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Chem Notes Chapter 1

Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space, and can be classified as either a substance or a mixture. The scientific method is used to study matter through gathering data, developing hypotheses, and formulating theories. There are three main states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases - which differ in how tightly or loosely the particles are packed together. Mixtures are combinations of substances that retain their individual properties and can be separated through physical processes without changing the identities of their components. Properties of matter can be either physical, which can be observed and measured without changing the substance's identity, or chemical, which alter the identity of the substance. Scientific

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56 views7 pages

Chem Notes Chapter 1

Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space, and can be classified as either a substance or a mixture. The scientific method is used to study matter through gathering data, developing hypotheses, and formulating theories. There are three main states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases - which differ in how tightly or loosely the particles are packed together. Mixtures are combinations of substances that retain their individual properties and can be separated through physical processes without changing the identities of their components. Properties of matter can be either physical, which can be observed and measured without changing the substance's identity, or chemical, which alter the identity of the substance. Scientific

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Brittany Bernstein
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Chapter 1: ChemistryThe Science of Change

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1.1 The Study of Chemistry


Chemistry: the study of matter and the changes it undergoes
Matter: anything that has mass and occupies space

Scientific Method: scientists set of guidelines


1) Gather data
2) Summarize findings with a law when a pattern is found
3) Formulate a hypothesis
4) If hypothesis is correct, it can evolve into a theory
Edward Jenner: helped eliminate smallpox by using the scientific method
1.2 Classification of Matter
Matter: classified as either a substance or a mixture of substances
Substance: form of matter that has a definite composition and distinct
properties such as color, smell, and taste
States of Matter:
Solid
o Particles held close together with little freedom to move
around
o Does not conform to the shape of its container
Liquid

o Particles close together but not held in placefree to move


past one another
o Conforms to the shape of its container
Gas
o Particles separated by distances that are very large compared
to the size of the particles
o Conforms to the shape and volume of its container

Mixtures: combination of 2 or more substances in which each


substance keeps its identity
Can be solids, liquids, or gases
Do not have a universal constant composition
Homogeneous or heterogeneous
o Homogeneous mixture: composition of mixture is uniform
Ex: dissolving sugar in water
o Heterogeneous mixture: composition is not uniform
Ex: mixing sand with iron filings
Can be separated into the substances it contains without changing
the identities of those substances
o Ex: sugar recovered from sugar-water
Can evaporate mixture to dryness
Sugar will be left behind and water can be
recovered by condensing (gas to liquid) the water
vapor
o Physical processes: the processes used to separate
mixtures
Does not change identity of any substance

1.3 The Properties of Matter

Substances are identifies by their properties as well as by their


composition
Properties may be quantitative (measured and expressed with a
number) or qualitative (not requiring precise measurement

Physical Properties
Physical property: a property that can be observed and measured
without changing identity of substance
o Ex: color, melting point, boiling point, physical state
Physical change: the state of matter changes but the identity of
the matter does not
o Ex: melting
Chemical Properties
Chemical Property: one that changes the identity of the
substance
o Chemical change or chemical process must occur

After a chemical change, the original substance no


longer exists
Cannot recover the substance with a physical
process

Extensive and Intensive Properties


Extensive property: depends on the amount of matter
o Ex: mass (more matter means more mass)
o Values of the same extensive property can be added together
Intensive property: does not depend on amount of matter
o Ex: density, temperature
o Not additive
1.4 Scientific Measurement

Atomic mass unit: expresses masses of atoms

Angstrom (A): a measure of length that equals 1*10^-10 m

Temperature:
Celsius
Freezing point (0) and boiling point (100)
Kelvin
Known as absolute temperature because lowest theoretical
temperature is 0K
A degree Celsius is equivalent to a Kelvin
Fahrenheit
Freezing point (32) and boiling point (212)
Important Equations:
K=C + 273.15
F=(9F/5C) * (temperature in C) + 32 F
Derived Units: Volume and Density
Volume
o mL or cm^3
o L or dm^3
o m^3 or cm^3
Density

o Relationship of mass to volume


o d=m/V

1 g/cm^3=1 g/mL=1000 kg/m^3


1 g/L=0.001 g/mL
1.5 Uncertainty in Measurement
Significant Figures: meaningful digits in a reported number

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