DWDM Basics
This document provides a Tutorial/Course on DWDM fundamental and their
applications.
By RSO Tx
23-09-2014
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For Internal use only
Brief Description
In this course, participants will acquire an overview of the technology
used in Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing including Optical
Technology principles. Participants will learn the advantages of DWDM
over traditional optical transport technologies such as SDH. An overview
of the building blocks used in a DWDM network followed of the basic
functions performed by the various building blocks.
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Contents
Optical Basics : Sources of Attenuation, Dispersion Effects,
Chromatic & Polarization Mode Dispersion, Effects of Nonlinear Optics
Concepts of WDM, an Introduction, Why do we need WDM?
CWDM and DWDM Links
Types of Optical Network Elements
ITU-T Channel Grid
Building Blocks of Optical Network Elements :
Optical Multiplexers and Demultiplexers ,
Optical Amplifiers
Light Sources and Photo Detectors
DWDM Use Cases
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Optical Fiber
1.Single-Mode Fiber (SMF)
2.Properties of Fiber
3.Classifications of Single Mode Fiber
4.Nonlinear Effects of Single Mode Fiber
Nokia 2014
Structure of Single-Mode Fiber and Refractive Index Profile
coating
Structure of a fiber
d2
n2
core
n1
cladding
n2
d1
coating
Refractive index profile
d
5
cladding
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n1
n1
n2
n2
d
The Optical Spectrum
Visible
Light
Cosmic
Radiation Radiation
UV Radiation
IR Radiation
X-ray
Radiation
1020
0.6
1012
1010
(1 THz)
108
106
(1 GHz)
(1 m)
(1 mm)
(1 m)
(100 m)
10-9
10-6
10-3
100
102
= Wavelength
f = Frequency
c = 300 000 km/s
c=xf
0.5
1014
TV VHF SW
(1 nm)
10-12
Wavelength (m)
0.4
1016
(250 THz)
(1 pm)
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Microwave,
Radar
1018
Frequency (Hz)
Communications Radiation
Visible
Light
0.7
670
0.8
780 850
Fiber Transmission
Wavelength Range
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3 1.4
1300
1.5
1.6 m
1550 1625 nm
Fiber Attenuation
Attenuation in optical fiber is mainly determined by three types of
loss: absorption loss, scattering loss and bend loss.
Attenuation (dB)
Attenuation coefficient unit:dB/km
OH- ion Absorption
1310
C_band
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(nm)
1550
L_band
Dispersion
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Dispersion in Single Mode Fiber (SMF)
Dispersion in fiber refers to a physical phenomenon of signal distortion caused
when various modes carrying signal energy or different frequencies of the signal
have different group velocity and disperse from each other during propagation.
Dispersion in SMF is classified into chromatic dispersion and polarization mode
dispersion (PMD)
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Chromatic Dispersion
DATA IN
DATA OUT
Input
laser
Optical
receiver
L
The chromatic dispersion in the
fiber causes different wavelengths
to travel at different speeds, and
propagation delay.
Input laser is not monochromatic,
it is composed of many
wavelength or colour.
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The different wavelengths arrive
at different times to BROAD,
separated, or DISPERSED output
pulse.
Chromatic Dispersion
Generally, two kinds of dispersion exist in single mode optical fiber, they are
material dispersion and waveguide dispersion.
Dispersion (ps/nmkm)
Dispersion coefficientunitps/nmkm
G.652 fiber
17
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G.655
G.653
G.655
1310
1550
(nm)
Polarization Mode DispersionPMD
Slow in propagation
Ellipse fiber core
Fiber
profile
Fast in propagation
Delay time
Detector
power
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Signal response
Inter-symbol Interference
Broaden pulse caused by dispersion will bring the adjacent consecutive pulses to overlap.
T
T+T
3 1
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3 1
31
Mode Field Diameter and Effective Area
Mode field diameterMFDdescribes the concentrate level of
optical energy in the single mode fiber.
MFD
Fiber core
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OH- ion Absorption
G.654fiber
G.652 fiber
G.653
17
1310
(nm)
1550
C_band
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G.655
L_band
Dispersion (ps/nmkm)
Attenuation (dB/km)
Types of Optical Fiber
Nonlinear Effects in Single Mode Fiber
Stimulated Nonelasticity Scattering
- Stimulated Brillouin Scattering(SBS)
- Stimulated Raman Scattering(SRS)
Kerr effect
- Self-phase Modulation(SPM)
- Cross-phase Modulation(XPM)
Four-wave Mixing(FWM)
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Stimulated Nonelasticity Scattering
Stimulated Raman Scattering(SRS)
- Limiting the injection power, threshold
power is100mW.
