JPN Pahang
Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 5 Light
CHAPTER 5: LIGHT
In each of the following sentences, fill in the bracket the appropriate word or words given below.
solid, liquid, gas, vacuum, electromagnetic wave, energy
1. Light is a form of (
).
2. It travels in the form of (
)
3. In can travel through (
)
4. It travels fastest in the medium of (
)
5. Light of different colours travels at the same speed in the medium of (
Light allows us to see objects.
Light can be reflected or refracted.
5.1 UNDERSTANDING REFLECTION OF LIGHT
Plane mirror and reflection: In the boxes provided for the diagram below, write the name of each
of the parts shown.
Plane mirror
Laws of Reflection: State the laws of reflection.
(i)
.
..
.
r
Plane mirror
(ii)
..
..
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Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 5 Light
Exercise 1. The diagram below shows how the relationship between incident angle and reflected
angle can be investigated.
Fill in the values of the angles of reflection, r in the table below
mirror
mirror
i r
i r
ON
Laser pen
OFF
ON
OFF
i
10
20
30
40
50
Laser pen
Exercise 2:
Based on the diagram on the left,
calculate the angle, . Hence
determine the angle of deviation, d.
Original direction
Mirror
50o
normal
Exercise 3:
Mirror before
rotation
Mirror rotated o
Incident ray
normal
Reflected ray before
rotation
Reflected ray after
rotation
Based on the diagram above, when the mirror is rotated an angle , without changing
the incident ray, what is the angle rotated ,, for the reflected ray in terms of ?
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Chapter 5 Light
Image formed by a plane mirror: Using the law of reflection, complete the ray diagram to
determine the position of the image.
object
i1
r1
Eye
What can you say about the line joining object and image?
What can you say about the distances AB and BC? ..
Differences between real and virtual image:
Real image
Virtual image
Can be caught on a screen
Cannot be caught on a
screen
Formed by the meeting of
real rays.
Form at a position where
rays appear to be
originating.
Characteristics of image formed by plane mirror: Observe the pictures below as well as using
previous knowledge, list the characteristics.
i)
mirror
ii)
iii)
image
object
iv)
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Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 5 Light
Exercise 1:
Complete the ray diagram below consisting of 2 rays originating from the object, reflected
and entering the eye such that the eye sees the image.
Mirror
Eye
object
Exercise 2:
Ahmad is moving with speed 2 m s-1 towards a plane mirror. Ahmad and his image will
approach each other at
A.
B.
C.
D.
1 m s-1
2 m s-1
3 m s-1
4 m s-1
Exercise 3:
Four point objects A, B, C and D are placed in front of a plane mirror MN as shown. Between their
images, which can be seen by the eye?
Eye
A
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JPN Pahang
ACTIVITY:
Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 5 Light
Find out some of the uses of plane mirrors (application of reflection).
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Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 5 Light
Curved Mirrors:
Concave mirror
Convex mirror
P
r
P
r
Terminology: Refer to the diagrams above and give the names for the following:
C =
r =
P =
PC =
Effect of curved mirrors on incident rays:
a) Incident rays parallel to the principal axis:
Concave mirror
Convex mirror
Study the diagrams above and fill in the blanks for the following sentences.
Rays parallel to the principal axis converge at the , F
F is positioned at the .. between C and P
FP is named the which is denoted by f.
Hence write an equation giving the relationship between r and f.
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Chapter 5 Light
b) Incident rays parallel to each other but not parallel to the principal axis:
Concave mirror
Convex mirror
Focal plane
Focal plane
P
F
Study the diagrams above and fill in the blanks in the following sentences.
Parallel rays converge at a point called
The focal plane joins F, the principal focus and all ..and is
. to the principal axis
The ray passing through C is reflected back along the line of the.ray.
The distance between the focal plane and the mirror is the .,f.
Image formed by curved mirror (ray diagram method)
Principle of drawing ray diagrams:
a. Rays parallel to the principal axis are reflected through the principal focus, F.
Example:
Convex mirror
Concave mirror
Exercise 1: Complete the ray diagrams below:
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Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 5 Light
Convex mirror
Concave mirror
b) Rays passing through the principal focus are reflected parallel to the principal axis.
Example:
Convex mirror
Concave mirror
Exercise 2: Complete the ray diagrams below:
Convex mirror
Concave mirror
c) Rays passing through the center of curvature are reflected directly back.
