CHAPTER 1 Graphs and polynomials EXERCISE 1A

Chapter 1 Graphs and polynomials

c x2 +

Exercise 1A The binomial theorem

2
2
2
1 a (x + 3)2 = x 2 + x1 31 + 32
0
1


2

6
3
3
3
2 6
2 5
2 4
=
(x
)
+
6(x
)
+
15(x
)

x
x
x
3

3
3
+ 20(x ) x + 15(x2)2 x

5
5
5
b (x + 4) = x5 + x 4 4 + x 3 42 +
0
1


2
5
+ x 44
4
5

3
3
+ 6(x2) +
x
x

5 2 3
x 4
3
5
+ 45
5

= x5 + 20x4 + 160x3 + 640x2 + 1280x + 1024

1458
x3
729
+ 6
x

d 2 2x
x

8
8
8
c (x 1) = x8 + x 7 (1) + x 6 (1)2
1
0


2
8
8
8
+ x5 (1)3 + x 4 (1) 4 + x3 ( 1)5
3
4


5
8
8
8
+ x 2 (1)6 + x(1)7 + (1)8
6
7
8
8

a (x 7)3
i x2 is the 2nd term
=1
3
Coefficient = x2 (7)1
1

= 16x4 + 96x3 + 216x2 + 216x + 81

= 21
ii x3 is first term r = 0

4
4
4
e (7 x)4 = 7 4 + 73 ( x) + 7 2 ( x)2
0
1


2
4
4
+ 7( x)3 + ( x) 4
3

4

3
term = x370
0

= 2401 1372x + 294x2 28x3 + x4

5
5
5
f (2 3x)5 = 25 + 24 (3 x) + 23 (3 x) 2
0
1
2
5
5
5
+ 22 (3x)3 + 2( 3 x)4 + (3 x)5
3
4
5
4

+ 810x 243x
3

3
1
+ 3
x
x
2
7
2

2
2

b 3x = (3x)7 7(3x)6 x + 21(3x)5 x

x

3
4
2
2
4
3
35(3x) x + 35(3x) x

= x3 + 3x +

Coefficient = 1
iii x4
Coefficient = 0
b (2x + 1)5
i x2 is the 4th term r = 3
5
term = (2x)213
3

Coefficient = 40
ii x3 is the third term
r=2
5
term = (2x)312
2

Coefficient = 80
iii x4 is the 2nd term r = 1
5
term = (2x)411
1

6
7
2
2
2
21(3x)2 x + 7(3x)
x
x

= 2187x7 10 206x5 + 20 412x3 22 680x

15120 6048 1344 128
+
7
3 +
x
x
x5
x

243 810
1080 720
+ 240x2 32x5
7 +

x
x10
x
x4

n
3 (r + 1)th term is (ax)n rbr
r

4
4
4
d (2x + 3) = (2 x)4 + (2 x)3 3 + (2 x)2 32
2
0
1
4
4
+ (2 x)33 + 34
4
3

1

x

3
3
3
= 2 5 2 (2 x) + 10 2 (2 x) 2
x
x
x
2

= 32 240x + 720x 1080x

2
1
1

1
2 a x + = x3 + 3x2 x + 3x +
x

3
3
10 2 (2 x)3 + 5 2 (2 x)4 (2 x)5
x
x

= x8 8x7 + 28x6 56x5 + 70x4 56x3 + 28x2

8x + 1

= x12 + 18x9 + 135x6 + 540x3 + 1215 +

= x5 + 5x44 + 10x316 + 10x264 + 5x256 + 1 1024

2 3

= x2 + 6x + 9

Coefficient = 80
2

c + 3x
x

i Coefficient of x2 = 0

Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods CAS Second Edition Solutions Manual

CHAPTER 1 Graphs and polynomials EXERCISE 1B

ii x3 is the 5th term r = 4
1

5 2
term = (3x)4
4 x
Coefficient = 810
iii Coefficient of x4 = 0
6

d x2
x

i Coefficient of x2 = 0
ii x3 is the 4th term r = 3
3
6 2 3 3

term = (x ) x
3
Coefficient = 540
iii Coefficient of x4 = 0
6

e 7x + 2
x

i Coefficient of x2 = 0
ii x3 is the 2nd term r = 1
1
3
6
5

2
term = (7x) x
1
Coefficient = 302 526
iii Coefficient of x4 is 0.
3

4 3x 2
x

x3 is the 2nd term r = 1

1
5
3
term = (3x2)2 x
1
5
= 3 9x4 1
x
= 135x3
The answer is A.
5 When the expression for C is expanded it does not contain an
x5 term. The first three terms contain x8, x6 and x4 respectively.
All the other expressions contain an x5 term.
The answer is C.
2
5
2
2
3 2
3 5
3 4
3 3

6 x + 2 = (x ) + 5(x ) x 2 + 10(x ) x 2
x

4
5
2
2
2
+ 10(x ) x 2 + 5(x3) 2 + 2
x
x
80
32
= 1x15 + 10x10 + 40x5 + 80 + 3 + 2
x
x
= 1 + 10 + 40 + 80 + 80 + 32
= 243
The answer is D.
7 (2x 3)4
= (2x)4 4(2x)33 + 6(2x)232 4(2x)33 + 34
= 16x4 96x3 + 216x2 216x3 + 81
The answer is D.
8 Fourth term = 6C3x3 (3y)3
= 20 x3 27y3
= 540x3y3
9 Term 3 r = 2

3 2

9 x
= 37
2 4

78 732 x 2
16

19 683 x 2
4

10 x6, x3, x0
3rd term is independent of x. r = 2
6
2
= (3 x) 4 2
2
x

= 4860

1
1
11 Powers of x are (x ) , (x ) x3 , (x2)3 x3
2 5

2 4

x10, x5, x0,

The third term is independent of x.
2
4
term = 5C2(x2)3 x3
= 10 (+16)
= 160
3

12 x 2 + 2
x

1
1
Powers of x are (x2)4, (x2)3 x 2 , (x2)2 x 2

x8, x4, x0,

The third term is independent of x.
2
3
4
2 2

term = C2(x ) x 2
=69
= 54
13 Expand (p + 3)5
= p5 + 5p43 + 10p332 + 10p233 + 5p34 + 35
= p5 + 15p4 + 90p3 + 270p2 + 405p + 243
(2p 5)(p5 + 15p4 + 90p3 + 270p2 + 405p + 243)
2p6 + 30p5 + 180p4 + 540p3 + 810p2 + 486p 5p5 75p4
450p3 1350p2 2025p 1215
Coefficient of p4 term = 180 75 = 105
14 (2a 1)n
2nd term is nC1(2a)n 1(1)1
coefficient: n 2n 1 = 192
1
= 192
n 2n
2
n 2n = 384
= 3 27
= 3 2 26
= 6 26
n =6

Exercise 1B Polynomials
1 Polynomial expressions consist of terms which have nonnegative integer powers of x only.
Not Polynomial:
ii x4 + 3x2 2x + x
iii x7 + 3x6 2xy + 5x
vi 2x5 + x4 x3 + x2 + 3x 2
x
Polynomial:
i x3 2x
iv 3x8 2x5 + x2 7
v 4x6 x3 + 2x 3
2 a P(x) + Q(x) = 8 3x + 2x2 + x4 + x5 3x4 4x2 1
= x5 2x4 2x2 3x + 7
b Q(x) R(x) = x5 3x4 4x2 1 (8x3 + 7x2 4x)
= x5 3x4 4x2 1 8x3 7x2 + 4x
= x5 3x4 8x3 11x2 + 4x 1
c 3P(x) 2R(x)
3P(x) = 3(8 3x + 2x2 + x4)

Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods CAS Second Edition Solutions Manual

CHAPTER 1 Graphs and polynomials EXERCISE 1B

= 24 9x + 6x2 + 3x4
2R(x) = 2(8x3 + 7x2 4x)
= 16x3 + 14x2 8x
3P(x) 2R(x) = 24 9x + 6x2 + 3x4 (16x3 + 14x2 8x)
= 24 9x + 6x2 + 3x4 16x3 14x2 + 8x
= 3x4 16x3 8x2 x + 24
d 2P(x) Q(x) + 3R(x)
2P(x) = 2(8 3x + 2x2 + x4)
= 16 6x + 4x2 + 2x4
3R(x) = 3(8x3 + 7x2 4x)
= 24x3 + 21x2 12x
2P(x) Q(x) + 3R(x)
= 16 6x + 4x2 + 2x4 (x5 3x4 4x2 1) + 24x3 + 21x2
12x
= 16 6x + 4x2 + 2x4 x5 + 3x4 + 4x2 + 1 + 24x3 + 21x2 12x
= 17 18x + 29x2 + 24x3 + 5x4 x5
3 a P(x) = x6 + 2x5 x3 + x2
i degree = 6
ii P(0) = 06 + 2 05 03 + 02
=0
iii P(2) = 26 + 2 25 23 + 22
= 124
iv P(1) = 16 + 2 15 (1)3 + (1)2
=1
b P(x) = 3x7 2x6 + x5 8
i degree = 7
ii P(0) = 3 07 2 06 + 05 8
= 8
iii P(2) = 3 27 2 26 + 25 8
= 280
iv P(1) = 3 (1)7 2 (1)6 + (1)5 8
= 3 2 1 8
= 14
c P(x) = 5x6 + 3x4 2x3 6x2 + 3
i degree = 6
ii P(0) = 5 06 + 3 04 2 03 6 02 + 3
=3
iii P(2) = 5 26 + 3 24 2 23 6 22 + 3
= 331
iv P(1) = 5 (1)6 + 3 (1)4 2 (1)3 6 (1)2 + 3
=5+3+26+3
=7
d P(x) = 7 + 2x 5x2 + 2x3 3x4
i degree = 4
ii P(0) = 7 + 2 0 5 02 + 2 03 3 04
= 7
iii P(2) = 7 + 2 2 5 22 + 2 23 3 24
= 55
iv P(1) = 7 + 2 (1) 5 (1)2 + 2 (1)3 3(1)4
=72523
= 19
4 P(x) = x8 3x6 + 2x4 x2 + 3
P(2) = (2)8 3 (2)6 + 2 (2)4 (2)2 + 3
= 95
The answer is B.
5 P(x) = 2x7 + ax5 + 3x3 + bx 5
P(1)= 4
4 = 2 17 + a 15 + 3 13 + b 1 5
4=2+a+3+b5
4 = a + b [1]
P(2) = 163
163 = 2 27 + a 25 + 3 23 + b 2 5
= 256 + 32a + 24 + 2b 5

112 = 32a + 2b [2]