Stimulated Brillouin Scattering(SBS)
- Limiting the optical power of single
wavelengththreshold power is smaller for
spectrum line lasers.
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Kerr Effect
Self-phase Modulation (SPM)
- Broaden the signal's spectrum,
- the influence of dispersion becoming bigger.
Cross-phase Modulation
- Limiting the input optical power and the
wavelength spacing.
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Four-Wave Mixing
Four-wave mixing (FWM) occurs in the case that two or three light waves with
different wavelength interact and cause new light waves at other wavelengths.
f 113
123,213
132,312
F231,F321
F332 F331
F221
F112 F223
F1
F2
F3
Uneven and relatively large channel spacing can reduce FWM.
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How to increase network capacity
Add the Mux
TDM
STM-16 STM-
WDM
Economical,
64
Add fiber &
equipment
Benefit - Mature and Quick
Implication-Time & cost
Implication-Cost & Complication
Solution of capacity expansion
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Wavelength Division Multiplexing
The ability to use different wavelengths, in a single fiber, to combine and to split them.
1
SDH signal
IP package
ATM cells
1 2
Single fiber unidirectional transmission with various payloads
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Why WDM ?
a) Overcome fiber exhaust / lack of fiber availability
problems (better utilization of available fiber)
b) Space and Power savings at intermediate stations
c) Easier capacity expansion
d) Cost effective transmission
e) No O-E-O conversion delays
f) Wave length leasing instead of Bandwidth leasing
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Why WDM ?
Traditional Network with Repeaters, no WDM
LTE
LTE
LTE
LTE
WDM Network
with Repeaters
LTE
LTE
LTE
LTE
75% fewer fibers
LTE
LTE
LTE
LTE
WDM Network with
Optical Amplifiers
LTE
LTE
LTE
LTE
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LTE
LTE
LTE
LTE
75% less equipment
LTE
LTE
LTE
LTE
WDM .. a Business Case.
Conventional TDM Transmission 10 Gbps
40km
40km
40km
40km
40km
40km
40km
40km
40km
1310
1310
1310
1310
1310
1310
1310
1310
TERM
TERM
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
TERM
TERM
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
TERM
TERM
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
TERM
TERM
RPTR
RPTR
RPTR
RPTR
RPTR
RPTR
RPTR
RPTR
4 Fibers Pairs
32 Regenerators
STM-16
STM-16
STM-16
STM-16
120 km
120 km
OA
1 Fiber Pair
4 Optical Amplifiers
OA
120 km
OA
DWDM Transmission 10 Gbps
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STM-16
STM-16
STM-16
STM-16
OA
WDM Link
System Structure
The overall structure of the WDM system of N-path wavelength:
- Optical Transponder Unit (OTU)
- Optical Multiplexer Unit / Optical De-multiplexer Unit (OMU/ODU)
- Optical Amplifier (OA)
- Supervisory Channel (OSC/ESC)
OTU
OTU
OTU
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O
M
U/
O
A
O
A/
O
D
U
OLA
OSC
OSC
OSC
OTU
OTU
OTU
Transmission Modes
Single fiber bidirectional transmission
O
T
U
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M
4
0
DMUX/MUX
M
4
0
MUX/DMUX
O
T
U
DWDM Basics - multiplexing of optical wavelengths
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CWDM Vs DWDM
CWDM:
Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplex
DWDM:
ITU-T G.694.1
196.05THz
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Dense Wavelength Division Multiplex
Extended C band 192chs, 25GHz spacing
C band 160chs
192.125THz
Extended
32chs
192.05THz
191.275THz
CWDM Vs DWDM
Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing:
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
1.
Short-range communications
1.
Long-haul transmissions (with BA/OLA/PA)
2.
Coarse wavelength (2 to16 )
2.
Dense Wavelengths ( 32, 40,80, 160, 192)
3.
Uses wide-range frequencies
3.
Narrow frequencies
4.
Wavelengths spread far apart (20 nm)
4.