Convex mirror
Concave mirror
Exercise 3: Complete the ray diagrams below:
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Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 5 Light
Convex mirror
Concave mirror
Image formed by concave mirror:
Using the principles of construction of ray diagram, complete the ray diagrams for each of the cases
shown below:
u = object distance; v = image distance ; f = focal length ; r = radius of curvature
Case 1: u > 2f
Concave mirror
object
F
C
Hence state the characteristics of image formed:
i)
ii)
iii)
Case 2: u = 2f or u = r
Concave mirror
object
C
Characteristics of image formed:
i)
ii)
iii)
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Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 5 Light
Case 3: f < u < 2f
Concave mirror
object
F
Characteristics of image formed:
i)
ii)
iii)
Case 4: u = f
Concave mirror
object
C
Characteristics of image formed:
i)
Case 5: u < f
Concave mirror
object
F
Characteristics of image formed:
i)
ii)
iii)
Image formed by convex mirror: (using construction of ray diagram).
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Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 5 Light
u = object distance ; v = image distance ; f = focal length ; r = radius of curvature
Convex mirror
object
C
Characteristics of image formed:
i)
ii)
iii)
Uses of curved mirrors:
Newtons Telescope: Fill in the boxes the type of mirror used
Lens
Eye
Car head lamp
Curved mirror
lamp
OFF
ON
Where should the lamp be placed to achieve the
above result?
Activity: Find more uses of curved mirrors.
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Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 5 Light
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Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 5 Light
5.2 UNDERSTANDING REFRACTION OF LIGHT
air
water
What is the phenomenon which causes the bending of light in the picture above?
Why did this bending of light occur? (think in terms of velocity of light)
Refraction of light:
Fill in each of the boxes
the name of the part shown
i
Air
Glass
r
r
Air
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Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 5 Light
Direction of refraction:
normal
normal
Less dense
medium
denser
medium
Denser
medium
Less dense
medium
Draw on the diagrams above the approximate directions the refracted rays.
When light travels from a less dense medium to a denser medium, the ray is refracted
(toward/away from) the normal at point of incidence.
When light travels from a more dense medium to a less dense medium, the ray is refracted
(toward/away from) the normal at point of incidence.
Snells law:
Snells law states that
What is the name and symbol of the constant? ..
Exercise 1:
Referring to the diagram on the right,
Calculate the refractive index of liquid-X.
60o
Air
Liquid-X
30o
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Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 5 Light
Exercise 2:
Referring to the diagram on the right,
Calculate the refractive index of liquid-Y.
45o
Air
Liquid-Y
30o
Exercise 3:
Eye
Air
On the diagram to the right, draw two rays
which originate from the fish to show
how a person observing from above
the surface of the water is able to see the
image of the fish at an apparent depth
less than the actual depth of the fish.
water
object
Exercise 4:
An equation that gives the relationship between apparent depth, real depth and the refractive index
of water for the diagram above is
real depth
n
apparent depth
If the fish is at an actual depth of 4 m and the refractive index of water is 1.33, what is the apparent
depth of the image?
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Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 5 Light
5.3 UNDERSTANDING TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION OF LIGHT
Critical angle and total internal reflection:
Figures a, b and c show rays being directed from liquid-Y which is denser than air towards the air
at different angles of incident,.
Air
90o
Air
Liquid-Y
Liquid-Y
C
<C
Figure a
Figure b
Among the figures a, b and c, only Figure a
has a complete ray diagram.
(i)
Air
Complete the ray diagrams for
Figure b and Figure c.
Liquid-Y
(ii)
The angle, C is called .
(iii)
The phenomenon which occurs in
Figure c yang is called
>C
Figure c
.
(iv)
State 2 conditions which must be satisfied in order for the phenomenon
you mentioned in (iii) to occur.
Exercise 1:
Referring to figure d and using Snells law,
write an equation that gives the relationship
between the critical angle, C, the refracted angle
and the refractive index of liquid-Y
90o
Air
Liquid-Y
C
Figure d
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Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 5 Light
Exercise 2:
Referring to Figure e, determine the
refractive index of liquid-Z
90o
Air
Liquid-Z
30o
Exercise 3:
Figure e
Explain why a pencil partially immersed in water looks bent.(Use a ray diagram).