[1] 2
8 = 2a + 2b [3]
[2] [3] 120 = 30a
a = 4 b = 8
f (x) = ax4 + bx3 3x2 4x + 7
f (1) = 2
2= a (1)4 + b (1)3 3 12 4 1 + 7
2= a + b 3 4 + 7
2 = a + b
2 b = a [1]
f (2) = 5
5 = a 24 + b 23 3 22 4 2 + 7
5 = 16a + 8b 12 8 + 7
5 = 16a + 8b 13
8 = 16a + 8b
8 = 8(2a + b)
1 = 2a + b [2]
Substitute [1] into [2]
1 = 2(2 b) + b
1 = 4 2b + b
1 = 4 b
b = 5
If b = 5, then [1] 2 5 = a.
3=a
f (x) = 3x4 5x3 3x2 4x + 7
Q(x) = x5 + 2x4 + ax3 6x + b
Q(2) = 45
45 = 25 + 2 24 + 23a 6 2 + b
45 = 52 + 8a + b
7 = 8a + b
7 8a = b [1]
Q(0) = 7
7 = 05 + 2 04 + a 03 6 0 + b
7 = b [2]
Substitute [2] into [1].
7 8a = 7
8a = 0
a =0
Q(x) = x5 + 2x4 6x 7.
P(x) = ax6 + bx4 + x3 6
If 3P(1) = 24
then 3P(x) = 3(ax6 + bx4 + x3 6)
24 = 3(a 16 + b 14 + 13 6)
8 = a + b + 1 6
8 = a + b 5
3 = a + b
3 a = b [1]
If 3P(2) = 102
then 3P(x) = 3(ax6 + bx4 + x3 6)
102 = 3[a(2)6 + b(2)4 + (2)3 6)
34 = 64a + 16b 8 6
34 = 64a + 16b 14
48 = 64a + 16b
( 16) 3 = 4a + b [2]
Substitute [1] into [2]
3 = 4a + (3 a)
3 = 4a 3 a
6 = 3a
2=a
If 2 = a then b = 3 a
b = 3 2
b = 5
P(x) = 2x6 5x4 + x3 6
a P(x) = ax4 x3 + 3x2 5
If P(1) = 1

Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods CAS Second Edition Solutions Manual

4 | CHAPTER 1 Graphs and polynomials EXERCISE 1C

then 1 = a (1)4 (1)3 + 3 (1)2 5

1 = a 1 + 3 5
1 = a 3
2=a
The answer is C.
b f (x) = xn 2x3 + x2 5x
If f (2) = 10
then 10 = 2n 2 23 + 22 5 2
10 = 2n 16 + 4 10
10 = 2n 22
32 = 2n
25 = 2n
n =5
The answer is D.

Q(x) = 6x3 + 17x2 + 53x + 155

R(x) = 465

7 2 7
101
x + x+
3
9
27
3x 4 6 x3 + 0 x 2 + 12 x + 0
d 3x + 1
4
3
3x + x
x3

7 x3 + 0 x 2

7 x3 7 x 2

3
7 2
3 x + 12 x
2
7x
7
3 +9x

Exercise 1C Division of polynomials

101
9 x+0

101 x + 101
9
27

1 a
2

x + 2 x + 13
x3 2 x 2 + 5 x 2
x 4
3
2
x 4 x
2 x2 + 5x

2
2 x 8 x

Q(x) = x3

13 x 2

13 x 52

R(x) = 3

50
Q(x) = x2 + 2x + 13
R(x) = 50
x 4 3 x3 + 6 x 2 18 x + 58
5
x + 0 x 4 3 x3 + 0 x 2 + 4 x + 3
b x + 3
5
4
x + 3 x
3 x 3 x

4
3
3x 9 x
4

7 2 7
101
x + x+
3
9
27

20 101
=

27 27

i P(x)= x3 2x2 + 5x 2

P(4) = 43 2 42 + 5 4 2
= 50
ii P(x)= x5 3x3 + 4x + 3

P(3) = (3)5 3 (3)3 + 4 (3) + 3

= 171
iii P(x) = 6x4 x3 + 2x2 4x

6 x + 0 x

3
2
6 x + 18 x
18 x 2 + 4 x

2
18 x 54 x
3

P(3) = 6 34 33 + 2 32 4 3

= 465
iv P(x) = 3x4 6x3 + 12x

58 x + 3

58 x + 174
Q(x) = x4 3x3 + 6x2 18x + 58
R(x) = 171
6 x3 + 17 x 2 + 53 x + 155
6 x 4 x3 + 2 x 2 4 x + 0
c x 3
4
3
6 x 18 x

171

1
P = 3
3
= 3

1
1
1
6 + 12
3
3
3
20
27

b The values obtained in 2 were the same as the remainder

values obtained in 1.
3 a P(3) = 33 + 9 32 + 26 3 30

= 156
Since P(3) 0, x 3 is not a factor
b P(2) = (2)4 (2)3 5 (2)2 2 (2) 8

17 x + 2 x

3
2
17 x 51x
3

2 a

101
27

=0
Since P(2) = 0 then x + 2 is a factor.

53 x 2 4 x

53 x 159 x

c P(+ 4) = 4 9 + 4 + 6 42 13 (+ 4)3
12 (+ 4)4 + 3 (+ 4)5

155 x + 0

155 x 465
465

= 4 36 + 94 832 3072 + 3072

= 768
Since P(4) 0 then 4 x is not a factor.

Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods CAS Second Edition Solutions Manual

CHAPTER 1 Graphs and polynomials EXERCISE 1C

1
d P = 4
2

1
+ 2
2

1
8
2

1

2

1
1
1
6
4 + 6 9
2
2
2

= 0.0625 + 0.0625 0.5 + 0.5 + 1.5 + 4.5 6

=0
1
Since P = 0 then 2x + 1 is a factor.
2
4 a f (x) = x4 4x3 x2 + 16x 12
A x + 1 f ( 1)
= (1)4 4 (1)3 (1)2 + 16 (1) 12
= 1 + 4 1 16 12
= 24
B x f (0)
= 12
C x + 2 f ( 2)
= (2)4 4 (2)3 (2)2 + 16 (2) 12
= 16 + 32 4 32 12
=0
Since f (2) = 0 then (x + 2) is a factor.
D x + 3 f (3)
= (3)4 4 (3)3 (3)2 + 16 (3) 12
= 120
E x 4 f (4)
= 44 4 43 42 + 16 4 12
= 36
The answer is C.
b

x3 6 x 2 + 11x 6
x 4 4 x3 x 2 + 16 x 12
x + 2
4
3
x + 2 x
6 x3 x 2

3
2
6 x 12 x
11x 2 + 16 x

2
11x + 22 x
6 x 12

6 x 12

(x 2) is a factor
x2 + 6x + 9
x + 4 x 2 3 x 18
x 2
3
2
x 2 x
6 x 2 3 x

2
6 x 12 x
3

9 x 18

9 x 18
0
(x 2)(x2 + 6x + 9)
= (x 2)(x + 3)2
b P(x) = 3x3 13x2 32x + 12
Test x = 1 P(x) 0
x=2
when x = 2, P(x) = 0
(x + 2) is a factor.
+3x 2 19 x + 6
3x 13x 2 32 x + 12
x + 2
3
2
3x + 6 x
19 x 2 32 x

2
19 x 38 x
3

6 x + 12

6 x + 12
0
2

(x + 2)(3x 19x + 6)
= (x + 2)(3x 1)(x 6)
c P(x) = x4 + 2x3 7x2 8x + 12
Test x = 2, P(x) = 0
(x + 2) is a factor.
x3 + 0 x 2 7 x + 6
x + 2 x3 7 x 2 8 x + 12
x + 2
4
3
x + 2 x
4

0 7 x 2 8 x

2
7 x 14 x

0
Test x = 1 into x3 6x2 + 11x 6
= 13 6 1 + 11 6
=0
x 1 is a factor.
x2 5x + 6
3
x 6 x 2 + 11x 6
x 1
3
2
x x
5 x 2 + 11x

2
5 x + 5 x

6 x + 12

6 x + 12
0
3

(x + 2)(x + 0x 7x + 6)
Test x = 2, P(x) = 0
(x 2) is a factor.
x2 + 2x 3
x + 0x 7 x + 6
x 2
3
2
x 2 x
2 x2 7 x

2
2 x 4 x
3

6 x 6

6 x 6
0
x2 5x + 6 = (x 3)(x 2)
f (x) factorises to
(x + 2)(x 1)(x 3)(x 2)
The answer is B.
5 a P(x) = x3 + 4x2 3x 18
Test x = 1 P(x) 0
x = 2, P(x) = 0

3 x + 6

3 x + 6
0
(x + 2)(x 2)(x2 + 2x 3)
(x + 2)(x 2)(x + 3)(x 1)

Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods CAS Second Edition Solutions Manual

6 | CHAPTER 1 Graphs and polynomials EXERCISE 1C

d P(x) = 4x4 + 12x3 24x2 32x
Test x = 1, P(x) = 0
x + 1 is a factor

4 x3 + 8 x 2 32 x
4 x + 12 x 24 x 2 32 x + 0
x +1
4
3
4 x + 4 x
4

2 x2 + x 6
2 x + 5 x 2 4 x 12
x + 2
3
2
2 x + 4 x
3

x2 4 x

2
x 2 x

6 x 12

6 x 12

8 x3 24 x 2

3
2
8 x + 8 x
32 x 2 32 x

2
32 x 32 x
0
3

(x + 1)(4x + 8x 32x)
Take out factor of 4x.
4x(x + 1)(x2 + 2x 8)
4x(x + 1)(x 2)(x + 4)
6 a 3x3 + 3x2 18x = 0
3x is a common factor
3x(x2 + x 6) = 0
3x(x + 3)(x 2) = 0
x = 0, 3, 2
b 2x4 + 10x3 4x2 48x = 0
Take out 2x as a common factor
2x(x3 + 5x2 2x 24) = 0
Factorise x3 + 5x2 2x 24
Test x = 2, f (2) = 0
(x 2) is a factor
x 2 + 7 x + 12
x + 5 x 2 x 24
x 2
3
2
x 2 x
3

0
(x 2)(x + 2)(2x2 + x 6)
(x 2)(x + 2)(2x 3)(x + 2)
3
x = 2, 2, or
2
d x4 2x2 + 1 = 0
Test x = + 1, f (x) = 0
(x 1) is a factor
x3 + x 2 x 1
x 4 + 0 x3 2 x 2 + 0 x + 1
x 1
4
3
x x
x3 2 x 2

3
2
x x
x2 + 0 x

2
x + x
x + 1

x + 1
0

7 x 2 2 x

2
7 x 14 x

x2 1
x + x x 1
x +1
3
2
x + x

0
2x(x 2)(x2 + 7x + 12)
= 2x(x 2)(x + 3)(x + 4) = 0
x = 2, 3, 0, and 4
c 2x4 + x3 14x2 4x + 24 = 0
Test x = 2, f (x) = 0
(x 2) is a factor