Tightly packed wavelengths (25Ghz Spacing)
5.
Wavelength drift is possible
5.
Precision lasers required to keep on target
6.
Breaks the spectrum into big chunks
6.
Dices the spectrum into small pieces
7.
Light signal isn't amplified (No OA/OLA)
7.
Signal amplification maybe used (with
BA/OLA/PA)
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Infrared Spectrum
S Band
1460-1530 nm
CWDM
CWDM
Future
DWDM
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C Band
L Band
1530-1565 nm
E Band
1260-1360 nm
O Band
CWDM/
DWDM
CWDM/
DWDM
ITU-T Channel Grid
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Wavelength Allocation for DWDM
(ITU-T G.692)
C Band (1530 1562nm)
L Band (1574 1608 nm)
The channel central frequencies are allocated in equal
frequency spacing of 100 GHz or 0.8 nm
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1546.92
1547.72
1548.52
1549.32
1550.12
1550.92
1551.72
1552.52
1553.33
1554.13
1554.94
1555.75
1556.56
1557.36
1558.17
1558.98
1559.79
1560.61
1561.42
1562.23
193.8
193.7
193.6
193.5
193.4
193.3
193.2
193.1
193.0
192.9
192.8
192.7
192.6
192.5
192.4
192.3
192.2
192.1
192.0
191.9
(THz)
C20
C19
C18
C17
C16
C15
C14
C13
C12
C11
C10
C09
C08
C07
C06
C05
C04
C03
C02
C01
Channel
number
1530.33
1531.12
1531.90
1532.68
1533.47
1534.25
1535.04
1535.82
1536.61
1537.40
1538.19
1538.98
1539.77
1540.56
1541.35
1542.14
1542.94
1543.73
1544.53
1545.32
Carrier
frequency
(nm)
196.0
195.9
195.8
195.7
195.6
195.5
195.4
195.3
195.2
195.1
195.0
194.9
194.8
194.7
194.6
194.5
194.3
194.2
194.1
194.0
Carrier
wavelength
C40
C39
C38
C37
C36
C35
C34
C33
C32
C31
C30
C29
C28
C27
C26
C25
C24
C23
C22
C21
Wavelength Allocation in C Band
Note 1: Optical carriers are allocated on ITU-T 100 GHz (0.1 THz) grid in G.692
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1592.10
1592.95
1593.79
1594.64
1595.49
1596.34
1597.19
1598.04
1598.89
1599.75
1600.60
1601.46
1602.31
1603.17
1604.03
1604.88
1605.74
1606.60
1607.47
1608.33
188.3
188.2
188.1
188.0
187.9
187.8
187.7
187.6
187.5
187.4
187.3
187.2
187.1
187.0
186.9
186.8
186.7
186.6
186.5
186.4
(THz)
L21
L22
L23
L24
L25
L26
L27
L28
L29
L30
L31
L32
L33
L34
L35
L36
L37
L38
L39
L40
Channel
number
1574.54
1575.37
1576.20
1577.03
1577.86
1578.69
1579.52
1580.35
1581.18
1582.02
1582.85
1583.69
1584.53
1585.36
1586.20
1587.04
1587.88
1588.73
1589.57
1590.41
Carrier
frequency
(nm)
190.4
190.3
190.2
190.1
190.0
189.9
189.8
189.7
189.6
189.5
189.4
189.3
189.2
189.1
189.0
188.9
188.8
188.7
188.6
188.5
Carrier
wavelength
L01
L02
L03
L04
L05
L06
L07
L08
L09
L10
L11
L12
L13
L14
L15
L16
L17
L18
L19
L20
Wavelength Allocation in L Band
Note 1: Optical carriers are allocated on ITU-T 100 GHz (0.1 THz) grid in G.692
WDM Link
System Structure
The overall structure of the WDM system of N-path wavelength:
- Optical Transponder Unit (OTU)
- Optical Multiplexer Unit / Optical De-multiplexer Unit (OMU/ODU)
- Optical Amplifier (OA)
- Supervisory Channel (OSC/ESC)
OTU
OTU
OTU
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O
M
U/
O
A
O
A/
O
D
U
OLA
OSC
OSC
OSC
OTU
OTU
OTU
Main functional blocks for building DWDM networks
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Main functional Blocks for building DWDM networks
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DWDM Basics - building pure optical, transparent, fully-meshed DWDM networks
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Board Category /Type
Unit Category
Board Name
LWF(S), LRF(S), LBE(S), ETMX(S),TMX(S), TMR(S), LWC1,
Optical Transponder Unit
TRC1, LWM, LWMR, LWX, LWXR, LQS, LDG, FDG,LOM(S),
LOG(S), LQG, L4G, EGS8, LAM, LBF, AS8, AP8, FCE, EC8,
