GENERAL ZOOLOGY (lecture)
Zoology
- Gr. zoo +logus
- study of animals
- science that is concerned with animal life
- broadest field in science
Branches of Zoology
Cytology
Gr. Kytos (hollow)
- study of structure and
function of cell
Embryology
Gr. Embryon- growing in
- study of the
development of an
animal from fertilized
egg to birth or hatching
adult,
three years
old
transformation to
adult nearly
completed
sexual reproduction
(meiosis through
fertilization)
cleavage
zygote
organ
formation tadpole
Histology
Gr. histos, tissue
- study of tissues as
revealed by the
microscope
dorsal surface
anterior
Anatomy
Gr. anatome
dissect/separate
- study of structure of
entire organism and
their parts
midsagittal plane
posterior
frontal plane
transverse plane
ventral surface
Parasitology
Gr. Para - beside
sitos food
- study of animals that live
in or another organisms
at the expense of the
host
Molecular Biology
- study of the subcellular
details of animal
structure and function
Genetics
Gr. genesis origin
- study of the mechanisms of
transmission of traits from
parents to offspring
duplicated
chromosome
chromatin
Physiology
Gr. Physis nature
- study of the function of
organisms and their
parts
Ecology
- study of the interaction
of organism with their
environment
Systematics
- study of the
classification
and evolutionary
interrelationships
among animal groups
Paleontology
- study of fossils
Fossil hunters find the
fossil. They measure its
14C/12C ratio to determine
the half-life reductions
since death. The ratio
turns out to be one-eighth
of the 14C/12C ratio in
living organisms. Thus the
mollusk lived about
16,000 years ago.
Fig. 17-4d, p.262
Entomology
- study of insects
Growth and molting
young
egg
adult
Incomplete metamorphosis
Types of
Insect Development
egg
nymphs
adult
Complete
metamorphosis
egg
larvae
adult
adult,
three years
old
transformation to
adult nearly
completed
sexual reproduction
(meiosis through
fertilization)
cleavage
Herpetology
- study of amphibians
and reptiles
zygote
organ
formation tadpole
Protozoology
- study of protozoa
long flagellum
chloroplast
contractile
vacuole
mitochondrion
eyespot
ER
pellicle
Golgi body
nucleus
Ichthyology
- study of fishes
Cartilaginous fishes
Most are marine predators
Cartilaginous skeleton
Main groups:
Skates and rays
Sharks
Chimaeras (ratfishes)
dorsal fins
Bony fishes
caudal fin
pectoral
fin (pair)
- includes 96 percent of living fish species
Three subclasses:
anal fin
Ray-finned fishes
Lobe-finned fishes
Lung fishes
pelvic fin (pair)
Ornithology
- study of birds
Mammalogy
- study of mammals
Invertebrate Zoology
- study of animals without
backbone
Vertebrate Zoology
- study of animals with
backbone
Animal Classification
Taxonomy
- field of Biology that deals with classifying organisms
- Systematic Biology
- names, groups organisms according to:
a. Characteristics
b. Evolutionary History
Importance:
1. Universal system for naming and classifying organisms is
necessary to have clear communication among scientists.
2. Eliminate the use of common names and confusion in the
scientific world.
Carl Von Linne(Carols Linnaeus)
- Swedish Biologist established a simple system for
classifying and naming organisms
- Father of Taxonomy
- Hierarchy or Ranking System
- morphology
- established a system of groups called TAXA
- category into which related organisms are placed
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genera
Species
King Philip Came Over For Grandmas Soup
What is the Scientific Method?
27
Scientist have to take the time to
think logically when they are
investigating a question or
problem.
Identification of the problem
Hypothesis formulation
hypothesis
- tentative answer to question
- scientific or educated guess that can be
tested
29
The next step scientists take
is to create and conduct an
experiment to test their
hypothesis.
Hypothesis
testing/experimentation
30
Once a scientist completes an experiment,
they often repeat it to see if they get the
same findings and results.
Hypothesis acceptance, modification or
rejection
- verification, or checking things out to
make sure everything is valid and will
happen again and again
Generalization or Formulation of Conclusion
Based on Analyzed Data
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS
Are made up of cells
Unicellular organisms that are made of only one cell
Multicellular organisms that are made of more than one
cell
Colonial unicellular organisms that live in a group
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS
Organization
condition in which parts of an organism have specific
relationships to each other and parts interact to perform
specific functions
maintains thephysical and chemical
properties
Molecule
two or more atoms bonded together
Organelle
Cell
-several molecules bonded together will
form the building blocks of a cell
- small structures contained within a cell
- basic unit of all living things
- cell is a collection of organelles
functioning together
Tissue
- group or aggregate of cells with similar
structure and functions
Organ
two or more types of tissues that perform
one or more functions
Organ System
Organism
several organs working together to perform a
specific function
- made up of complex organ systems
mutually dependent on one another
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS
Reproduce to produce new organisms
Sexual reproduction two cells from different
individuals combine to form the first cell of a
new organism
Asexual reproduction all or part of the
organism is used to make a new organism
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS
Growth and Development
Growth some cells get larger and other new
cells are added
Development cells and body parts become
specialized for certain jobs
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS
Obtain and Use Energy from
Environment
Metabolism ability to use
energy to perform vital
functions
2 phases:
1.Anabolism process of
making complex
substances from simpler
substances
2.Catabolism breaking
down complex substances
into simpler substances
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS
Autotroph organism that can make its own food from
its environment
Heterotroph organism that has to obtain its energy
from another organism
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS
Respond to the Environment
Stimulus anything in the environment that causes a
reaction from an organism
Reflex automatic response to a stimulus
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS
Homeostasis maintenance of a relatively constant
environment within the body.
When your
body gets too
warm due to
activity or stress,
you will sweat
to cool it down.
