
Digital signals typically assume only two discrete values (states) and are appropriate for
any phenomena involving counting or integer numbers. The active elements in digital
circuits are either bipolar transistors or FETs. These transistors are permitted to operate
in only two states, which normally correspond to two output voltages. Hence the
transistors act as switches. There are different logic through which we can achieve our
desired results such as Diode Logic, Transistor-Transistor logic, Diode Transistor logic,
NMOS Logic, PMOS logic and a number of others. In this experiment and OR logics are
achieved through Diode logic and NAND Logic is achieved by using NAND Logic

Circuit diagram:

Procedure :
1. Connect the circuit according to the circuit diagram..
2. Place the Oscilloscope channel A at the input and output at channel B.
3. Also, place the voltmeter at output
4. Now, observe the waveform, measure and record the readings in the observation
table for three different type of input

- 29 -

Circuit Theory II

Diode Logic

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

Observation:
(When diodes are forward biased.)
Sr. No. Input A(V)

Input B(V)

Input C(V)

Output y(V)

Input C(V)

Output y(V)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

When diodes are reverse biased.

Sr.no. Input A(V)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Input B(V)

Analysis:

- 30 -

Circuit Theory II

LC Circuit

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

LAB SESSION 11

LC Circuit
Object:
Analysis of LC Circuit
Apparatus:
Power Supply, Capacitor, Inductor, SPDT switch, breadboard, connecting wires and
Oscilloscope

Theory:
The value of the resistance in a parallel RLC circuit becomes infinite or that in a series
RLC circuit becomes zero, we have a simple LC loop in which an oscillatory response
can be maintained forever at least theoretically. Besides we may get a constant output
voltage loop for a fairly long period of time. Thus it becomes a design of a lossless
circuit. Total Response = Forced Response + Natural Response
Forced Response = Forcing Function (Sinusoidal in this Case)
Natural Response = Content voltage waveform.
Circuit Diagram LC Circuit.

Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Connect the circuit according to the circuit diagram..

ON Power switch and set the oscilloscope according to requirement.
Place the channel A of Oscilloscope at the input and channel B at output.
Initially switch is open observe waveform.
Observe waveforms when switch is closed.
Again open the switch and observer output waveform.
Draw observed waveforms in the observation table.

- 31 -

Circuit Theory II

LC Circuit

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

Observation:
Position of switch
Switch at pos B

Output Waveform

Switch at pos A

Switch at pos B

Result:
The output waveform suggests that the natural response of a LC circuit is a constant
voltage waveform showing the property of a lossless circuit.

- 32 -

Circuit Theory II

3 Wattmeter method

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

LAB SESSION 12
OBJECTIVE
To measure the Three Phase Power of Star connected load using Three Wattmeter
methods.

APPARATUS
Three Watt-meters
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Star Connected Load

THEORY
Power can be measured with the help of
1. Ammeter and voltmeter (In DC circuits)
2. Wattmeter
3. Energy meter
By Ammeter and Voltmeter:
Power in DC circuits or pure resistive circuit can be measured by measuring the voltage
& current, then applying the formula P=VI.
By Energy Meter:
Power can be measured wuth the help of energy meter by
measuring the speed of the merter disc with a watch, with the
help of following formula:

P = N x 60

kW

K
Where
N= actual r.p.m of meter disc
K= meter constant which is equal to disc revolutions per kW hr
By Wattmeter: A wattmeter indicates the power in a circuit directly. Most commercial
wattmeters are of the dynamometer type with the two coils, the current and the voltage
coil called C.C & P.C.
Power in three phase circuit can be measured with the help of poly phase watt-meters
which consist of one two or three single phase meters mounted on a common shaft.
Single Phase Power Measurement:
One wattmeter is used for single phase load or balanced three phase load, three and four
wire system. In three-phase, four wire system, p.c. coil is connected between phase to
ground, while in three wire system, artificial ground is created.