LAM,TBE,LW40(LSX,LWXS,LQM,NS2/3,ND2,NQ2-OSN6800)
Multiplexer and Demultiplexer
Add and Drop Multiplexing Unit
M40, V40, D40, FIU, EFIU,DWC(D40V,ITL IN OSN6800)
MR4, MR2, SBM2, SBM1, MB2,MB4,DWC,WSD9, RMU9,
WSM9, WSMD4
Optical Amplifier Unit
OAU, OBU, OPU,RPC
Optical Supervisory Unit & SCC
SC1, SC2, ST1,ST2,SCC
Optical Protection Unit
OLP, SCS, DCP,OWSP
Auxiliary Unit
VOA, VA4, MCA, PMU
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Components of DWDM Systems
Transponder interface
TX
RX
OA
OADM
OA
Client
TX
RX
To Client Devices
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MUX/DEMUX
OEO
MUX/DEMUX
TX
RX
OEO
TX
RX
TX
RX
Client
Transponders
A transponder is a wavelength converter.
They are optical-electrical-optical (OEO) in nature.
In optical fibers the data is carried at 850nm, 1310nm or 1550nm.
WDM systems need to multiplex different ITU-compliant wavelengths
together.
Therefore, these signals must all be converted to a particular wavelength that
is suitable for either a CWDM or DWDM system.
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Transponder Block Diagram
850/1310
15xx
Transponder
Non-ITU-T
Complaint Wavelength
O-E-O
Wavelength
Conversion
ITU-T
Complaint Wavelength
TX
850, 1310, 1550
TRANSPONDER
RX
OPTICAL FIBER
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15xx.xx nm
Optical Transponder Unit in OSN8800
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Optical Multiplexers and Demultiplexers
Optical multiplexers combine multiple wavelengths from several sources
for transmission across a single optical fiber.
Multiplexed optical signals are collectively referred to as the composite
signals.
Optical Demultiplexers separate different wavelengths from a composite
signal received from a single optical fiber.
Demultiplexed optical signals are then passed to optical receivers.
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Optical Multiplexer / De-multiplexers.
1...n
2
3
Optical Multiplexer
1
2
1...n
Optical De-multiplexer
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Optical Multiplexer (OMUX)
Wavelength
n
(n-1)
(n-2)
Channel
#n
#(n-1)
#(n-2)
Client
100 GHz
Aggregate Signal over nchannels with wavelengths
ranging from 1 to n
3
2
1
#3
#2
#1
OMUX
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(n-1)
Transmit
Amplifier
(TXA)
Optical Demultiplexer (ODMUX)
Wavelength
n
(n-1)
(n-2)
Channel
#n
#(n-1)
#(n-2)
Client
100 GHz
Aggregate Signal over nchannels with wavelengths
ranging from 1 to n.
3
2
1
#3
#2
#1
ODMUX
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(n-1)
Receive
Amplifier
(RXA)
Demultiplexing
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Reflection Grating Filters
Reflect a single wavelength
and transmit the rest
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Diffraction Gratings
Each wavelength is diffracted at a different angle, using a lens these
wavelengths can be focused onto individual fibers.
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Arrayed Waveguide Grating
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M40
M40/M40V
- 40-channel multiplexing unit without/with VOA
M13
M14
M27 M28
M15
M29
M16
M30
M17
M31
M18
M32
M19
M33
M20
M34
M21 M22
M35 M36
M23
M37
M10
M24
M38
M11 M12
M25 M26
M39 M40
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M09
M01
M07 M08
AWG
M06
MON
M05
M40V
M04
OUT splitter
M03
- Online Performance Monitoring(10dB)
M31 193.00
M32 192.90
M33 192.80
M34 192.70
M35 192.60
M36 192.50
M37 192.40
M38 192.30
M39 192.20
M40 192.10
M02
- C-Even and C-Odd Band
M21 194.00
M22 193.90
M23 193.80
M24 193.70
M25 193.60
M26 193.50
M27 193.40
M28 193.30
M29 193.20
M30 193.10
M01
demultiplexing (M40V).