Eye
Exercise 4:
Complete the path of the ray in the diagram below and explain how a mirage is formed.
object
Layer of cool air
Eye
Layer of hot air
ground
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Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 5 Light
Exercise 5:
Completing the ray diagram below, to show how a periscope works: (critical angle of glass = 42o)
Object
Glass prism
Eye
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Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 5 Light
5.4 UNDERSTANDING LENSES
Thin Lenses :
Types of lenses : Name the types of lenses shown below.
(i)
a.
b.
c.
a.
b.
c.
(ii)
Formation of a convex lens and terminology: name the parts shown
Formation of a concave lens and terminology: name the parts shown
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Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 5 Light
Refraction of rays parallel to the principal axis of a convex lens:
Draw in the following diagrams the paths of the rays after passing through the lens.
Write in the boxed provided, the name of the point or line shown.
i)
ii)
iii)
F
iv)
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Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 5 Light
Principles of constructing ray diagrams: Complete the path of each ray after passing through the
lens
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
F
F
F
F
vii)
viii)
F
F
Exercise 1:
State the meaning of each of the following terms:
i)
Focal length , f :
ii) Object distance, u :
iii) Image distance, v :
Exercise 2:
Describe how you would estimate the focal length of a convex lens in the school lab.
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Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 5 Light
Characteristics of image formed by a convex lens : (Construction of ray diagram method)
Construct ray diagrams for each of the following cases and state the characteristics of the image
formed.
i) Case 1 : u > 2f
where u = object distance ; and f = focal length of lens.
Lens
object
F
2F
Characteristics of image:
ii) Case 2 : u = 2f
Lens
object
F
2F
Characteristics of image:
iii) Case 3 : 2f > u > f
Lens
object
2F
F
F
Characteristics of image:
iv) Case 4 : u = f
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Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 5 Light
Lens
object
F
F
2F
Characteristics of image:
v) Case 5 : u < f
Lens
object
F
2F
Characteristics of image:
Exercise:
In each of the following statements below, fill in the space provide one of the following conditions.
( u > 2f / 2f = u / 2f > u > f / u > f / u < f )
i) To obtain a real image, the object must be placed at a distance u such that
ii) To obtain a virtual image, the object must be placed at a distance u such that
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Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 5 Light
Characteristics of image formed by concave lens : (by construction of ray diagrams )
Construct a ray diagram for each of the following and state the characteristics of the image formed
i)
Lens
object
F
2F
Characteristics of image:
ii)
Lens
object
F
2F
Characteristics of image :
Note: Image formed by a concave lens is always diminished, virtual and on the same side of the
lens as the object.
Power of a lens (p)
The power of the lens is given by:
Power of lens =
1
focal length
Sign convention (for focal length) and the S.I. unit for power of a lens.
The focal length of a convex lens is (positive/negative)
The focal length of a concave lens is (positive/negative)
The S.I. unit for the power of a lens is....and its symbol is
When calculating the power of a lens, the unit of the focal length must be in (m/cm)
Exercise 1 : A concave lens has a focal length of 10 cm. What is its power?
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Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 5 Light
Exercise 2 : The power of a lens is + 5 D. State whether it is a convex lens or a concave lens and
calculate its focal length.
Linear Magnification (m) :
Definition:
height of image
height of object
Linear magnification =
hi
h0
Based of the definition above and the ray diagram below, derive an expression for the relationship
between linear magnification, m, the object distance, u and the image distance, v.
Lens
ho
O
A
hi
u
Lens formula :
The relationship between the object distance, u, image distance, v, and the focal length, f, of a lens
is given by
1 1 1
u v f
This lens formula is valid for both convex and concave lenses.
When using the lens formula, the real is positive sign convention must be followed.
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Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 5 Light
The rules stated in this sign convention are:
1)
2)
3)
Application of the lens formula:
Exercise 1. An object is placed 10 cm in front of a converging lens of focal length 15 cm.
Calculate the image distance and state the characteristics of the image formed.
Exercise 2 :
An object is placed 30 cm in front of a converging lens of focal length 25 cm.
a) Find the position of the image, and state whether the image is real or virtual.
b) Calculate the linear magnification of the image.
Latihan 3 : An object is placed 30 cm in front of a diverging lens of focal length 20 cm. Calculate
the image distance and state whether the image is real or virtual.
