Fundamentals of Computer Programming
(CS110)
BESE-2
2 The Problem-Solving Process
Dr. Kashif Mahmood Rajpoot
Assistant Professor,
DoC, NUST-SEECS.
http://seecs.nust.edu.pk/faculty/kashif.html
[email protected]
Problem-solving
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Humans are basically problem-solving machines
We use problem-solving process every day in our daily
lives.
How to get to school?
What to do when you are hungry?
What to do if you get low grades in a subject?
For simpler problems, we do it unconsciously. For more
complex problems, we have to go through a thought
process.
Animals are not, they typically remain in a situation they are
born in. Humans learn to improve their situation by solving
problems at hand.
Imagine you got admission in SEECS and your parents were
against you moving to out-city. What to do?
Programming is used to solve problems by computers.
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Creating Computer Solutions to Problems
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You basically devise a solution using a
computer program to solve a problem
Salary payment system at a large organization
Steps to devise a computer solution
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Analyze the problem
Plan the algorithm
Desk-check the algorithm
Code the algorithm
Desk-check the program
Evaluate and modify (if required) the program
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1. Analyze the Problem
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You cannot solve a problem unless you
understand it
You cannot understand a problem unless you
analyze it
Identify important components of a problem
Two most important components of a problem
are:
Input the items needed to achieve the goal
Output the goal of solving the problem
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1. Analyze the Problem
To identify the outputs, ask the question:
To identify the inputs, ask the question:
What does the user want to see displayed on the
screen, printed on the paper, or stored in a file?
What information will the computer need to know to
determine the outputs?
Draw an IPO chart
Input, Processing, Output
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Hints for Analyzing Problems
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Analysis step is the most difficult of problemsolving steps
To analyze the problem in order to understand it:
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Try reading the problem description several times
Ask the user for more information
The more you understand the problem, the easier
it is to solve the problem and devise the solution
Cross out unimportant information, focus only on
the important information
1. Analyzing the Problem
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Instances where the input may not be explicitly
stated:
There may be instances where some
information may not be available:
1. Analyze the Problem
2. Plan the Algorithm
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Plan the algorithm to transform the available
input into the desired output
This is the processing that is done on the input
data.
Planning the algorithm: finding the step-by-step set
of instructions to solve the problem
We can use pseudocode or flowchart to develop the
algorithm.
2. Plan the Algorithm
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Complete the IPO chart, using pseudocode
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2. Plan the Algorithm
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Complete the IPO chart, using the flowchart
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2. Plan the Algorithm
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Minor modification in the algorithm
Processing items: items that hold intermediate
values in the processing from input to output
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3. Desk-Check the Algorithm
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Once the algorithm has been developed, before
coding it in a computer language, we need to
verify whether it works correctly or not
Desk-checking: programmer reviews the
algorithm by sitting at his desk
A set of sample data is chosen, fed to the
algorithm as input, and output data from the
algorithm is verified
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3. Desk-Check the Algorithm
First of all, manually determine the solution (i.e.
not using an algorithm)
Desk-check table:
Do the processing, compute total bill without liquor
Do the processing, compute the tip amount
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4. Code the Algorithm
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Once the algorithm has been developed and has been
desk-checked for correctness, one can move to the 4th
step of coding the algorithm in a specific language (e.g.
C++)
Use the information in the IPO chart to code
Assign a descriptive name to each input, processing, or
output item
You know the inputs
You know the processing to be performed
You know the outputs
You have to assign a data type to each item
Often, it is advised to initialize each item with a value.
The name and data type are used to store the input in
computers memory while the program is executed.
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Internal Memory
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Internal memory, the RAM, is holding the
instructions and data to do any processing
Each memory location has an address
Each location can
hold one item
at a time
Each location can
hold one type of
data (number,
text, character,
whole-number, etc)
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Internal Memory
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Some of the memory locations are automatically filled
(OS instructions, program instructions, etc)
Programs can request to reserve some memory
locations to store input, processing, or output data items
In C++, a memory location is reserved (declaration) by
assigning a name, data type, and (optionally) an initial
value to it
The name allows us to access one or more memory
locations using a memorable descriptive name
The data type indicates the type of data to be stored in
the memory location: for example, number or text
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Internal Memory
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There are two types of memory locations a
program can reserve
Variable
A memory location whose value can vary during
runtime as the program executes and progresses
Most of the memory locations declared in a
program are variable
Named constant
A memory location whose value is initially set and
cannot change over time during program execution
E.g. Value of Pi, earths gravity
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Selecting a Name for a Memory Location
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Revisiting the Treyson Mobley Problem
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Note how many memory locations we need to reserve?