CLASS 1
LASER
PRODUCT
M01 196.00 M11 195.00
M02 195.90 M12 194.90
M03 195.80 M13 194.80
M04 195.70 M14 194.70
M05 195.60 M15 194.60
M06 195.50 M16 194.50
M07 195.40 M17 194.40
M08 195.30 M18 194.30
M09 195.20 M19 194.20
M10 195.10 M20 194.10
MON OUT
- Adjusts the optical power of each signal after
STAT
ACT
PROG
SRV
M40
M40
D40
D40/D40V
- 40-channel demultiplexing unit without/with VOA
D13
D27
D14
D28
D15
D29
D16
D30
D17
D31
D18
D32
D19
D33
D20
D34
D21
D35
D22
D36
D23
D37
D10
D24
D38
D11
D25
D39
D12
D26
D40
D09
D01
D08
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D07
AWG
D06
MON
D05
D40V
D04
splitter
D03
IN
D31 193.00
D32 192.90
D33 192.80
D34 192.70
D35 192.60
D36 192.50
D37 192.40
D38 192.30
D39 192.20
D40 192.10
D02
- Online Performance Monitoring(10dB)
D21 194.00
D22 193.90
D23 193.80
D24 193.70
D25 193.60
D26 193.50
D27 193.40
D28 193.30
D29 193.20
D30 193.10
D01
- C-Even and C-Odd Band
D11 195.00
D12 194.90
D13 194.80
D14 194.70
D15 194.60
D16 194.50
D17 194.40
D18 194.30
D19 194.20
D20 194.10
IN
demultiplexing (D40V).
CLASS 1
LASER
PRODUCT
D01 196.00
D02 195.90
D03 195.80
D04 195.70
D05 195.60
D06 195.50
D07 195.40
D08 195.30
D09 195.20
D10 195.10
MON
- Adjusts the optical power of each signal after
STAT
ACT
PROG
SRV
D40
D40
Optical MUX & DEMUX Unit
ITL
- Multiplexes and demultiplexes C_ODD and C_EVEN signals
- Online performance monitoring (10dB)
C- odd
C-even
TO
IN
Interleaver
TE
C- odd
C-even
RO
RE
Coupler /
Interleaver
Splitter
OUT
MON
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OADM Signals
The drop signal is filtered out of the composite signal
The add signal is coupled to the composite signal
Pass through signals are neither dropped from nor
added to the OADM
Each signal path has an insertion loss in dB
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OADM Block Diagram
Original
Composite
Signal
Pass Through Path
New
Composite
Signal
DWDM Fiber
Add Path
Drop Path
Channel-1
Drop
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Channel-1
Add
Optical Add Drop Multiplexers (OADM)
Wavelength Selection devices.
Used to drop and add one or more optical
channels from a composite signal
into a DWDM fiber.
Three signal paths
Drop
Add
Pass through
1
2
Optical Add Drop Multiplexer
(OADM)
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Isolator and Circulator
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Circulator
Fiber grating
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Page 61
OADM Unit
Board
Board
category
name
Fix OADM Unit
Reconfigurable
OADM Unit
Board description
MR8V
8-channel optical add/drop multiplexing unit with VOA
WSM9
9-port wavelength selective switching multiplexing board
WSD9
9-port wavelength selective switching demultiplexing board
RDU9
9-port ROADM demultiplexing board
RMU9
9-Port ROADM multiplexing board
WSMD4
4-Port Wavelength Selective Switching Multiplexer and Demultiplexer
Board
62
Nokia 2014
For Internal use only
OADM Unit
MR8V
- 8-channel optical add/drop multiplexing unit with VOA
- Realizes the adding/dropping and multiplexing of eight signals and
adjusts the input optical power of each channel.
D1
IN
.....
D8
OADM optical
module
OUT
MI
A1
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Nokia 2014
For Internal use only
MO
.....
