Faculty of Engineering And Science

UEEA1253 SIGNALS, CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS

Y.C.See
[email protected]
[email protected]

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Instructors
Instructor 1: See Yuen Chark
Email: [email protected]
Level 5: East Wing

Week 1- Week 7
(18 hrs + )
Tutorial 1-3

012-3385077

Instructor2: Chong Poh Kit

Email:

Week 8- Week 13/14

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Instructors
Instructor 3: Chong Zan Kai
Email: [email protected]

Instructor4: Lin Horn Seng

Email:

Tutorial 1-3

Tutorial 4-5

Lab session starts at Week 3 (Every Mon 9-12pm,

2-5pm,
every Tue 2-5pm
and every Wed 2-5 pm)
Tutorial n Lab session starts at Week 3
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ANNOUNCEMENT
Tutorial starts at Week 3

Week 3
Tutorial 1 (Odd)
Week 4
Tutorial 1 (Even)
Week 5
Tutorial 2 (Odd)
Replacement of Tutorial 2 (Even) on Saturday (14-Feb-2015) 9-12pm.
Three sessions. Venue to be confirmed.
Week 6
CNY.
Week 7
Tutorial 3 (Odd)
Week 8
Tutorial 3 (Even)
Week 9- Mr.Lin
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Syllabus
Refer to the attachment!

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Introduction

Office : 5th Floor east wing

Final Exam = 60% (2+2+2) Kampar!

Lab = 10 marks (See & Dr.Chong)
Mid Term Test = 15 marks (See)- Week 8
Assignment = 15 marks (Dr. Chong)

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CLASS Schedule

18 Hours lectures Wk 1- Wk7

CNY 19-20/2 WK 6
Lecture class resume 18th Feb 2014 (THU)

LABs & TUTORIALs start in week 3 (WED)

REPLACEMENT

1 report (Lab 1 + Lab 2)

Just revision class

MID TERM

OPTION 1 : 7/3/15(Sat) 8:30am-10:00am (DK3, DK4A, DK4B)

OPTION 2: 8/3/15(Sun) 2-4:00pm(DK1, DK2A, DK2B)
OPTION 3: 5/3/15(Thu) 6-8:00pm (DK1, DK2A, DK2B)

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Time table

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LAB 1 & LAB 2

REPLACEMENT HOLIDAY AND THAIPUSAM ON 2/FEB/2015 (WED) & 3/FEB/2015 (THU)

WEEK3- 4 LAB SESSIONS
WEEK 4- 1 LAB SESSION (WED)
WEEK 5 3 LAB SESSIONS (MON & TUE)
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MID-TERM
5/3/2015
VENUE:

10

(THU) @ 5:50-7:10PM

DK1(BI+ET+MH+MM) (8+7+42+5 = 62)

DK2A (ME-I+EC) (ID:803003-1205143)
(54+6=60)
DK2B(ME-II)(ID:1205493-1405881) (54)
DK3(EEE) (59)

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FACEBOOK GROUP

https://www.facebook.com/groups/329909983870884/

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Text Book

Dorf, Richard C., & Svoboda, James A. (20062013).

Introduction to electric circuits. (7th 9th ed.).
Hoboken N.J: John Wiley & Sons.
Wadhwa, C. L. (2007). Network analysis and synthesis :
(including linear system analysis)(3rd ed) New Delhi :
New Age International.

References :
1. Alexander and Sadiku, (2009) 4th Ed. Fundamentals
of
Electric
Circuits,
McGraw-Hill.
ISBN:
9780071272384
2. Others

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Expectation!

SIGNALS, CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS often involves MATHS &

Perquisite - UEEA1243 Circuit Theory

ELECTRICAL

Circuits elements Capacitors & Inductors

DC & AC circuit analysis
Differentiation & Integral calculus
Linear differentiation equation

I do revision fast.
I point you in the right direction, but you have to get
there
You are expected to read and prepare before lectures.
Discussion is good and always welcome
Boring for you and for me if I just talk for 120 minutes
You know stuff I dont
I make mistakes
Ask questions anytime
If youre confused probably others are too
Let me know when Im talking too fast
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CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS SYLLABUS

1. INTRODUCTION to Network Revision (2)

Lumped Circuit Assumption

Nodal & Mesh analysis
Network Theorems Thevenin , Norton
Attenuator design (new)

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2. Time Domain Analysis (7)

Energy storage elements

The source-free and step responses of RC
and RL circuits.
The unit step, impulse and ramp functions.
Initial and final values.
The complete response of RLC circuits.
First order circuit and second order
circuit analysis
Steady-state response to sinusoidal input.