- 33 -

Circuit Theory II

3 Wattmeter method

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

Figure: Single Wattmeter Method

PROCEDURE
Arrange the watt-meters as shown above.

OBSERVATION
Phase Voltage: _______

S.
No.
1
2

Size of Load Bank

(By Observation)
05x100W
10x100W

Measured Load
(Using Wattmeter)

Current
(A)

Voltage
(V)

Three Phase Power Measurement Using Three Wattmeter Method:

Two watt-meters & three watt-meters are commonly used for three phase power
measurement. In three watt-meter method, the potential coils are connected between
phase and neutral.
For three wire system, three watt-meter method can be used, for this artificial neutral is
created.

Figure: Three wattmeter method

PROCEDURE
Arrange the watt-meters as shown above.

- 34 -

Circuit Theory II

3 Wattmeter method

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

OBSERVATION
Power of Star Connected Load:
Line to Line Voltage:
Line to Phase Voltage:

_______________________W
V
V

Using Three Wattmeter Method

Wattmeter
Wattmeter
S.
Reading
Reading
No
(W1)
(W2)

Wattmeter
Reading
(W3)

W1+W2+W3

Current
(A)

EXERCISE:
Here we are connecting phase with neutral without any load, doing this using a small
wire in house could be very dangerous, then how it is possible here?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
________________________________

What do you understand by balance and unbalance load? In our case, is load balance or
unbalance?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
________________________________
Suppose L1 is 70 W, ceiling fan, L2 is 100 W bulb, L3 is 350 W PC (Personal
Computer), what amount of current will flow in the neutral?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
________________________________

- 35 -

Circuit Theory II

2 Wattmeter method

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

LAB SESSION 13
OBJECTIVE
To measure the Three Phase Power of Delta connected load using Two Wattmeter
methods.

APPARATUS
Three Watt-meters
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Star Connected Load

THEORY
Two Wattmeter Method:

In two watt-meter method, two wattmeters are used & their potential coils are connected
between phase to phase and current coil in seies with the line. Two wattmeters can be
used to measure power of star and delta connected load, but here we are performing
experiment on delta connected load only, same method can be applied for star connected
load. Following formulas are used for calculating P, Q and p.f.

- 36 -

Circuit Theory II

2 Wattmeter method

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

Figure: Two Wattmeter Method

PROCEDURE
Arrange the watt-meters according to the load (single phase or three-phase) and whether
neutral available or not (as shown in the above figures).

OBSERVATION
Power of Delta Connected Load:
Line to line Voltage:

Using Two Wattmeter Method

Wattmeter
S.
Type of Load
Reading
No
(W1)
Three Phase
Delta
1
Connected
Load

2 bulbs in series of
V

Wattmeter
Reading
(W2)

W1+W2

p.f.

Current
(IL)

RESULT:
The two wattmeter method of three phase power measurements have fully understood &
performed.
EXERCISE:
Here for each delta connected load we are connecting two bulbs in series, why?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
________________________________

- 37 -

Circuit Theory II

Bode Plot

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

LAB SESSION 14

Bode Plot
Object:
Design a circuit showing the Bode Plot i.e.: Magnitude and Phase-plot.

Apparatus:
AC power supply, Resistors, Operational Amplifier and Bode Plotter.

Theory:
Bode Diagram is a quick method of obtaining an approximate picture of the amplitude
and phase variation of a given transfer function as function of
. The approximate
response curve is also called an Asymptotic plot . Both the magnitude and phase curves
are plotted using a logarithmic frequency scale. The magnitude is also plotted in
logarithmic units called decibels (db).
HdB = 20 log |H(j )|
where the common logarithm(base 10) is used

Circuit Diagram:

Exercise: (Find HdB and Hphase for given network)

- 38 -

Circuit Theory II

Bode Plot

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

Asymptotic Bode plot:

Observed bode plot:

Conclusion:

- 39 -