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Revisiting the Treyson Mobley Problem
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Internal Memory
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Select a Data Type for a Memory Location
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Memory locations come in different types and sizes
The type we choose depends upon what we want to
store in that location
Each of this data type is a keyword
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Select a Data Type for a Memory Location
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double is a keyword used to create variables of
double data type
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How Data is Stored in Internal Memory
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Knowing this will help you understand the importance of
memory locations data type
Numbers are stored in computer memory using the binary
(or base 2) number system
This is considerably different than decimal number system
Lets recall the decimal number system
Numbers are stored in the units of increasing power of the base
(10)
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How Data is Stored in Internal Memory
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Similar to the decimal number system, we have
units increasing in the powers of base (2) in the
binary number system
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How Data is Stored in Internal Memory
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Unlike numeric data, character data
represented in internal memory in the form of
ASCII (pronounced ASK-ee) codes
American Standard Code for Information
Interchange
ASCII code system assigns a specific numeric
code to each LETTER on your keyboard
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How Data is Stored in Internal Memory
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How Data is Stored in Internal Memory
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Selecting an Initial Value for a Memory Location
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In addition to assigning name and data type to
a memory location, it is advised to assign it an
initial value
Memory locations are initialized using literal
constants
Literal constant is not a memory variable
Literal constant is a specific value of a specific data
type
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Selecting an Initial Value for a Memory Location
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Treyson Mobley problem
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Declaring a Memory Location
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Memory locations are reserved by using a specific
C++ statement
This is also called creation or declaration of variable
Note the use of reserved keywords
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Declaring a Memory Location
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Once a variable has been declared, you can
now refer to the variable name to use it later in
a program for input, processing, or output
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Declaring a Memory Location
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Note the use of reserved keyword const
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Declaring a Memory Location
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Finishing Step-4 in Problem-Solving Process
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We have identified the input, processing, and
output items in the IPO chart
We have declared/reserved memory locations
for these items, specifying data types and
initializing values
The status of IPO chart now is:
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Finishing Step-4 in Problem-Solving Process
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Having declared the memory locations, let us focus on coding the algorithm
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Getting Data from the Keyboard
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In C++, objects are used for standard input and
output operations
Objects handling input/output are called stream
objects, because they handle streams
Stream a sequence of characters
Standard input stream object cin (see in)
cin tells the computer to pause program
execution till the input is entered
The cin object temporarily holds input to itself
Extraction operator >> is used to extract (transfer)
the input from stream to memory location
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Getting Data from the Keyboard
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Input is received by the cin object, extracted by the >>
operator, transferred to the memory location
Extraction operator stops reading input from cin object
once it reads a white-space character (newline, tab,
space)
Cin is mainly used to input numeric and character data, but
not for string data with spaces (e.g. Computer programming)
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Getting Data from the Keyboard
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Getting Data from the Keyboard
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Treyson
Mobley
problem:
calculating
the tip
The program,
written so far,
can read the
input items
Importance of
prompt
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Displaying Message on Computer Screen
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Similar to cin object, there is a stream object
cout (see out) for sending output to the display
cout is used with the insertion operator << to
display information on computer screen
The information sent out to display can be any
combination of literal constants, variables, and
text messages
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Displaying Message on Computer Screen
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Note the mixing of variables and strings
Note the use of multiple insertion << operators
endl the stream manipulator
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Treyson Mobley Problem
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Note the display
prompt
statements
before each cin
statement
This is to inform
the user about
the item to be
entered
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Getting Input and Displaying Output in C++
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Arithmetic Operators in C++
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In the Treyson Mobley pseudocode, instructions 2
and 3 require arithmetic operations to calculate tip
Arithmetic calculations are performed by writing
arithmetic expressions that contain arithmetic
operators
Standard arithmetic operators in C++ are:
Unary and binary operators
Modulus operator
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Type Conversion in Arithmetic Expressions
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Computer makes implicit type conversion when
processing arithmetic expressions
Performing arithmetic operations with two
values having different data type, the value
with lower-ranking type is always promoted,
temporarily, to the higher-ranking type
Value is returned to its original type after the
operation is completed
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Type Conversion in Arithmetic Expressions
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Type Conversion in Arithmetic Expressions
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What happens when an integer is divided by
another integer
Convert one of the integers in the operation to
a real number
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E.g. 24/5, the result is an integer as well
How to get the quotient as a real number?
24.0/5 or 24/5.0, the result is a real number
What if the numbers to be operated on are
variables?
Explicit type conversion
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The static_cast operator
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static_cast
operator
explicitly
converts data
from one data
type to
another
firstNum: 5
secondNum: 2
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The static_cast operator
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Assignment Statement
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After arithmetic operation, the result is often
stored (assigned) to a variable
We do this by using assignment statement
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Assignment Statement
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Treyson Mobley Problem
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Type Casting and Assignment Expression
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5. Desk-Check the Program
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Once the algorithm has been coded, we can
desk-check it to verify the correctness
We can use the same sample data used to
desk-check the algorithm
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5. Desk-Check the Program
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5. Desk-Check the Program
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6. Evaluate and Modify the Program
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Enter C++ programs into computer and execute
it
Enter the same sample input, verify the results
If the results differ, it indicates program
contains errors bugs
Bugs must be located and removed
debugging
Logical errors
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6. Evaluate and Modify the Program
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C++ instructions are entered in a text editor
Compile the source code
The instructions entered are called source code
Source code is saved as a file with extension .cpp
Translated into 0s and 1s (machine code, binary
code, object code)
Output of compiler is called object file
Linker combines the source and required
library code
Produces an executable file (.exe extension)
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6. Evaluate and Modify the Program
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IDE integrated
development
environment,
includes:
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Editor
Compiler
Linker
Debugger
Visual C++
Dev C++
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6. Evaluate and Modify the Program
Comments,
ignored by
compiler
Include the contents of iostream (library responsible for input and
output) in this program
Tells the program where to find, in the library, the definition of
standard keywords and classes. Namespace is a grouping of code.
Function, collection of piece of code. Execution of a C++ program
starts from the main function. int is the data type of value returned.
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6. Evaluate and Modify the Program
0 indicates successful termination.
Comments
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Arithmetic Assignment Operator
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Abbreviates an
assignment
statement that
contains an
arithmetic
operator
Shorthand
notation
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Reference to Book
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Chapters 2, 3, and 4; An Introduction to
Programming with C++ - Diane Zak
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