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3. Frequency Domain Analysis (9)

The Laplace transforms.

Solutions of differential equations describing a
circuit.
Applications of Laplace transforms in circuit
analysis.

The Fourier series and circuit applications.

The Fourier Transform and circuit applications.

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4. Two-port Networks (7)

Impedance, Z, admittance, Y, hybrid, h,

and transmission matrix parameters.
Relationships between matrices.
Interconnection of networks.
Network transform
Impedance transform

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5. Frequency Response and Bode Plots (2)

Transfer function.
Gain and phase shifts. The decibel.
Bode plots.
Series and parallel resonance. Quality factor,
bandwidth and selectivity.

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6. Filter Synthesis (8)

Synthesis of one-port impedance function,

positive real function, canonical forms
Types of Filters
Filter functions: Butterworth, Chebyshev
Filter synthesis

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The journey begins here

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Path to $$
Formula Lumped Amp
circuit

Nature

Digita Combinationa Clock ISA Language

l Logic
l
Java
x86
C
etc

Analog
Op-amp

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Analog
system
components
osc,
filter.

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$$

Software
OS

What is system?

Collection of components that put together to

serve a particular purpose.

E.g railway system, transportation system,

Very often we are interested in finding out the

response of the system under the influence of
the particular input.
Single/multiple input output system
Input

System

Output

Input current sources or voltage sources

Input
(Excitation)
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Circuit

Output(Response)
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Analysis and Synthesis

Interested to find the responses or o/p at

various point in a system.

Analysis: Given a circuit and its input, find the

output of response.
The output is unique.
Analysis can be in Time domain or Frequency domain
Synthesis: Given an Input and an Output, find the
circuit. The answer is not unique

10
volt

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Circuit
?

5 volt

More than one circuit design to give a relevant

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output

Classification of System I

Source

Independent
Dependent

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A voltage
(VCVS)
A current
(CCVS)
A voltage
(VCCS)
A current
(CCCS)

controlled voltage source

controlled voltage source
controlled current source
controlled current source

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SOURCES
Symbols for independent current
source

Symbols for independent

voltage source

I1

V1

V1

V1
I1

VCVS

CCVS
I1

VCCS
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I1

gV1

V1

CCCS
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E.g.

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Classification of System II

Circuit Type:

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Linear----Nonlinear
Continuous time vs Discreet time
Time invariant (Constant parameter) ----Time
variant (Variable parameter)
Passive----Active
Lumped----Distributive

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Classification of system I

Linear system vs non-linear system

a system is said to be linear if it satisfies the

principle of superposition
If x1(t) y1(t) and x2(t) y2(t) then C1x1(t) +
C2x (t)
C1y1(t) + C2y2(t) where C is constant
Most of the electrical network that you learned
earlier is belong to this class
Zero initial state.
Does not have extra source
2

LINEAR SYSTEM?

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E.g.

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Classification of system II
u

u
t
2 t1
i

Linear Time
variant

Linear Time
Invariant
u

u
t
2t1
i

Nonlinear Time
Invariant
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i
Nonlinear Time
Variant
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Lumped vs. Distributed circuit

A lumped circuit is one where all the

terminal voltages and currents are
functions of time only. Lumped circuit
elements include resistors, capacitors,
inductors, independent and dependent
sources.
An distributed circuit is one where the
terminal voltages and currents are
functions of position as well as time.
Transmission lines are distributed circuit
elements
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Network Theorem/Analysis

Im sure that you are familiar with

Kirchhoffs

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Kirchhoffs law Dorf pg 53 or Sadiku pg 37

Mesh current and nodal analysis Dorf 108 or Sadiku
pg 81
Superposition theorem Dorf 167 or Sadiku pg 130
Thevenins and Norton theorems Dorf 171 or Sadiku pg
139-150
Current Law. At any junction in an electric circuit the
total current flowing towards that junction is equal to
the total current flowing away from the junction
Voltage Law. In any closed loop in a network, the
algebraic sum of the voltage drops (i.e. products of
current and resistance) taken around the loop is equal
to the resultant e.m.f. acting in that loop.( i )
=0

( vk ) node = 0

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k node

KVL and KCL

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Superposition theorem

The principle of superposition states that for

a linear circuit consisting of linear elements
and independent sources, we can determine the
total response by finding the response of each
independent source with all other independent
sources set to zero and then summing these
individual responses.