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Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 5 Light
Lenses and optical instruments :
1. Magnifying glass (simple microscope ):
A lens acts as a magnifying glass when the object is placed as in case 5 on page 23.
i) A magnifying glass consists of a (converging / diverging) lens.
ii) The object must be placed at a distance (more than f / same as f / less than f / between
f and 2f / more than 2f) in order for the lens to act as a magnifying glass.
iii) The characteristics of the image formed by a magnifying glass are yang (real / virtual) ;
(inverted / upright) ; (magnified /diminished) ; (on the same side as the object / on
the opposite side of the object).
iv) Greater magnification can be obtained by using a lens which has (long / short) focal
length.
Complete the ray diagram below to show how a magnifying glass produces an image of the
object.
Lens
object
2F
F
F
Exercise 1 : A magnifying glass produces an image with linear magnification = 4. If the power of
the lens is +10 D, find the object distance and image distance.
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Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 5 Light
Exercise 2: Which of the following lenses with their powers given below makes the magnifying
glass with the highest power of magnification?
A. 5 D
B. 25 D
C. +5 D
D. +25 D.
2. Simple camera : The diagram below shows the structure of a simple camera. In the boxes
provided, write the names of the parts shown.
Focusing
screw
Film drum
Diaphragm
adjustment ring
For each of the parts you have named, state its function.
3. Slide projector : The diagram below shows the structure of a simple camera. In the boxes
provided, write the names of the parts shown
Screen
Light
source
Complete the ray diagram above to explain how the slide projector works.
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Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 5 Light
4. Astronomical telescope :
Making of the astronomical telescope.
The astronomical telescope consists of 2 (converging / diverging) lenses.
The objective lens has focal length, fo and the eye lens has focal length, fe where ( fo < fe
/ fo > fe ).
The lenses are arranged such that the distance between the objective lens and the eye
lens is (fo fe / fo + fe / fo x fe / fo/fe).
Parallel rays
from distant
object
Eye lens
Objective lens
Fo
Fe
Complete the ray diagram above to show how the astronomical telescope works.
Characteristics of image formed by an astronomical telescope:
The first image formed by the objective lens is (virtual/real ; upright/inverted ;
diminished/magnified).
The final image is (virtual/real ; upright/inverted ; diminished/magnified).
The final image is located at ( Fo / Fe / infinity).
Magnifying Power (M) :
M=
f
f
0
e
Exercise:
An astronomical telescope with high power of magnification can be built using eye lens of (long /
short) focal length and objective lens of (long / short) focal length.
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Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 5 Light
5. The compound microscope :
Structure of the compound microscope:
A compound microscope consists of 2 (converging / diverging) lenses
The focal length of the eye lens is (long / short) and the focal length of the objective lens is
(long / short).
The objective lens is arranged such that the object distance, u is (u = fo / fo < u < 2 fo / u
=2fo).
The eye lens is used as a (magnifying / diverging / projector) lens.
The total length, s, between both lenses is ( s = fo + fe ; s > fo+fe )
Le
L0
Object
Fo
Eye
Fe
Complete the ray diagram above to show how the compound microscope works.
Characteristics of image formed by compound microscope:
The first image formed by the objective lens is (real/virtual ; diminished/magnified ;
upright/inverted ).
The final image is (real/virtual ; diminished/magnified ; upright/inverted ).
Exercise 1 (a) : A compound microscope consists of two lenses of focal lengths 2 cm and 10 cm.
Between them, which is more suitable as the eye lens? Explain your answer.
(b): How would you arrange the lenses in (a) to make an astronomical telescope?
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Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 5 Light
Reinforcement:
Part A:
1. Between the following statements about reflection of light, which is not true?
A. All light energy incident on a plane mirror is reflected.
B. The angle of incidence is always the same as the angle of reflection.
C. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to the point of incidence, all lie on the
same plane.
D. The speed of the reflected ray is the same as the speed of the incident ray.
2. A boy stands in front of a plane mirror. He observes the image of some letterings printed on his
shirt. The letterings on his shirt is as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1
Between the following images, which is the image observed by the boy?
A
3. Figure 2 shows an object, O placed in front of a plane mirror. Between the positions A, B, C
and D, which is the position of the image?
A
Plane mirror
O
Figure 2
4. A student is moving with a velocity of 2 m s-1 towards a plane mirror. The distance between
the student and his image will move towards each other at the rate
A. 2 m s-1
B. 3 m s-1
C. 4 m s-1
D. 5 m s-1
E. 6 m s-1
5. The table below shows the characteristics of the images formed by a concave mirror for various
positions of the object. All symbols used have the usual meanings. Which of them is not true?