0
x 1

x 1
0
(x 1)(x + 1)(x 1) = 0
(x 1)(x + 1)(x 1)(x + 1) = 0
x = 1
Alternatively
Let u = x2
u2 2u + 1 = 0
(u 1)(u 1) = 0
u = 1 x2 = 1
x = 1
7 If (x 2) is a factor then
when x = 2, f (x) = 0
0 = x3 + ax2 6x 4
f (2) = 0 = 23 + a22 6 2 4
0 = 8 + 4a 12 4
0 = 4a 8
8 = 4a
2 =a
8 Let
P(x) = x3 + x2 ax + 3
P(1) = 1 + 1 a + 3 = 0
2

2 x3 + 5 x 2 4 x 12
2 x + x3 14 x 2 4 x + 24
x 2
4
3
2 x 4 x
5 x3 14 x 2

3
2
5 x 10 x
4

4 x 2 4 x

2
4 x + 8 x
12 x + 24

12 x + 24
0
2

(x 1)(x + x x 1)
Test x = 1, f (x) = 0
(x + 1) is a factor
3

12 x 24

12 x 24

(x 2)(2x + 5x 4x 12)
Test x = 2, f (2) = 0
(x + 2) is a factor

Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods CAS Second Edition Solutions Manual

CHAPTER 1 Graphs and polynomials EXERCISE 1D

(x 1) is a factor
a=5
9 If (x + 3) is a factor then
when x = 3, f (x) = 0
f (3) = 0 = 2(3)4 + a(3)3 3 (3)
+ 18
0 = 162 27a + 9 + 18
0 = 189 27a
27a = 189
a =7
10 If (x + 1) is a factor then
when x = 1, f (x) = 0
f (1) = 0 = a 4 b 12
0 = a b 16
a = b 16 [1]
If (x 2) is a factor then
when x = 2, f (x) = 0
f (2) = 0 = 8a 16 + 2b 12
0 = 8a + 2b 28
28 = 8a + 2b
14 = 4a + b [2]
Sub [1] into [2]
14 = 4(b 16) + b
14 = 4b 64 + b
14 = 3b 64
78 = 3b
26 = b
a = + 26 16
a = 10
11 (2x 3) and (x + 2) are factors of
2x3 + ax2 + bx + 30
P(x) = 2x3 + ax2 + bx + 30
P(2) = 2(2)3 + a(2)2 + b(2)
+ 30 = 0
16 + 4a 2b + 30 = 0
4a 2b = 14 [1]
3

3
3
3
3
P = 2 + a + b
2
2
2
2
+ 30 = 0
27
9a
3b
+
+
+ 30 = 0
2
8
4
2
27 + 9a + 6b + 120 = 0
9a + 6b = 147
3a + 2b = 49 [2]
[1] + [2] 7a = 63
a = 9
Substitute into [1] 4 9 2b = 14
2b = 22
b = 11
a = 9, b = 11.

Exercise 1D Linear graphs

1 a 2x + 3y = 12
x-intercept when y = 0
2x = 12
x =6
y-intercept when x = 0
3y = 12
y =4

b 2y 5x 10 = 0
x-intercept when y = 0
5x = 10
x = 2
y-intercept when x = 0
2y = 10
y =5

c 2x y = 1
x-intercept when y = 0
2x = 1
1
x =
2
y-intercept when x = 0
y = 1
y = 1

2 a y = mx + c
y = 3x + c
find c using the point (2, 1)
1 =32+c
5 = c
y = 3x 5
3x + y + 5 = 0
b y = mx + c
y = 2x + c
find c, sub in (4, 3)
3 = 2 4 + c
3=8+c
5 = c
y = 2x 5
2x + y + 5 = 0
3 a (3, 4), (1, 10)
10 + 4
m=
1 + 3
6
=
2
= 3
y = 3x + c
sub in (3, 4)
4 = 3 3 + c
13 = c
y = 3x 13
3x + y + 13 = 0
b (7, 5), (2, 0)
50
m=
72
5
=
5
=1
y =x+c
sub in (2, 0)

0 =2+c
2 = c
y =x2
x + y + 2 = 0
4
2y 3x 6 = 0
A 26326 =0
12 6 6 = 0
B20326 =0
0+66 =0
C 23306 =0
606 =0
D 22316 =0
436 0
E 29346 =0
18 12 6 = 0
The answer is D.
b5
5 a i 2 =
1+ 2
b5
2 =
3
6 = b 5
1 = b
ii y x = 7
y =x+7
m =1
b5
1 =
1+ 2
3 =b5
8 =b
b parallel to y = 3x 4
m=3
y = 3x + c
sub in (4, 5)
5 =34+c
7 = c
y = 3x 7
0 = 3x y 7
c 2y x + 1 = 0
2y = x 1
1
1
y= x
2
2
m = 2 gradient of perpendicular line
y y1 = m(x x1)
Sub in (2, 4) y 4 = 2(x + 2)
y 4 = 2x 4
2x + y = 0
6 i x + 2y + 4 = 0
x-intercept when y = 0
x=4
y-intercept when x = 0
2y = 4
y=2
Graph e
ii y = 3 Graph f
iii y 2x 2 = 0
x-intercept when y = 0
2 = 2x
1 = x
y-intercept when x = 0
y=2
Graph a
iv 3y + 2x = 6

Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods CAS Second Edition Solutions Manual

CHAPTER 1 Graphs and polynomials EXERCISE 1E

8 |

vi
7 a
b
c
d
e
f
8 a

x-intercept when y = 0
2x = 6
x=3
y-intercept when x = 0
3y = 6
y=2
Graph c
y 2x = 0
x- and y-intercepts occur at the
origin.
Graph b
x = 2 Graph d.
y 2 or [2, )
y > 5 or (5, )
2 y < 3 or [2, 3)
2 y 3 or [2, 3]
R
< y < 6 or (, 6)
4y + 3x = 24 x [12, 12]
x-intercept
3x = 24
x =8
y-intercept
4y = 24
y =6
when x = 12 y = 15
when x = 12 y = 3
i domain [12, 12]
ii range [3, 15]

b 2x 5y = 10, x <5
x-intercept
2x = 10
x =5
y-intercept
5y = 10
y = 2
when x = 5, y = 0
i domain (, 5)
ii range (, 0)

c 4x 3y 6 = 0 x [2, 5)
x-intercept
4x = 6
3
x =
2
y-intercept
3y = 6
y = 2
2
when x = 2 y =
3
14
when x = 5 y =
3
i Domain [2, 5)

2 14
ii Range ,
3 3

9 a Parallel m = 2
y = 2x + c
sub in (2, 5)
5 = 4 + c
9 =c
y = 2x + 9
2x + y 9 = 0

1
3
1
y= x+c
3

b Perpendicular m =

sub in (2, 5)
1
(x 2)
3
x
2
=
+
3
3
= x + 2
=0
=0

(y 5) =
y5

3y 15
3y + x 17
x + 3y 17
10 a Parallel to
4x 13 = 2y
13
2x
=y
2
m=2
y = 2x + c
sub in (3, 1)
1 = 2 3 + c
7 =c
y = 2x + 7
2x + y 7 = 0
b 4x 2y = 13
4x 13 = 2y
13
2x
=y
2
m =2
1
Perpendicular m =
2
sub in (3, 1)
1
y 1 = (x + 3)
2
1
3
y1 = x
2
2
1
1
y = x
2
2
2y = x 1
x + 2y + 1 = 0
11 3x y = 2
3x + 2 = y
m =3
ax + 2y = 3
2y = ax + 3
3
a
y =
x+
2
2

a
2
6 = a
6 = a
The answer is E.
12 5x + y 3 = 0 bx y 2 = 0
y = 5x + 3 y = bx 2
1
gradient 5 gradient b =
5
The answer is B.

3 =

Exercise 1E Quadratic
graphs
1 b2 4ac =
a f (x) = x2 3x + 4
a = 1, b = 3, c = 4
= 9 16
= 7
b2 4ac < 0. No x-intercepts
b f (x) = x2 + 5x 8
a = 1 b = 5 c = 8
= 25 + 32
= 57
b2 4ac > 0. Two x-intercepts
c f (x) = 3x2 5x + 9
a = 3 b = 5 c = 9
= 25 108
= 83
b2 4ac < 0. No x-intercepts
d f (x) = 2x2 + 7x 11
a = 2 b = 7 c = 11
= 49 + 88
= 137
b2 4ac > 0. Two x-intercepts
e f (x) = 1 6x x2
a = 1 b = 6 c = 1
= 36 + 4
= 40
b2 4ac > 0. Two x-intercepts
f f (x) = 3 + 6x + 3x2
a=3b=6c=3
= 36 36
=0
b2 4ac = 0. One x-intercept
2 a f (x) = x2 6x + 8
y-intercept x = 0
y=8
x-intercept(s)
0 = (x 4)(x 2)
x = 4 or 2

b f (x) = x2 5x + 4
y-intercept x = 0
y =4
x-intercept y = 0
0 = (x 4)(x 1)
x = 4 or 1

Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods CAS Second Edition Solutions Manual

CHAPTER 1 Graphs and polynomials EXERCISE 1E

2

3
49

= x +
2
4

3 49
TP is , + =
4
2
d f (x) = 6x2 x 12
x

= 6 x2 2
6

c f (x) = 10 + 3x x2
y-intercept x = 0
y = 10
x-intercept y = 0
0 = (5 x)(2 + x)
x = 5 or 2

1
1
1 , 12
4
2

2
2

x 1 1
= 6 x 2 + 2
6 12 12

1
1
288

= 6 x

12
144
144

1 289
= 6 x

12 144

1 289

= 6 x
12
24

d f (x) = 6x2 x 12
y-intercept x = 0
y = 12
x-intercept(s) y = 0
0 = (3x + 4) (2x 3)
4
3
x = or
3
2

3 a f (x) = x2 6x + 8
= x2 6x + 32 32 + 8
= (x 3)2 9 + 8
= (x 3)2 1
TP is (3, 1)
b f (x) = x2 5x + 4
2

5 5
= x2 5x + + 4
2 2
2

5 25

+4
= x
2
4

5 25 16

+
= x
2
4
4

5
9

= x
2
4

5 9
TP is ,
2 4
c f (x) = 10 + 3x x2
= (x2 3x 10)
2
2

3
3
= x 2 3 x + 10
2
2

3 9
= x 10
2 4

3 9 40
= x
2 4 4

1
1
TP is , 12
24
12
4 a i y = 2 x2
a = 1, h = 0, k = 2
TP = (0, 2)
ii Domain = R
iii Range = (, 2]
b i y = (x 6)2
a = 1, h = 6, k = 0
TP = (6, 0)
ii Domain = R
iii Range = [0, )
c i y = (x + 2)2
a = 1, h = 2, k = 0
TP = (2, 0)
ii Domain = R
iii Range = (, 0]
d i y = 2(x + 3)2 6
a = 2, h = 3, k = 6
TP = (3, 6)
ii Domain = R
iii Range = [6, )
5 Using y = A (x + B)2 + C
a i TP = (1, 2)
B = 1 and C = 2
Assume A = 1
y = 1(x 1)2 2
y = x2 2x + 1 2
y = x2 2x 1
ii Domain = R
iii Range [2, )
b i TP = (2, 3)
B = 2
C = 3
Assume A = 1
y = 1 (x 2)2 3
= x2 4x + 4 3
= x2 4x + 1
ii Domain = [1, )
iii Range = [3, )
c i TP = (1, 9)
B = 1 and C = 9
Assume A = 1

y = 1(x 1)2 + 9
y = 1(x2 2x + 1) + 9
y = x2 + 2x 1 + 9
y = x2 + 2x + 8
ii Domain = [4, 4)
iii Range = [16, 9]
6 a y = 2x2 + 3
TP = (0, 3)
y-intercept when x = 0
y=3
x-intercepts when y = 0
0 = 2x2 + 3
There are no x-intercepts.