A8
WSD9
ROADM Unit
WSD9
STAT
ACT
PROG
SRV
LASER
RADIATION
DO NOT VIEW DIRECTLY
WITH OPTICAL
INSTRUMENTS
CLASS 1M LASER
PRODUCT
- Configured any wavelengths (80s) to any interfaces (9D)
MONO MONI
- Adjust the optical power of each channel
- Online optical performance monitoring
EXPO
IN
- Supports C_Even and C_Odd Band
DM1
DM2
DM4
DM5
IN
DM8
DM6
DM7
MONI
DM3
DM1
DM8
EXPO
MONO
64
Nokia 2014
For Internal use only
WSD9
RMU9
OADM Unit
STAT
ACT
PROG
SRV
RMU9
CLASS 1
LASER
PRODUCT
- Adds 8 single-channel signal or multi-channel signals to the main path,
realizes the dynamic input of eight channel signals using tunable OTUs.
MONO MONI
OUT
OUT EXPI
Coupler
EXP
I
MONO
TOA ROA
ROA
TOA
AM1 AM2
AM3 AM4
MONI
Coupler
AM5 AM6
65
Nokia 2014
For Internal use only
AM
1
AM
8
AM7 AM8
VO
A
RMU9
WSMD4
OADM Unit
STAT
ACT
PROG
SRV
WSMD4
LASER
RADIATION
DO NOT VIEW DIRECTLY
WITH OPTICAL
INSTRUMENTS
CLASS 1M LASER
PRODUCT
- 4-Port Wavelength Selective Switching MUX & DEMUX
MONO MONI
- Adjust the optical power of any add wavelengths
- Online optical performance monitoring
OUT
IN
- C-even & C-odd
DM1
AM2
DM3
DM1
DM2
DM3
DM4
DM4
AM4
RDU
AM3
66
Nokia 2014
For Internal use only
AM2
MONI
AM4
MONO
IN
DM2
OUT
AM1
AM1
WSMD4
Optical Amplifier
The optical power is increased by optical
amplifier.
Input optical signal
67
Nokia 2014
For Internal use only
OA
Amplified optical signal
Gain(dB)
Common Parameters of Optical Amplifier
Gain
Noise Figure
Saturated output power
20
Gain
3dB
PS
Pout (dBm)
30
Gain(dB)
Gain bandwidth
Pout
68
Nokia 2014
For Internal use only
PT
Pin
3dB
10
0
Types of Optical Amplifier
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)
Raman Fiber Amplifier (RFA)
Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA)
69
Nokia 2014
For Internal use only
EDFA Energy Level Diagram
The stimulated radiation and ASE of Er3+ ions in the EDF
ASE accumulation is resource of noise
E3 excited state
Decay
Pump
light
1550nm
signal light
E2 metastable state
1550nm
signal light
E1 ground state
70
Nokia 2014
Advantages and Disadvantages of EDFA
Major advantages of EDFA:
Its operating wavelength is consistent with the minimum loss window of
the SMF.
High coupling efficiency, Active Medium is in fiber.
High energy conversion efficiency.
High gain, low noise figure, large output power and low cross-talk.
Stable gain characteristics.
Major disadvantages of EDFA:
The gain wavelength range is fixed.
Gain bandwidth unflatness.
71
Nokia 2014
For Internal use only
Optical surge problem.
The Operating principle of Raman Fiber Amplifier
Stimulated Raman Scattering(SRS)
Gain
Pump
30nm
70~100nm
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Nokia 2014
For Internal use only
Characteristics of Raman Fiber Amplifier
Its gain wavelength is determined by the pump wavelength.
The gain medium is the transmission fiber itself.
Low noise.
GAIN
PUMP1 PUMP2 PUMP3
30nm
70~100nm
Span 1
Span k
EDFA
EDFA
Receiving
transmitting
73
Nokia 2014
For Internal use only
Raman Pump
Raman Pump
Classifications of Raman Fiber Amplifier
Discrete Raman Fiber Amplifier
Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifier
74
Nokia 2014
For Internal use only
RFAs and EDFAs
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Nokia 2014
Advantages of RFA
Advantages:
Gain wavelength is determined by the pumping light wavelength ;
Simple structure of amplifier;
Nonlinear effects can be reduced;
Low noise;
GAIN
PUMP1 PUMP2 PUMP3
30nm
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Nokia 2014
For Internal use only
70~100nm
Disadvantages of RFA
Disadvantages:
High pump power, low efficiency and high cost;
Instantaneous gain, adopting backward pump fashion;
Optical components and optical fiber undertake high optical power;
Characteristics of gain online are not consistent.