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Thevenins

The current in any branch of a network is that

which would result if an e.m.f. equal to the p.d.
across a break made in the branch, were introduced
into the branch, all other e.m.f. being removed
and represented by the internal resistances of the
sources.

Procedures

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remove the resistance, R from that branch,

determine the open-circuit voltage, E, across the break,
remove each source of e.m.f. and replace them by their
internal resistances and then determine the resistance,
r, looking-in at the break,
determine the value of the current from the equivalent
circuit
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Norton

The current that flows in any branch of a network is the same

as that which would flow in the branch if it were connected
across a source of electrical energy, the short-circuit
current of which is equal to the current that would flow in a
short-circuit across the branch, and the internal resistance
of which is equal to the resistance which appears across the
open-circuited branch terminals.
Procedures - to determine the current flowing in a resistance
R of a branch AB of an active network:

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short-circuit branch AB
determine the short-circuit current Isc flowing in the branch
remove all sources of e.m.f. and replace them by their internal
resistance (or, if a current source exists, replace with an
open-circuit), then determine the resistance r,looking-in at
a break made between A and B
determine the current I flowing in resistance R from the Norton
equivalent network

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Thevenin? Norton? I=?

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E.g.

Kirchhoff, Superposition, Thevenin, Norton !

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Find current to 4 ohm

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Mesh Analysis

Technique in Mesh Theorem

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Apply KVL to each closed loop

Express element voltages as a function of mesh
current.

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Nodal Analysis

There are n nodes.

Need only apply KCL to (n 1) nodes. Why? Because only

(n 1) independent equations.

One node is used as datum / reference / earth /

ground
Apply KCL at any node except reference node.
Convert the elements current as a function of node
voltage

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E.G - Nodal

Current at 2 ohm and 3 ohm?

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Findings

KCL is the basis of nodal analysis in which

the unknowns are the voltages at each of the

nodes of the circuit.
KVL is the basis of mesh analysis in which
the unknowns are the currents flowing in each
of the meshes of the circuit.

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Attenuator

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Power
The power transferred from a supply source to a load is at
its maximum when the resistance of the load is equal to the
internal resistance of the source.

What should be the load R in order

to have max power transfer?
Application?

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E.g.

Stereo amplifier design

Is the above diagram looks similar?

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THEVENIN!
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Impedance matching

is an important consideration in electronic and

communications devices which normally involve
small amounts of power.
E.g.Coupling an aerial to a transmitter or
receiver, or coupling a loudspeaker to an
amplifier.
Also, the importance of matching a load to a
source for maximum power transfer is extremely
important in microwaves, as well as all manner
of lower frequency applications such as
electrical generating plants and solar cells.
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Impedance matching (2)

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Characteristic impedance

The source and load impedances should equal the

characteristic impedance of the transmission line,
as this minimizes signal reflections

For any passive two port network its found that

a particular value of load impedance can always be
found which will produce an input impedance having
the same value as the load impedance.
Symmetrical network

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Notes

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Attenuator

A device for introducing a specified loss

between a signal source and a matched load
without upsetting the impedance relationship
necessary for matching.
The loss introduced is constant irrespective
of frequency - pure resistances.
There are many ways in which resistors can be
arranged in attenuator circuits with the
Potential Divider Circuit being the simplest
type of passive attenuator circuit.

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Lets do some maths

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Characteristic Impedance for T network

If the output terminal is open circuited

then
If short circuited then

Characteristic impedance,

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How about this?

Start looking in at the input port

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If the output terminal is open circuited

then

If short circuited then

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Before moving on lets find out dB

The decibel, abbreviated to "dB", is generally defined
as the logarithm measure of the voltage, current or
power ratio and represents one tenth 1/10th of a Bel.
In other words it takes 10 decibels to make one bel

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Ratio (1)

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Now assume an ideal attenuator - R

For T attenuators

If symmetrical -

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Find I1, V,V2,and N

Using
Find R1 and R2

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T-pad attenuator

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For attenuator

From

The attenuation factor

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and

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and

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To find R1-

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From

=>
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 attenuator

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E.g.

Design a T-section symmetrical attenuator pad

to provide a voltage attenuation of 20 dB and
having a characteristic impedance of 600.