b y = (2x 5) (2x 3)
= 4x2 16x + 15
15

= 4 x2 4x +
4

15

= 4 x2 4 x + 4 4 +
4

= 4 ( x 2) 2
4

= 4(x 2)2 1
TP = (2, 1)
y-int = (0, 15)
x-int = (1, 5, 0), (2, 5, 0)

c y = (2x 3)2 8
3

TP = , 8
2

y-intercept when x = 0
y = (3)2 8
=1
x-intercepts when y = 0
0 = (2x 3)2 8
= 4x2 12x + 9 8
= 4x2 12x + 1
From the graphics calculator,
x = 2.91 and x = 0.09

7 a y = x2 2x 3
x-intercepts y = 0
0 = (x 3)(x + 1)
x = 3 or 1
(3, 0)(1, 0)
The answer is B.

Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods CAS Second Edition Solutions Manual

10 |

CHAPTER 1 Graphs and polynomials EXERCISE 1E

b y = x2 2x 3
y = x2 2x + 12 12 3
y = (x 1)2 4
TP = (1, 4)
The answer is C.
8 f (x) = (x + 3)2 + 4
TP = (3, 4)
range (, 4]
The answer is D.
9 y = (x 4)2 x [0, 6]
TP = (4, 0)

0 = (x + 1)(x + 3)
x = 1 or 3

3 3
f (x) = x 3x + 2
2 2
2

3
9
8

= x

2
4
4

When x = 0 y = (4)2 = 16
range [0, 16]
When x = 6 y = (6 4)2 = 22 = 4
But x = 4 y = 0
The answer is A.
10 a f (x) = (x 2)2 4
TP = (2, 4)
y-int x = 0
y = (0 2)2 4
y = (2)2 4
y=0
x-int y = 0
0 = (x 2 2)(x 2 + 2)
0 = (x 4)(x)
x = 4 or 0

b f (x) = (x + 4)2 + 9
TP = (4, 9)
y-int x = 0
y = (0 + 4)2 + 9
y = 16 + 9
y = 7
x-int y = 0
0 = 9 (x + 4)2
0 = (3 (x + 4))(3 + (x + 4))
0 = (3 x 4) (3 + x + 4)
0 = (x 1)(7 + x)
x = 1 or 7

c y = x2 + 4x + 3
y = x2 + 4x + 4 4 + 3
y = (x + 2)2 1
TP = (2, 1)
y-int x = 0
y=3
x-int y = 0
0 = (x + 2 1)(x + 2 + 1)

d y = 2x2 4x 6
y = 2[x2 2x 3]
= 2[x2 2x + 1 1 3]
= 2[(x 1)2 4]
y = 2(x 1)2 8
TP = (1, 8)
y-int x = 0
y = 6
x-int y = 0
0 = 2[(x 1 2)(x 1 + 2)]
0 = 2(x 3)(x + 1)
x = 3 or 1

11 a y = x2 2x + 2 x [2, 2]
y = x2 2x + 1 1 + 2
y = (x 1)2 + 1
TP = (1, 1)

i Domain = [2, 2]
ii Range:
When x = 2 y = 10
When x = 2 y = 2
but TP = (1, 1)
[1, 10]
b y = x2 + x 1 x R+
y = (x2 x + 1)
2
2

1 1
y = x 2 x + + 1

2
2

1 3
y = x +
2 4

1 3

y = x
2 4

1 3
TP = ,
2 4

i Domain = R+
3
]
4
c f (x) = x2 3x 2 x [10, 6]

ii Range = (,

3
17

= x
2
4

3 17
TP = ,
4
2

i Domain = [10, 6]
ii Range:
When x = 10 y = 128
17 , 128
4

2
d f (x) = 3x + 6x + 5 x [5, 3)
5
= 3 x 2 2 x
3

5
2
= 3 x 2 x + 1 1
3

8
= 3 ( x 1) 2
3

= 3(x 1)2 + 8
TP = (1, 8)

i Domain = [ 5, 3)
ii Range:
When x = 5, y = 100
[ 100, 8]
12 V(t) = 2t2 16t + 40 t [0, 10]
V(t) = 2(t2 8t + 20)
= 2[t2 8t + 16 16 + 20]
= 2[(t 4)2 + 4]
= 2(t 4)2 + 8
TP = (4, 8)
When t = 0 V(t) = 40
When t = 10
V(t) = 2 62 + 8
= 80

a minimum V = 8 m3
b maximum V = 80 m3
13 h(t) = 3t2 + 12t + 36
h(t) = 3[t2 4t 12]

Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods CAS Second Edition Solutions Manual

CHAPTER 1 Graphs and polynomials EXERCISE 1F

= 3[t2 4t + 4 4 12]
= 3[(t 2)2 16]
= 3(t 2)2 + 48
TP = (2, 48)
a maximum height = 48 m
b When h(t) = 0
0 = 3[(t 2 4)(t 2 + 4)]
0 = 3(t 6)(t + 2)
t = 6 or 2
Since time 0 6 seconds
c Domain [0, 6]
Range [0, 48]

f
2

14 a h(t) = t 12t + 48, t [0, 11]

The lowest point is the
y-coordinate of the turning point
h(t) = t2 12t + 36 36 + 48
= (t 6)2 + 12
TP = (6, 12)
Lowest point is 12 m above the
ground.
b Time taken is the x-coordinate of
the turning point.
t = 6 seconds
c Check the end points of the domain.
h(0) = 48
h(11) = 112 12 11 + 48
= 37
The highest point above the ground
is 48 m.
d Domain = [0, 11]
Range = [12, 48]
e

3 a

a = 1, m = 5, n = 2
y = 1(x 5)(x + 2)2
y = (5 x)(x + 2)2
(iv)
Negative cubic in form
y = a(x l)(x m)(x n)
a = 1, l = 3, m = 1, n = 4
y = 1(x + 3)(x 1)(x 4)
y = (x + 3)(1 x)(x 4)
(ii)
Positive cubic in form
y = a(x t)3
a = 1, t = 3
y = (x 3)3
(i)
Positive cubic in form
y = a(x l)(x m)(x n)
a = 1, l = 4, m = 2, n = 1
y = (x + 4)(x + 2)(x 1)
(vi)
Positive cubic in form
y = a(x m)(x n)2
a = 1, m = 5, n = 2
y = (x 5)(x + 2)2
(viii)
Negative cubic in form
y = a(x t)3
a = 1, t = 3
y = 1(x 3)3
y = (3 x)3
(vii)
Negative cubic in form
y = a(x l)(x m)(x n)
a = 1, l = 4, m = 2, n = 1
y = 1(x + 4)(x + 2)(x 1)
y = (x + 4)(x + 2)(1 x)
(iii)
y = x3 + x2 4x 4
y-intercept x = 0
y = 4
Factorise to find x-intercepts
Test x = 1, y = 0
x + 1 is a factor

2 x 2 10 x + 12
2 x 8 x 2 + 2 x + 12
x +1
3
2
2 x + 2 x
3

10 x 2 + 2 x

2
10 x 10 x
12 x + 12

12 x + 12

0
2

y = (x + 1)(2x 10x + 12)

y = 2(x + 1)(x 2)(x 3)
If y = 0, then x = 1, 2 or 3

c y = 2x3 + 26x + 24
y-int x = 0
y = 24
Factorise to find x-intercepts
Test x = 1 so y = 0
(x + 1) is a factor.
2 x 2 + 2 x + 24
2 x3 + 0 x 2 + 26 x + 24
x +1
3
2
2 x 2 x
2 x 2 + 26 x

2
2 x + 2 x
24 x + 24

24 x + 24
0
y = (x + 1)(2x2 + 2x + 24)
y = 2(x + 1)(x 3)(x 4)
If y = 0, then x = 1, 3 or 4.

x2 4
x + x 4x 4
x +1
3
2
x + x
3

4 x 4

4 x 4

Exercise 1F Cubic graphs

1 a Positive cubic so a = 1. Goes
through origin so x is a factor.
y = x(x a)(x b)
= x(x + 6)(x 5)
b Positive cubic in form
y = a(x m)(x n)2
a = 1, m = 1, n = 2
y = 1(x 1)(x + 2)2
2 a Positive cubic in form
y = (x l)(x m)(x n)
l = 3, m = 1, n = 4
y = (x + 3)(x 1)(x 4)
(v)
b Negative cubic in form
y = a(x m)(x n)2

y = (x + 1)(x2 4)
y = (x + 1)(x 2)(x + 2)
If y = 0, x = 1, 2, or 2

d y = x3 + 8x2 21x + 18
y-int x = 0
y = 18
x-intercept
Factorise:
Test x = 3 so y = 0
(x 3) is a factor.

x2 + 5x 6
x + 8 x 2 21x + 18
x 3
3
2
x + 3 x
5 x 2 21x

2
5 x 15 x
3

b y = 2x3 8x2 + 2x + 12
y-int x = 0
y = 12
Factorise to find x-intercepts
Test x = 1 so y = 0
(x + 1) is a factor

Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods CAS Second Edition Solutions Manual

6 x + 18

6 x + 18

11

12 |

CHAPTER 1 Graphs and polynomials EXERCISE 1F

y = (x 3)(x2 + 5x 6)
= (x 3)(x2 5x + 6)
y = 1(x 3)(x 3)(x 2)
x = 3 or 2

4 a x3 + 6x2 + 12x + 8 = y
Test x = 2 so y = 0
(x + 2) is a factor.