77
Nokia 2014
For Internal use only
Advantages and Drawbacks of SOAs
Advantages:
Operating at the 1300nm and 1550nm wavelengths-even simultaneously.
Wide bandwidth(up to 100nm has been achieved)
Easy to integrate, along with other semiconductor and photonic devices,
into one monolithic chip called opto-electronic integrated circuit (OEIC)
Drawbacks:
Relatively high crosstalk, polarization
sensitivity
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Nokia 2014
For Internal use only
High temperature sensitivity;
Comparison of Three Types of Amplifiers
79
Type
EDFA
SOA
Raman
Maturity
maturity
Not maturity
maturity
Gain
high
normal
normal
Bandwidth
wider
wide
Very wide
Coupling
efficiency
high
low
high
Cost
moderate
high
high
Nokia 2014
Optical Amplifying Unit
OAU1
STAT
ACT
PROG
SRV
OAU1
LASER
RADIATION
DO NOT VIEW DIRECTLY
WITH OPTICAL
INSTRUMENTS
CLASS 1M LASER
PRODUCT
- Amplifies 80 channels of C-band optical signals
MON
- Continuously adjusts the gain
OUT
- Online performance monitoring
IN
TDC PDC
- Gain locking function
- Transient control function
Type
Range
Type
Range
OAU101
20~31dB
OAU103
24~36dB
OAU102
20~31dB
OAU105
23~34dB
80
Nokia 2014
For Internal use only
OAU1
Optical Amplifying Unit
OAU1
- Functional modules and signal flow
OAU
1
IN
PA
5
VOA
TDC
RDC
DCM
81
Nokia 2014
For Internal use only
BA
Splitter
OUT
MON
Optical Amplifying Unit
OBU1
STAT
ACT
PROG
SRV
OBU1
LASER
RADIATION
DO NOT VIEW DIRECTLY
WITH OPTICAL
INSTRUMENTS
CLASS 1M LASER
PRODUCT
- Amplifies 80 channels of C-band optical signals
- Online performance monitoring
- Gain locking function
MON
- Transient control function
OUT IN
OBU1
BA
Splitter
OUT
MON
IN
82
Nokia 2014
For Internal use only
OBU1
Light Sources and Photo Detectors
Light sources
Laser modulation modes
Types and characteristics of photo
detectors
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Nokia 2014
Types and Characteristics of Light Source
Low output power,
LED
Poor beam focus,
Wide spectrum, low bit rate,
Inexpensive,
Suit for short distance communications
FP-LD (MLM)
DFB-LD (SLM)
High output power
Good beam focus
Narrow spectrum, high bit rate
expensive
84
Nokia 2014
For Internal use only
Suit for long distance
Modulation Techniques
Direct modulation (internal modulation)
Indirect modulation (external modulation)
- Electro-Absorption modulation
- Mach-Zehnder modulation
85
Nokia 2014
For Internal use only
Direct Modulation
Direct modulation is: Output laser is controlled by input
current
LD
Current
86
Laser
Advantages: simple structure,low loss and low cost
Disadvantages: modulation chirp
transmission distance 100km
transmission rate 2.5Gbit/s
Nokia 2014
What is chirp?
Chirp(as in bird chirping) is the deviation of laser frequency
from its radiation-center frequency.
no chirp
back edge
fore edge
positive chirp
87
Nokia 2014
negative chirp
Electro-Absorption Modulator
E-A modulation modulates the laser indirectly and adding an external
modulator in its output path to modulate the light intensity.
Support long haul transmission (2.5Gb/s >600km)
Less chirp
High reliability
Complex technology
LD
88
EA
Nokia 2014
For Internal use only
Mach-Zehnder Modulator
LD
Advantages:
chirp can be almost zero
suit for long transmission distance
Disadvantages:
Expensive
89
Nokia 2014
Comparision of Modulations
For STM-16 Signal
Types
Direct Modulator
EA Modulator
M-Z Modulator
Max.dispersion
tollerance
1200~4000
7200~12800
>12800
Cost
moderate
expensive
Very expensive
Wavelength Stability
good
better
best
(ps/nm)
90
Nokia 2014
Photo Detector
The function of photoelectric detector is to convert the received optical signal to corresponding
electric signal.