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Insertion loss (1)

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Insertion loss (2)

generator E connected directly to a load ZL and

the current flowing be IL and the p.d. across
the load VL. z is the internal impedance of the
source.
2-port network is connected - The current
through the load, shown as I2, and the p.d.
across the load, shown as V2, will generally be
less than current IL and voltage VL

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Insertion loss (3)

When the two-port network is terminated in its

characteristic impedance Z0 the network is said
to be matched. In this case the input impedance
is also Z0, thus the insertion loss is simply
the ratio of input to output voltage (=V1/V2).
For a network terminated in its characteristic
impedance

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Challenging question

A attenuator has a series resistor of 1000 are parallel

with two 500 . Determine

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Its characteristic impedance

The insertion load when matching load is achieved.

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2012 question

The resistances R1 and R2 in Figure Q1(a) are

given by the following formula:
R1 =

N 1
R0
N +1

R2 =

2N
R0
2
N 1

where N is the insertion loss ratio. Find the

values of resistors R1 and R2 to obtain 3dB
insertion loss. Assume R0=50 ohm.
(5 marks)
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Switched Attenuator

Instead of having just one attenuator to

achieve the required degree of attenuation,
individual attenuator pads can be connected or
cascaded together to increase the amount of
attenuation in given steps of attenuation.
By switching in the appropriate attenuators,
the attenuation can be increased or decreased
in fixed steps as shown below.
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EXAMPLE

Here, there are four independent resistive

attenuator networks cascaded together in a series
ladder network with each attenuator having a value
twice that of its predecessor, (1-2-4-8).
Each attenuator network may be switched "in" or
"out" of the signal path as required by the
associated switch producing a step adjustment
attenuator circuit that can be switched from 0dB
to -15dB in 1dB steps and the total circuit
attenuation is the sum of all four attenuators
switched "in".
So for example an attenuation of -5dB would
require switches SW1 and SW3 to be connected, and
an attenuation of -12dB would require switches SW3
and SW4 to be connected, and so on.
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2013 Questions (Kampar)

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D dB

N = 10 D / 20

1
2
4
8

1.1220
1.2589
1.5849
2.5119

N +1
R0
N 1
869.67
436.25
220.97
116.14

Ra =

N 2 1
R0
Rb =
2N
5.77
11.61
23.85
52.84

(8 marks)
The four independent pi-attenuator networks are cascaded together in a series ladder
network. Each attenuator network can be switched in and out of the signal path as required by
the associated switch producing a step adjustment attenuator circuit that can be switched from
0dB to 15dB in 1dB step.

Rb

Ra

1dB

Rb
Ra

Ra

2dB

Rb
Ra

Ra

4dB

Rb
Ra

Ra

8dB

Ra

(2 marks)
The total circuit attenuation is the sum of all four attenuators switched in. For
example, an attenuation of 10dB would require the 2dB and 8dB attenuator networks to be
connected as shown in the figure above.
(2 marks)
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2014 Questions (I)-HOMEWORK

Q1.

(a)

Based on the given formula in Table Q1 (a), choose the related equation and
design a attenuator, given that the voltage attenuation is 18dB with
characteristic impedance of 600.

N +1
R
N 1 0
N2 1
Rb =
R0
2N

N 1
R
N +1 0
2N
Rd = 2
R0
N 1

Ra =

Rc =

Table Q1(a)
(6 marks)

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2014 Questions (II) HOMEWORK

Q2.

(a)

Figure Q2 (a) shows an attenuator inserted between a source VS and a load RL.
Design the attenuator (i.e. determine R1 and R2 ) to obtain 10dB attenuation if
the image impedance of the attenuator is R0 = 50. Use the following formula:
2N
N 1
R2 = 2
R0
R1 =
R0
N +1
N 1
Next, use mesh or node analysis to verify that the voltage at the load RL
exhibits 10dB attenuation.
(15 marks)

Figure Q2 (a)
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References

Dorf, Richard C., & Svoboda, James A. (2014).

Introduction to electric circuits. (8th ed.).
Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Alexander, Charles K., & Sadiku, Matthew N.O.
(2007). Fundamentals of electric circuits. Boston:
McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Hayt, William; Kemmerly, Jack E. (1971),
Engineering Circuit Analysis (2nd ed.), McGrawHill, ISBN 0-07-027382-0
John Bird. (2007) Electrical circuit theory and
technology.Newness
J.David Irwin, R.Mark Nelms (2010) Basic
Engineering Circuit Analysis. Wiley
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