x2 + 4 x + 4
x + 6 x 2 + 12 x + 8
x + 2
3
2
x + 2 x
4 x 2 + 12 x

4 x + 8x
3

4 x + 8

4 x + 8

10

0
y = (x + 2)(x2 + 4x + 4)
= (x + 2)(x + 2)2
y = (x + 2)3
The answer is B.
b In form y = a(x t)3
a = 1, t is intercept
The answer is E.
Function graph is a negative cubic so
a = 1
Point of inflection (2, 2)
The answer is C.
y = (2 x)3 + 2
f (x) = 5(x + 1)3 3
Point of inflection (1, 3)
Graph is a positive cubic.
he answer is A.
Positive cubic
Turning point at (1, 0) because of
repeated factor
x-intercept at (3, 0)
y-intercept at (0, 6)
The answer is B.
Negative cubic B or D
Point of inflection is (a, b)
a < 0 so,
y = (x + a)3 + b
The answer is D.
y = h(x a)2 (x c)
x = 0, y = ha2(c)
b = ha2c
b
h= 2
a c
b
y = 2 (x a)2(x c)
a c
The answer is E.
a f (x) = x3 + x2 10x + 8 x [2, )
a > 1 positive
b > 1 so 2 turning points.
y-intercept x = 0

y =8
When x = 2
y = 23 + 22 20 + 8
=0
Closed end point = (2, 0)

i Domain [2, )
ii range [0, )
b f (x) = 3x3 5x2 4x + 4 for
x [2, 1]
a > 1 so positive
b 0 2 turning points.
y-intercept x = 0
y =4
When x = 2
y = 3 (2)3 5 (2)2 4 2
+4
= 32
When x = 1
y = 3 (1)3 5 (1)2 4 1
+4
=0
Closed end point (2, 32)
Closed end point (1, 0)

i Domain [2, 1]
ii Range [32, 0]
c f (x) = 3x3 + 4x2 + 27x 36
x (0, 1]
a < 1 negative
b 0 2 turning points
y-intercept x = 0
y = 36
When x = 0 y = 36
Open end point (0, 36)
When x = 1
y = 3 13 + 4 12 + 27 1 36
= 8
Closed end point (1, 8)
i Domain (0, 1]
ii Range (36, 8]

d f (x) = x3 3x for x [1, 2)

a < 1 negative
b=0
c<1

y-int x = 0 y = 0
When x = 1, y = 4 closed end
point
x = 2, y = 14 open end point

i Domain [1, 2)
ii Range (14, 4]
e f (x) = x3 + 2x for
x [2, 1) (0, 3]
a > 1 positive
b=0
c>1
y-int x = 0 y = 0
When x = 2, y = 12 closed end
point
x = 1, y = 3 open end point
x = 0 y = 0 open end point
x = 3 y = 33 closed end point

i Domain [2, 1) (0, 3]

ii Range [12, 3) (0, 33]
f f (x) = 2x3 x
for x (1, 1) [2, 3)
a < 1 negative
b=0
c<1
y-int x = 0, y = 0
When x = 1, y = 3 open end
point
x = 1, y = 3 open end point
x = 2, y = 18 closed end point
x = 3, y = 57 open end point

i Domain (1, 1) [2, 3)

ii Range (3, 3) (57, 18]
11 f (x) = x3 + ax2 + bx 64
0 = (2)3+ (2)2a + (2)b 64
= 8 + 4a 2b 64
72 = 4a 2b
36 = 2a b
b = 2a 36 [1]
f (x) = x3 + ax2 + bx 64
0 = 43 + 16a + 4b 64
0 = 16a + 4b
0 = 4a + b [2]
Sub [1] into [2]

Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods CAS Second Edition Solutions Manual

CHAPTER 1 Graphs and polynomials EXERCISE 1G

= 4a + 2a 36
= 6a 36
= 6a
=a
= 12 36
= 24
12
0 = 1 2 a + 10
0 = 7 a [1]
a=7
y = 6 + (7 + b)x 4x2 x3
0 = 6 + (7 + b) (1) 4 1
(1)
0 =67b4+1
0 = 4 b
b = 4
13 a f (x) = a(x + b)3 + c
point of inflection (3, 3)
b = 3 and c = 3
f (x) = a(x 3)3 + 3
When x = 2, f (x) = 0
0 = a(2 3)3 + 3
0 = a (1)3 + 3
0 = a + 3
a=3
f (x) = 3(x 3)3 + 3
b Point of inflection due to
reflection = (3, 3)
g(x) = 3(x + 3)3 + 3
domain [4, 2]
range [0, 6]
c When f (x) = 3.375
3.375 = 3(x 3)3 + 3
x = 3.5
width = 3.5 2
= 7 cm
14 d(t) = at2(b t)
a (2, 3) and (5, 0)
3 = 4a(b 2) [1]
0 = 25a(b 5) [2]
3 = (4ab 8a) 25
0 = (25ab 125a) 4
75 = 100ab 200a
0 = 100ab 500a
75 = 300a
1
=a
4
1
Sub
= a into [1]
4
1
(b 2)
3 =4
4
3 = 1(b 2)
5 =b
0
0
36
6
b

t2
(5 t) for
4
domain = [0, 5]

b Rule: d(t) =
c

d d(t) =

5t 2 t 3

4
4

d (t) =

10t 3t 2

4
4

Let d (t) = 0 =

10t 3t 2
4

0 = 10t 3t2
0 = t(10 3t)
t = 0 or 10 3t = 0
10 = 3t
1
time is 3 hours
3
1
When time is 3 ,
3
 2
(3.3)
1.6
d(t) =
4
Maximum distance = 4.6 km

Exercise 1G Quartic graphs

1 a y = (x 2)(x + 3)(x 4)(x + 1)
y-intercept when x = 0
y = 2 + 3 4 + 1
y = 24
x-intercepts when y = 0
x = 3, 1, 2 and 4

13

c y = x4 4x2 + 4
y-intercept when x = 0
y=4
x-intercept when y = 0
Let a = x2
y = a2 4a + 4
y = (a 2)2
Sub a = x2 back in
y = (x2 2)2
x= 2

d y = 2x4 + 15x3 37x2 + 30x

y-intercept, when x = 0
y=0
x-intercepts when y = 0
Test x = 2 y = 0
Test x = 3 y = 0
(x 2)(x 3) are factors
(x 2)(x 3) = x2 5x + 6
2 x 2 + 5 x
4
3

2 x + 15 x 37 x 2 + 30 x
x2 5x + 6
4
3
2
2 x + 10 x 12 x
5 x3 25 x 2 + 30 x

3
2
5 x 25 x + 30 x

b y = 2x4 + 6x3 16x2 24x + 32

y-intercept when x = 0
y = 32
x-intercept when y = 0
Test x = 1, y = 0
(x 1) is a factor
Test x = + 2 so y = 0
(x 2) is a factor
(x 1)(x 2) = x2 3x + 2
2 x2 + 12 x + 16
2 x + 6 x 16 x2 24 x + 32
x 2 3x + 2
4
3
2
2 x 6 x + 4 x
4

12 x3 20 x2 24 x

3
2
12 x 36 x + 24 x
16 x2 48x + 32

2
16 x 48x + 32
0
(x 1)(x 2)(2x + 12x + 16) = y
(x 1)(x 2)2(x2 + 6x + 8) = y
2(x 1)(x 2)(x + 4)(x + 2) = y
When using N.F.L, x = 1, 2, 4, 2
then y = 0.
2

0
(x 2)(x 3)(2x2 + 5x) = y
x(x 2)(x 3)(2x + 5) = y
5
Using N.F.L, x = 0, 2, 3 or
2

e y = 6x4 + 11x3 37x2 36x + 36

y-intercept when x = 0
y = 36
x-intercepts when y = 0
Test x = 3 y = 0
Test x = 2
(x + 3)(x 2) are factors
(x + 3)(x 2) = x2 + x 6
6 x2 + 5x 6
6 x + 11x 37 x2 36 x + 36
x2 + x 6
4
3
2
6 x + 6 x 36 x
4

5 x3 x2 36 x

3
2
5 x + 5 x 30 x
6 x2 6 x + 36

2
6 x 6 x + 36
0
(x + 3)(x 2)(3x 2)(2x + 3) = y
Using N.F.L

Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods CAS Second Edition Solutions Manual

14 |

CHAPTER 1 Graphs and polynomials EXERCISE 1G

x = 3, 2,

d y = (x + 2)3(1 x)
x = 0, y = 8 y-intercept is 8
y = 0, (x + 2)3(1 x) = 0
x = 2, 1
Point of inflection (2, 0)
x-intercept is 1
Negative quartic (1 x) = (x 1)
Maximum turning point (0.25, 8.54)

2
3
,
3
2

2 a y = x2(x 2)(x 3)
y = 0, x2(x 2)(x 3) = 0
Turning point (0, 0)
Intercepts at x = 2 and x = 3
y-intercept when x = 0
y = 0(2)(3)
=0
Positive quartic
Maximum turning point at (1.16, 2.08)
Minimum turning points at (0, 0)
and (2.59, 1.62)

b y = (x + 1)2(x 1)2
x = 0, y = 1 y-intercept is 1
y = 0, (x + 1)2(x 1)2 = 0
x = 1, x = 1
Minimum turning points at (1, 0)
and (1, 0).
Maximum turning point (0, 1)

c y = (x 1)2(x + 1)(x + 3)
x = 0, y = 3 y-intercept is 3
y = 0, (x 1)2(x + 1)(x + 3) = 0
x = 1, 1, 3
Positive quartic
Minimum turning points
(2.28, 9.91) and (1, 0)
Maximum turning point
(0.22, 3.23)

3 a f (x) = x4 8x2 + 16
Let x2 = a
f (x) = a2 8a + 16
= (a 4)2
Substitute x2 = a back in:
f (x) = (x2 4)2
(x 2)2(x + 2)2
The answer is E.
b f (x) = x4 8x2 + 16
y-int when x = 0
y = 16 (0, 16)
x-int when y = 0
2, 2
The answer is B.
c range = [0, 16]
The answer is A.
d 25 = x4 8x2 + 16
0 = x4 8x2 9
Let x2 = a
0 = a2 8a 9
0 = (a 9)(a + 1)
Substitute x2 = a back in
0 = (x2 9)(x2 + 1)
x=3
(3, +3) is the restricted domain.
The answer is D.
e f (1) = 1 8 + 16 = 9
f (0) = 16
Range: (9, 16)
Answer is D.
f f (0) = 16
f (2) = 0
Range is y 0 or [0, )
Answer is C.
4 a x = 2, 1, 1, 3
y = a(x + 2)(x + 1)(x 1)(x 3)
y-int (0, 6)
6 = a(0 + 2)(0 + 1)(0 1)(0 3)
6=a6
a=1
y = (x + 2)(x + 1)(x 1)(x 3)
b x = 4, 2, 1
Repeated factor at x = 2.
y = a(x 4)(x 2)2(x + 1)
y-int (0, 8)
8 = a(0 4)(0 2)2(0 + 1)
8 = 16a

1
2
1
y=
(x 4)(x 2)2(x + 1)
2
5 a y = (2 x)(x2 4)(x + 3) x [2, 3]
y-int when x = 0
y = 2 4 3
= 24
x-int when y = 0
x = 2, 2, 3.
when x = 2, y = 0 closed end
point
x = 3, y = 30 closed end point

a=

i Domain [2, 3]
ii Range [30, 0]
b y = 9x4 30x3 + 13x2 + 20x + 4x
(2, 1]
y-int when x = 0 y = 4
x-int when y = 0
Test x = 2 y = 0
(x 2) factor