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Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 5 Light
Position of object
u > 2f
f < u < 2f
u=f
u<f
A
B
C
D
Characteristics of image
Diminished, inverted, real
Magnified, inverted, real
Same size, inverted, real
Maginfied, upright, virtual
6. Which of the following ray diagram is correct?
A
B
50o
50o
C
Plane mirror
Concave mirror
Convex mirror
7. The depth of a swimming pool appears to be less than its actual depth. The light phenomenon
which causes this is
A.
B.
C.
D.
Reflection
Refraction
Diffraction
Interference
8. The critical angle in glass is 42o. What is the refractive index of glass?
A. 1.2
B. 1.3
C. 1.4
D. 1.5
E. 1.6
9. Which of the following are the characteristics of an image formed by a magnifying glass?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Magnified, virtual, inverted
Diminished, real, upright
Magnified, virtual, upright
Diminished, virtual, inverted
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Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 5 Light
10. A student is given three convex lenses of focal lengths 2 cm, 10 cm and 50 cm. He wishes to
construct a powerful astronomical telescope. Which of the following arrangements should he
choose?
A
B
C
D
Focal length of objective lens / cm
50
10
2
50
Focal length of eye lens / cm
2
10
50
10
Part B
1.
Eye
air
water
Figure 3
Figure 3 shows the eye of a person looking at a fish.
a) Sketch a ray diagram consisting of 2 rays originating from the eye of the fish to show why the
image of the fish is seen closer to the surface.
b) The fish is at a depth of 2 m. If the refractive index of water is 1.33, calculate the apparent
depth of the fish.
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Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 5 Light
2.
1 1 1
, derive an equation that gives the relationship
u v f
between liner magnification, m and the image distance, v. Hence sketch the graph of m against v on
the axes provided below.
a) Starting with the lens formula,
(b) State the value of m at the point of intersection of the graph with the vertical axis.
(c) Describe how you would determine the focal length of the lens using the graph.
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Chapter 5 Light
Part C
1.
A student used a slide projector to project a picture onto the screen. Figure 1a and 1b show the
relative positions of the slide, projector lens and the screen.
It is observed that when the screen is moved further away (Figure 1b), the lens of the projector has
to be moved nearer to the slide to obtain a sharp image.
Projector
lens
Screen
Slide
image
Figure 1a
Projector
lens
Screen
Slide
image
Figure 1b
Based on your observations and knowledge of lenses;
a) make one suitable inference.
b) state an appropriate hypothesis that could be investigated.
c) describe how you would design an experiment to test your hypothesis using a convex lens,
filament bulb and other apparatus.
In your description, state clearly the following:
(i) aim of the experiment
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Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 5 Light
(ii) variables in the experiment
(iii) List of apparatus and materials
(iv) Arrangement of the apparatus
(v) The procedure of the experiment, which includes the method of controlling the
manipulated variable and the method of measuring the responding variable
(vi) The way you tabulate the data
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Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 5 Light
(vii) The way you would analyse the data
2.
A student carried out an experiment to investigate the relationship between object distance, u,
and image distance, v, for a convex lens. The student used various values of u and recorded the
corresponding values of v. The student then plotted the graph of uv against u + v as shown in
Figure 2.
uv/ cm2
500
500
450
400
350
55
300
0
250
200
0
150
100
50
10
20
30
Figure 2
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40
50
u + v / cm
JPN Pahang
a)
Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 5 Light
Based on the graph in Figure 2,
(i) state the relationship between uv and u + v
[1 mark]
(ii) determine the value of u + v when the value of uv = 400 cm2. Show on the graph how
you obtained the value of u + v.
From the value of u + v obtained, calculate the image distance, v when u = 20 cm.
[3 marks]
(iii) calculate the gradient of the graph. Show clearly on the graph how you obtained the
values needed for the calculation.
[3 marks]
b) Given that the relationship between u, v and focal length, f of the convex lens used, is
represented by the equation
1
+ 1
= 1
u
v
f
Derive an equation which gives the relationship between uv and (u + v ).
[2 marks]
c) Using the equation derived in (b), and the value of gradient calculated in (a)(iii), determine the
focal length of the lens used in the experiment.
[2 marks]
d) State one precaution taken to ensure the accuracy of the experiment.
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[1 mark]