9 x3 12 x 2 11x 2
9 x 30 x3 + 13 x 2 + 20 x + 4
x 2
4
3
9 x 18 x
4

12 x3 + 13x 2

3
2
12 x + 24 x
11x 2 + 20 x

2
11x + 22 x
2 x + 4

2 x + 4
0
y = (x 2)(9x3 12x2 11x 2)
Try for 2nd factor of x 2
Test x = 2, 9x3 12x2 11x 2 = 0
x 2 is a factor. So turning point
at (2, 0)
9x2 + 6 x + 1
3
x 2 9 x 12 x 2 11x 2
9 x3 18 x 2
6 x 2 11x
6 x 2 12 x
x2
y = (x 2)2(9x2 + 6x + 1)
y = (x 2)2(9x2 + 6x + 1)
= (x 2)2(3x + 1)2
Turning points at (2, 0) and
1
, 0
3
when x = 2, y = 400 open end
point
when x = 1, y = 36 closed end
point

Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods CAS Second Edition Solutions Manual

CHAPTER 1 Graphs and polynomials EXERCISE 1H

i Domain (2, 1]
ii Range [36, 400)
c y = (x 2)2(x + 1)2 x (, 2]
y-int when x = 0
y = 1 4 1
y = 4
x-int when y = 0
0 = 1(x 2)2(x + 1)2
x = 1 or 2
When x = 2, y = 16.
y = (2 2)2(2 + 1)2
y = (4)2(1)2
y = 16 1
y = 16

i Domain (,2]
ii Range (,16]
d y = x4 + 4x2
x [3, 2]
y-int when x = 0
y=0
x-int when y = 0
0 = x2(x2 + 4)
0 = x2(4 x2)
0 = x2(2 x)(2 + x)
x=02
When x = 3, y = 45
x = 2, y = 0
Both of these are closed end points.

Sub [1] into [2]

0 = 17 9a + 4a + 3,
0 = 20 5a
5a = 20
a=4
If a = 4 then
b = 4 4 3
b = 16 3
b = 19
7 f (x) = x4 + ax3 + bx2 x + 6
(x 1) is a factor
P(1) = 1 + a + b 1 + 6
a + b = 6
[1]
(x + 3) is a factor
P(3) = 81 27a + 9b + 3 + 6 = 0
27a 9b = 90
3a b = 10
[2]
[1] + [2] 4a = 4
a
=1
b = 7
8 y = (a 2b)x4 3x 2
Sub in (1, 0):
0 = (a 2b)14 3 2
0 = a 2b 5
5 = a 2b
5 + 2b = a [1]
Sub (1, 0) into equation.
y = x4 x3 + (a + 5b)x2 5x + 7
0 = 1 1 + (a + 5b)1 5 + 7
0 = a + 5b + 2
2 = a + 5b [1]
Sub [1] into [2]
2 = 5 + 2b + 5b
7 = 7b
1 = b
If 1 = b then 5 2 = a
3=a

[2]

From [1] 9 y = ax
i Domain [3, 2]
ii Range [45, 0]
6 f (x) = x4 + ax3 4x2 + bx + 6
(2, 0):
0 = 24 + 23a 4 22 + 2b + 6
16 + 8a 16 + 2b + 6 = 0
6 + 8a + 2b = 0
8a + 2b = 6
Divide both sides by 2:
4a + b = 3
4a 3 = b
[1]
4a + 3 = b
(3, 0):
0 = (3)4 + (3)3a 4 (3)2 3b + 6
0 = 81 27a 36 3b + 6
0 = 51 27a 3b
0 = 17 9a b
[2]

ax
9
From [2] (a 6) y = 3x
y=

[3]

3x
[4]
a6
Lines which are parallel have no
solutions while lines which are coincident have infinitely many solutions.
In both cases the gradients are the
same. Equate the gradients for [3] and
[4].
3
a
=
9 a6
a( a 6) = 27
y=

3x + (3 6) y = 0
3x 9 y = 0
When a = 9 then there are again
co-incident lines because equations
become
9x + 9 y = 0
x+ y=0

3x + (9 6) y = 0
3x + 3 y = 0
x+ y=0
For a unique solution then
a R \ {3,9}.
2 a mx 5 y = 10

[1]

3x (m 2) y = 6

[2]

From [1] 5 y = 10 mx
mx
2
5
From [2] 3x 6 = (m 2) y
y=

[3]

3x
6
[4]

m2 m2

Equate gradients
m
3
=
5 m2
m(m 2) = 15

[1]

3x + ( a 6) y = 0

15

Check: When a = 3 then there are

co-incident lines and
subsequently infinitely many
solutions because equations
become
3 x + 9 y = 0
3x 9 y = 0

y=

Exercise 1H Solving systems

of equations
1 ax + 9 y = 0

a 6a 27 = 0
(a 9)( a + 3) = 0
a = 9 or a = 3

m2 2m 15 = 0
(m 5)(m + 3) = 0
m = 5 or m = 3
Check: When m = 3 there are
parallel lines and
subsequently no solutions as
equations become
3 x 5 y = 10
3 x + 5 y = 10
3x (3 2) y = 6
3x + 5 y = 6
When m = 5 there are co-incident lines
and subsequently infinitely many
solutions as equations become
5 x 5 y = 10
x y=2
3x (5 2) y = 6
3x 3 y = 6
x y =0
b
mx 5 y = 10
3x (m 2) y = 6
3mx 15 y = 30
3mx m(m 2) y = 6m

Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods CAS Second Edition Solutions Manual

[1] 3
[2] m
[3]
[4]

16 |

CHAPTER 1 Graphs and polynomials EXERCISE 1H

3mx 15 y = 30
3mx m(m 2) y = 6m

3 x + y + 4 z = 13

[3]
[4]

(1) 2

15 y + m(m 2) y = 30 6m

(2) + (4)

y (15 + m( m 2)) = 30 6m

(3) 2

y (m 2 2m 15) = 30 6m
6(m 5)
( m 5)(m + 3)
6
y=
,m 5
m+3
6
Substitute y =
into [1]
m+3
y=

3 a

(8) 2

24 x 26 z = 56 (10)
5 z = 20

y=3
1 1 1 x 5
b 6 2 5 y = 2
3 1 4 z 13

x 2
y = 3

z 4

(3)
(4)

Substitute y = 2 into (4)

3(2) 2 z = 6
6 2 z = 6
2 z = 12
z=6
Substitute y = 2, z = 6 into (1)
x+2+6=9
x +8 =9
x =1
1 1 1 x 9
b 2 2 3 y = 15
1
5 3 z 29

5 3x + 2 y z = 1

[1]

x+ y+z=2

[2]

kx + y z = 1

[3]

3 2 1
1 1
1 ma

k 1 1
det (ma) = 3k 5
(using a calculator)
5
when k
3
there is a unique solution.
5
Therefore, when k = , there is no
3
solution.
6 a Let a be the number of adult
tickets bought.
Let c be the number of childrens
tickets bought.
Let s be the number of seniors
tickets bought.
a + c + s = 200
(1)
9.5a + 4.5c + 3.5s = 1375
(2)
c = 3s
(3)
Substitute (3) into (1) and (2)
a + 3s + s = 200

x 1
y = 2

z 6
x y z = 5

(1)

a + 4 s = 200
9.5a + 4.5(3s ) + 3.5s = 1375

6 x + 2 y 5 z = 2

(2)

9.5a + 13.5s + 3.5s = 1375

19a + 34 s = 2750
19a + 76 s = 3800
42 s = 1050
s=

(5)
(6)

1050
= 25
42

Substitute s = 25 into (3)

c = 3(25) = 75
Substitute s = 25, c = 75 into (1)

1
1 a 200
1

b 9.5 4.5 3.5 c = 1375

0
1 3 s 0

y = 3

(2)

(4) 19
(6) (5)

a + 75 + 25 = 200
a + 100 = 200
a = 100

y 2 = 5

y=2

4 a

24 x 21z = 36 (9)

2 y 4 = 5

x + 5 y + 3z = 29
7 y = 14

12 x 13 z = 28 (8)

(5) 3

8 x 28 = 12
8 x = 12 + 28
8 x = 16
x=2
Substitute x = 2, z = 4 into (1)

x + 2 y 3z = 15
3 y 2 z = 6

(2) (7)

z=4

(1)

(2) + (3)

(7)

Substitute z = 4 into (5)

8 x 7(4) = 12

x+ y+z =9

(1) + (2)

8 x 7 z = 12 (5)
6 x + 2 y + 8 z = 26

(10) (9)

mx 5
= 10
m +3
30
mx +
= 10
m+3
30
mx = 10
m+3
10( m + 3) 30
mx =
m+3
10m
mx =
m+3
10m
x=
m(m + 3)
10
x=
, m 0, m 3
m+3
10
For a unique solution x =
,
m+3
6
providing
y=
m+3
m R \ [3, 0, 5}

9.5a + 17 s = 1375
95a + 170 s = 13 750

(3)

2 x 2 y 2 z = 10 (4)

(4)

a 100
c = 75

s 25
There were 100 adult tickets,
75 childrens tickets and 25 seniors
tickets sold on the opening night.
7 a
F + C + P = 255
(1)
6 F + 4.5C + P = 1067.5
(2)
C = F + 50
(3)
Substitute (3) into (1)
F + F + 50 + P = 255
2 F + P = 205
(4)
Substitute (3) into (2)
6 F + 4.5( F + 50) + P = 1067.5
6 F + 4.5 F + 225 + P = 1067.5
10.5 F + P = 1067.5 225
10.5F + P = 842.5
105 F + 10 P = 8425
(5)
(4) 10 20 F + 10 P = 2050
(6)
(5) (6)
85 F = 6375
F=

6375
= 75
85

Substitute F = 75 into (3)

C = 75 + 50 = 125
Substitute F = 75, C = 125 into (1)
75 + 125 + P = 255
200 + P = 255
P = 55
b
F + C + P = 255
6 F + 4.5C + P = 1067.5
F + C = 50

(1)
(2)
(3)

1 1 F 255
1
6 4.5 1 C = 1067.5

1 1 0 P 50

F 75
C = 125

P 55
75 portions of flake, 125 portions of
chips and 55 potato cakes were sold
during the lunch special period.

Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods CAS Second Edition Solutions Manual

CHAPTER 1 Graphs and polynomials CHAPTER REVIEW |

8 a

y = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d
When x = 0, y = 4;
4 = a (0)3 + b(0) 2 + c(0) + d
4=d
y = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + 4
When x = 2, y = 62;
62 = a (2)3 + b( 2) 2 + c(2) + 4
66 = 8a + 4b 2c
33 = 4a + 2b c
When x = 2, y = 26;

(1)

26 = a (2)3 + b(2) 2 + c(2) + 4

30 = 8a + 4b + 2c
15 = 4a + 2b + c
When x = 5, y = 64;

(2)

64 = a(5)3 + b(5) 2 + c(5) + 4

60 = 125a + 25b + 5c
12 = 25a + 5b + c
48 = 4b
(1) + (2)

(3)

12 = b
(1) + (3) 21 = 21a + 7b
3 = 3a + b
Substitute b = 12 into (4)
3 = 3a 12
9 = 3a
3=a
Substitute b = 12, a = 3 into (3)

(4)

12 = 25(3) + 5(12) + c
12 = 75 60 + c
12 = 15 + c
3 = c
b 4a + 2b c = 33
4a + 2b + c = 15
25a + 5b + c = 12

(1)
(2)
(3)

4 2 1 a 33
4 2 1 b = 15

25 5 1 c 12
a 3
b = 12

c 3
The equation of the cubic function is
y = 3 x3 12 x 2 3 x + 4.

9 a When x = 0, y = 2;

02 + 22 + a (0) + 2b + c = 0
4 + 2b + c = 0
2b + c = 4
When x = 6, y = 2;
62 + 22 + 6a + 2b + c = 0
36 + 4 + 6a + 2b + c = 0
6a + 2b + c = 40
When x = 3, y = 1;

32 + (1) 2 + 3a b + c = 0

[1]

3a b + c = 10
[3]
From (1) c = 2b 4
[4]
Substitute (4) into (2)
6a + 2b 2b 4 = 40
6a = 36
a = 6
Substitute (4) into (3)
3a b 2b 4 = 10
3a 3b = 6
a b = 2
Substitute a = 6 into (5) 6 b = 2
b = 4
b = 4
Substitute b = 4 into (1)
2( 4) + c = 4
8 + c = 4
c=4
b 2b + c = 4
(1)
6a + 2b + c = 40
(2)
3a b + c = 10
(3)
0 2 1 a 4
6 2 1 b = 40

3 1 1 c 10
a 6
b = 4

c 4
a + 2b c + d e = 24
10
2a + 3b 2c d 3e = 34
2a + b + 3c 2d + e = 31
3a + 5b 2c 2d + 3e = 18
4a 2b c 3d + e = 5
1 2 1 1 1 a 24
2 3 2 1 3 b 34

2 1 3 2 1 c = 31

3 5 2 2 3 d 18
4 2 1 3 1 e 5

a 7
b 3

c = 2

d 5
e 4

Chapter review
Short answer
1 a (2y 3x)5
= (2y)5 + 5(2y)4(3x) + 10(2y)3(3x)2
+ 10(2y)2(3x)3 + 5(2y)(3x)4 + (3x)5
= 32y5 + 5 16 (3)y4x + 10 8
9y3x2 + 10 4 (27)y2x3 + 5
2 81yx4 243x5
5
4
= 32y 240y x + 720y3x2
1080y2x3 + 810yx4 243x5
8

[2]

x 2
x
x 2
b = + 8
2
2 x
2 x
6

x 2
x 2
+ 28 + 56
2 x
2 x

x 2
x 2
+ 70 + 56
2 x
2 x
x 2
x 2
+ 28 + 8
x
2

2 x

17
5

2
+
x

x8
x6
7 x4
14x2 + 70

+
4
256 8
224
448
512
256
2 + 4 6 + 8
x
x
x
x
2 (x2 1) = (x 1)(x + 1)
solutions are x = 1 or 1
If x = 1 then 0 = 7 a + 5 15 + b
0 = 17 a + b
17 + a = b [1]
If x = 1, then 0 = 7 + a + 5 + 15 + b
0 = 13 + a + b [2]
Sub [1] into [2]
0 = 13 + a + 17 + a
0 = 30 + 2a
30 = 2a
15 = a
b = 17 15
b =2
3 a x3 12x2 + 17x + 90 = y
Test x = 2. y = 0
(x + 2) is a factor
=

x 2 14 x + 45
x 12 x 2 + 17 x + 90
x + 2
3
2
x + 2 x
3

14 x 2 + 17 x

2
14 x 28 x
45 x + 90

45 x + 90
0
2

(x + 2)(x 14x + 45)

(x + 2)(x 9)(x 5)
b 2x4 + 7x3 31x2 + 0x + 36 = y
Test x = 1 y = 0
Test x = 2 y = 0
(x + 1)(x 2) are factors
(x2 x 2) is a factor
2 x 2 + 9 x 18
2 x 4 + 7 x3 31x 2 + 0 x + 36
x2 x 2
4
3
2
2 x 2 x 4 x
9 x3 27 x 2 + 0 x

3
2
9 x 9 x 18 x
18 x 2 + 18 x + 36

2
18 x + 18 x + 36
0
(x + 1)(x 2) (2x2 + 9x 18)
(x + 1)(x 2) (2x 3)(x + 6)

Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods CAS Second Edition Solutions Manual

18 |

CHAPTER 1 Graphs and polynomials CHAPTER REVIEW

4 a (5, 6), (1, 1)

6 +1
m =
5 1
7
=
6
7
x+c
y =
6
Sub in (1, 1) to find c:
7
1 = 1 + c
6
7
1 + = c
6
1
=c
6
7
1
y=
x+
6
6
6y = 7x + 1
7x + 6y 1 = 0
b 2x y + 10 = 0
2x + 10 = y
1
Perpendicular m =
2
1
y= x+c
2
Sub in point (3, 3)
3
+c
3=
2
3
9
3 + = c so c = .
2
2
1
9
y=
x+
2
2
2y = x + 9
x + 2y 9 = 0
5 y = x2 2x + 8
y-int when x = 0
y=8
x-int when y = 0
0 = 1(x2 + 2x 8)
0 = 1(x + 4)(x 2)
x = 4 or 2
TP y = 1(x2 + 2x 8)
= 1(x2 + 2x + 1 1 8)
= 1[(x + 1)2 9]
= 1(x + 1)2 + 9
TP = (1, 9)

Domain = R
Range = (, 9]
6 y = 3x2 + 8x 3
x [3, 0)
y-int when x = 0
y = 3
x-intercepts when y = 0
0 = 3x2 + 8x 3
0 = (3x 1)(x + 3)

x=

6 x 18

6 x 18

1
or 3
3

TP y = 3 x 2 + x 1
3

8
Now x2 + x 1
3
2

8
8 64 36
= x2 + x +

3
6 36 36

0
(x + 3)(x2 + 5x 6) = 0
1(x + 3)(x2 5x + 6) = 0
1(x + 3)(x 3)(x 2) = 0
x = 3, 3, or 2

8 100
y = 3 x +

6
36

8 100

= 3 x +
6
12

8 100
TP = ,

6 12
4 25
= ,

3 3

8 f (x) = x4 7x3 + 12x2 + 4x 16

y-int when x = 0
y = 16
x-int when y = 0
Test x = 1 (x + 1) is a factor
x = 2 (x 2) is a factor
(x + 1)(x 2) = x2 x 2

x2 6x + 8
x 7 x + 12 x 2 + 4 x 16
x2 x 2
4
3
2
x x 2 x
4

Domain [3, 0)
Range:
When x = 3, y = 0 closed end point
When x = 0, y = 3 open end point
25
3 , 0

7 a f (x) = x3 + bx2 + ax 18
0 = (3)3 + b(3)2 + a (3) 18
0 = 27 + 9b 3a 18
0 = 9 + 9b 3a
0 = 3 + 3b a
a = 3 + 3b [1]
g(x) = ax2 + bx 75
0 = a(3)2 + b (3) 75
0 = 9a 3b 75
25 = 3a b [2]
Sub [1] into [2]
25 = 3(3 + 3b) b
25 = 9 + 9b b
16 = 8b
2 =b
a =3+6
=9
b f (x) = x3 + 2x2 + 9x 18
y-int when x = 0
y = 18
x-int when y = 0
(x + 3) is a factor
x2 + 5x 6
x + 2 x 2 + 9 x 18
x + 3
3
2
x 3 x
5 x 2 + 9 x

2
5 x + 15 x
3

6 x3 + 14 x 2 + 4 x

3
2
6 x + 6 x + 12 x
8 x 2 8 x 16

2
8 x 8 x 16

0
2

(x + 1)(x 2)(x 6x + 8)
(x + 1)(x 2)(x 4)(x 2)
x = 1, 2, or 4.

9 3a 5b + c 7 d + e = 17
2a + 4b c + 3d 5e = 20
2a + 3b + 3c 3d 2e = 11
6a b c d + e = 20
5a + 2b 3c + 4d 4e = 53
1 a 17
3 5 1 7
2 4 1 3 5 b 20

2 3 3 3 2 c = 11

1 d 20
6 1 1 1
5
2 3 4 4 e 53

a 3
b 2

c = 6

d 1
e 5

Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods CAS Second Edition Solutions Manual

CHAPTER 1 Graphs and polynomials CHAPTER REVIEW

Multiple choice
1 (1 2x)5
= 15 + 5 14 (2x) + 10 13 (2x)2 +
10 12 (2x)3 + 5 1(2x)4 + (2x)5
= 1 10x + 40x2 80x3 + 80x4 32x5
The answer is E.
8

1
x7

2 4x 2 = x8, 2 = x5
x
x

x5 = 2nd term so r = 1
1
1
8
7
2nd term = (4x) x 2
1
1
= 8 16 384x7 2
x
= 131 072x5
The answer is B.
10

3 3x +
x

1
10
5 = (3x)6 x
4

th

= 210 729x6

1
x4

= 153 090x2
The answer is A.
3

4 D x4 + 5x3 2 x 2 + 5x 3
Positive whole number indices only
for polynomials.
The answer is D.
5 P(3) = (3)5 4 (3)3 3(3)2
+ 10 (3) + 1
= 243 + 108 27 30 + 1
= 191
The answer is C.
6 (5 6x + x3 + 7 x 6 )( x 2 3 x 4 + 2)

21x10
The answer is C.
7
x 4 x3 + 7 x 2 21x + 58
x + 2 x 4 + 4 x3 + 0 x 2 5 x + 3
x + 3
5
4
x + 3 x
5

x 4 + 4 x3

4
3
x 3x
7 x3 + 0 x 2

3
2
7 x + 21x
21x 2 5 x

21x 63 x
58 x + 3

58 x + 174
171
The answer is C.
8 The answer is B.
If (x 2) was a factor, when x = 2 was
substituted the expression would be
zero.
24 2 23 6 22 8 2 + 2

16 16 24 16 + 2 = 38

9 2x4 4x3 10x2 + 12x

To check if (x 3) is a factor,
substitute in x = 3.
2 34 4 33 10 32 + 12 3
= 162 108 90 + 36 = 0
The answer is E.
10 (4, 0), (0, 2)
20
2
1
=
=
m=
04
4
2
1
y= x+c
2
Sub in (4, 0):
4
0= +c
2
0 = 2 + c
2=c
1
y= x+2
2
2y = x + 4
2y + x 4 = 0
The answer is D.
11 (2, b), (3, 5)
5 b
=2
m=
3 2
5 b
=2
5
5 b = 10
5 + 10 = b
5 =b
The answer is A.
12 y = 2x + c
Sub in (2, 5)
5=4+c
1=c
y-int (0, 1)
The answer is D.
13 3x2 + 4x 5 = 0
b2 4ac = 42 4 3 5
= 16 + 60
= 76
The answer is E.
14 y = 2x2 + 8x 10
x (6, 2)
y-int when x = 0
y = 10
x-int when y = 0
0 = 2(x2 + 4x 5)
0 = 2(x + 5)(x 1)
x = 5, or 1
When x = 6, y = 2 36 48 10
y = 14 open ended
When x = 2, y = 8 + 16 10
= 14 open ended
The answer is B.
15 y = 2(x2 + 4x 5)
= 2(x2 + 4x + 4 4 5)
= 2((x + 2)2 9)
= 2(x + 2)2 18
TP = (2, 18)
Range = [18, 14)
The answer is C.

19

16 y = 3x3
a < 1 negative
b=0
c=0
he answer is B.
17 f (x) = 2x3 + 3x2 + 11x 6
Test x = 2, f (x) = 0
x + 2 is a factor

2 x 2 + 7 x 3
2 x + 3 x 2 + 11x 6
x + 2
3
2
2 x 4 x
3

7 x 2 + 11x

2
7 x + 14 x
3 x 6

3 x 6

0
f (x) = (x + 2)(2x2 + 7x 3)
= (x + 2)(2x + 1)(x 3)
1
x = 2, , 3 are x-intercepts
2
and (0, 6) is the y-intercept.
The answer is A.
18 TP at (x + 1)2
Other intercept (x 3)
he answer is E.
f (x) (x 3)(x + 1)2
19 Two intercepts x = 2 or 0
x(x 2)3
The answer is D.
20 (3, 0) is a TP so (x + 3)2 is a factor.
(1, 0) infers (x 1) is a factor and
(3, 0) means (x 3) is a factor.
a is positive.
he answer is A.
Extended response
1 a Initial distance is the day of launch.
t = 0, d = 0 km
b t = 0, d = 0 km
t = 1, d = 4000 km
t = 2, d = 2000 km
t = 3, d = 0 km

c d(t) = at3 + bt2 + ct + d

t = 0, d = 0
d(t) = at3 + bt2 + ct
When t = 1, d = 4
4 = a + b + c [1]
When t = 2, d = 2
2 = 8a + 4b + 2c [2]
When t = 3, d = 0
0 = 27a + 9b + 3c [3]
Solving [1], [2] and [3]
simultaneously, then
a = 1, b = 6 and c = 9
so, d(t) = t3 6t2 + 9t

Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods CAS Second Edition Solutions Manual

20 |

CHAPTER 1 Graphs and polynomials CHAPTER REVIEW

d When t = 8, d(8) = 83 6 82 + 9 8
= 200
Distance is 200 000 km from Earth.
The moon is 240 000 km from Earth. So, the satellite is
closer by 40 000 km.
e 490 = t3 6t2 + 9t
t3 6t2 + 9t 490 = 0
When t = 10, d(10) = 490
So, the satellite will self-destruct 490 000 km from Earth,
10 days after launching.
Thus, the life span of the satellite is 10 days.
f Domain is [0, 10]
Range is [0, 490]
2 a Turning Point form: y = ax2 + 3
(2, 0) 0 = 4a + 3
3 = 4a
a = 0.75
y = 0.75x2 + 3
b Assuming symmetry, x = 1.5
y = 0.75(1.5)2 + 3
y = 1.3125 m and therefore cannot fit
c 1.7 1.3125
= 0.3875 m
Remove 0.4 m (to 1 dp)
3

The Finish: Quadder overtakes Limey at (10.04, 9.9).

Cubric overtakes Limey at (10.0899, 9.97).
Quadder finishes race in 10.07 min, Cubric in 10.092
min, Liney in 10.13 min.
Quadder wins by 1.2 sec, Cubric second by 2.4 sec to
Liney.
4 a C = (3, 0) and D = (2.25, 8.54)
b y = ax3(x 3)
8.54 = 2.253(2.25 3)a
8.54
a=
2.253 0.75
0.9997
a 1
y = x3(x 3)
so, y = x4 3x3
c Find y when x = 1 to obtain B.
y = x4 3x3
y = (1)4 3(1)3
=13
= 2
B is (1, 2)
Distance from road at A to river at B is 2 km.
d Distance OD =

2.252 + 8.542
5.0625 + 72.9316

= 77.99
8.83
Distance CD =
=

Liney

Starts 2.4 m in front of start line moving forwards at a

constant speed of 0.75 m/min.

0.752 + 8.542
0.5625 + 72.9316

= 73.49
8.57
Total distance is 17.4 km
Yes because the straight route from O to D to C is
approximately 17.4 km and the river course is longer than
this.
5 a

Passed by Cubric after 0.3 mins and 2.6 m from the

start line, meets Cubric coming back towards Liney at
3.8 min and 5.24 m from the start line.
Quadder Starts at start line, travelling 1.3 m the wrong way for
2.55 mins, stopping momentarily then moving forward
with increasing speed
Meets Cubric at the start line after 5.1 mins.
Cubric Starts at start line moving very fast towards the finish
passing Liney at (0.3, 2.6), then slowing, stopping
momentarily at (2.1, 8.8), then moving back towards
the start.
Meets Liney at (3.8, 5.24) and Quadder at the start
line at 5.1 min.
Slows down, stopping at (7.37, 5.8) and then
speeding for the finish.

x-intercepts 3, 1, 1, 3
y = a(x + 3)(x + 1)(x 1)(x 3)
1
9

=a9
0, 2 :
4
4

1
a=
4
1
y = (x + 3)(x + 1)(x 1)(x 3)
4
b x = 4,
1
y = (4 + 3)(4 + 1)(4 3)(4 1)
4
1
= (7 5 1 3)
4

Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods CAS Second Edition Solutions Manual

CHAPTER 1 Graphs and polynomials CHAPTER REVIEW

= 26

1
4

1
1

Coordinates are 4, 26 4, 26
4
4

c Domain is [4, 4]
d (2.236, 4)(2.236, 4)
1

Range 4, 26
4

1
(x + 3)(x + 1)(x 3)(x 1) + 4
4
1
= (x2 + 4x + 3)(x2 4x + 3) + 4
4
1 4
= (x 4x3 + 3x2 + 4x3 16x2 + 12x + 3x2 12x + 9) + 4
4
1
= (x4 10x2 + 25)
or
4
1
y = (x 2.236)2(x + 2.236)2
4
f Domain [4, 4]
1

Range 0, 30
4

e y=

6 Since smooth landing, the graph could have a turning point at (0, 0). So, a factor of ( x 0) 2 is possible. A further x-intercept (to the
right of 50 km) of b, indicates a factor of (x b). A dilation factor of a from the x-axis results in y = ax2(x b).
a (50, 10) 10 = 502 a(50 b)
10 = 2500a(50 b)
[1]
If gradient is 0 at x = 50,
dy
= 3ax2 2abx
dx
0 = 3a 502 2ab 50
0 = 7500a 100ab
100ab = 7500a (divide by 100a, since a 0)
b = 75
Substituting into [1]
10 = 2500a(50 75)
10 = 62 500a
1
a=
6250

y=

x 2 ( x 75)
6250

22 (2 75)
= 0.04 672 km
6250
= 46.72 m
c Seems to be extremely low 2 km from touchdown. Therefore, not very accurate.
7 a x-intercepts and turning points at x = 4
y = a(x 4)2(x + 4)2
(0, 3) 3 = a(0 4)2(0 + 4)2
3 = 256a
3
a=
256
b x = 2, y =

Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods CAS Second Edition Solutions Manual

21

22 |

CHAPTER 1 Graphs and polynomials CHAPTER REVIEW

3( x 4) 2 ( x + 4) 2
256
b If there is a smooth connection to the platform then x = 4 could be a turning point and an intercept. So, (x 4)2 could be a factor.
The other turning point at (0, 3) suggests another x intercept to the left at x = b, where b is negative. So, in factor form:
y = a(x 4)2(x b), where a is a dilation constant.
(0, 3) 3 = a(0 4)2(0 b)
3 = 16ab
3
ab =
[1]
16
But zero gradient at G y = a(x2 8x + 16)(x b)
y = a(x3 bx2 8x2 + 8bx + 16x 16b)
dy
= a(3x2 2bx 16x + 8b + 16)
dx
Gradient = 0 at x = 0: 0 = a(8b + 16)
0 = 8b + 16 since a 0
8b = 16
b = 2
3
Substitute in [1]: a 2 =
16
3
a =
32
3
y = ( x 4)2 ( x + 2)
32
c i y = ax2 3
Since strut is 1 m long, F has coordinates (2, 2).
(2, 2) 2 = a 4 3
1 = 4a
1
a =
4
y =

y =

x2
3
4

ii y = a(x 4)2
(2, 2) 2 = a(2 4)2
2 = 4a
1
a =
2
1
y = ( x 4) 2
2
1 2
= ( x 8 x + 16)
2

x2
+ 4x 8
2
dy
x
dy
Lower parabola
=
Upper parabola
= x + 4
2
dx
dx
dy
dy
x=2
=1
=2
dx
dx
As the gradients are different, the connection is not smooth.
x2
iii Lower equation is still y =
3.
4

Upper y = a ( x 4) 2
(3, 0.75) 0.75 = a (3 4) 2
3
a =
4
3
y = ( x 4) 2
4
3 2
y = ( x 8 x + 16)
4
dy
x
dy
3
Lower parabola
=
Upper parabola
= (2 x 8)
2
dx
dx
4
Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods CAS Second Edition Solutions Manual

CHAPTER 1 Graphs and polynomials CHAPTER REVIEW

dy
3
= (2)
dx
4
3
=
2
As the gradients are the same, the graphs meet smoothly at (3, 0.75).
3(2 4)2 (2 + 4)2
d quartic: x = 2 y =
256
3 4 36
y =
256
= 1.6875 m
Difference from strut = 1.6 (1.6875)
= 0.0875 m
3
cubic: x = 2 y = (2 4)2 (2 + 2)
32
3
y = 4 4
32
y = 1.5 m
Difference from strut = 1.6 (1.5)
= 0.1 m

x=3

dy
3
=
dx
2

22
3
4
y = 2 m
Difference from strut = 1.6 (2)
= 0.4 m
The quartic model is the closest to the actual ramp with 1.6875 m.
quadratic: x = 2 y =

Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods CAS Second Edition Solutions Manual

23