- Positive Intrinsic NegativePIN
- Avalanche Photo DiodeAPD
Dynamic ranges
-
The difference of overload power and receiving sensitivity is called dynamic ranges,
generally about 20dB.
Types
Spectrum response
Overload Power
Optical Sensitivity
PIN
11001600nm
0dBm
-20dBm
APD
10001600nm
-9dBm
-28dBm
91
Nokia 2014
For Internal use only
Optical Supervisory Channel Unit
SC2
- Realizes the processing of two supervisory
channels in opposite directions
- Operating Wavelength: 1510nm
- Supports a maximum of 48 dB transmission
- Supports order-wire function
92
Nokia 2014
For Internal use only
Other Units
Board category
Board
Board description
name
Occupied
slots
DCP
2-channel optical path Protection unit
OLP
Optical line protection unit
SCS
Sync optical channel separator unit
MCA4
4-channel spectrum analyzer unit
MCA8
8-channel spectrum analyzer unit
WMU
wavelength monitored unit
Variable optical
VA1
1-channel variable optical attenuator unit
attenuator unit
VA4
4-channel variable optical attenuator unit
DCU
dispersion compensation unit
TDC
single-channel tunable-dispersion compensation board
GFU
gain flatness unit
Optical protection unit
Spectrum analyzer unit
Optical Power and
Dispersion
Equalizing Unit
93
Nokia 2014
For Internal use only
Other Units
OLP
OLP (Optical Line Protection Unit)
STAT
ACT
PROG
SRV
LASER
RADIATION
DO NOT VIEW DIRECTLY
WITH OPTICAL
INSTRUMENTS
CLASS 1M LASER
PRODUCT
TO1 RI1
- Supports optical line protection
- Supports intra-OTU 1+1 protection
- Supports client-side 1+1 protection
TO2 RI2
RO TI
RO1
Optical Switch
TI1
Optical splitter
RI11
RI12
TO11
TO12
OLP
94
Nokia 2014
For Internal use only
Other Units
SCS
SCS (Sync optical Channel Separator)
CLASS 1
LASER
PRODUCT
RO2
Optical coupler
TI2
Optical splitter
95
Nokia 2014
For Internal use only
RI21
RI22
TO21
TO22
RO2 TI2
Optical splitter
RO1 TI1
TI1
RI11
RI12
TO11
TO12
TO22 RI22
Optical coupler
TO12 RI12 TO21 RI21
RO1
TO11 RI11
- Supports client-side 1+1 protection
- Supports BPS protection
SCS
Other Units
MCA4
MCA4
STAT
ACT
PROG
SRV
- Functions and Features
IN2
Optical power of the channel
Central wavelength
Optical signal-to-noise ratio
Number of wavelengths in the main optical path
96
Nokia 2014
For Internal use only
IN4
Used in APE function with other boards
IN3
IN1
Supports the following detection functions
and reporting
MCA4
Other Units
WMU
STAT
ACT
PROG
SRV
WMU
- Realizes the wavelength monitoring in the system with
wavelengths at 50 GHz channel spacing.
IN1
IN2
OTU
OTU
M
M40V
M
M40V
4
0
C_EVEN
I
C_ODD
OBU1
T
L
I
WMU
U
WMU
97
Nokia 2014
For Internal use only
DWDM Use Cases - High-Capacity Long-Distance Optical Backbone
B
B
C
1
< 40
A
A
10G
F
E
congested
traditional backbone
SDH over optical fiber
up to 10Gb/s transmission speed
single wavelength per fiber
congested links
capacity and distance limitations
98
Nokia 2014
For Internal use only
< 40G/
TDM/packet/any serv.
SDH
D
E
< 3.2 Tb/s
free capacity
DWDM backbone
SDH over DWDM over optical fiber
up to 80 x up to 40G per optical fiber
no congestions anymore, free capacity for any new
traffic, even for re-selling
full optical mesh for scalability and
flexibility (any new service from any to any location)
DWDM Use Cases - IP/MPLS Core Router Interconnection
A
SDH 2.5G
transponderless
interworking w/
Juniper possible
SDH 2.5G
D
SDH
2.5G
SDH
10G
SDH
10G
SDH
2.5G
10GE
on
C
B
40G not possible
without DWDM
expensive SDH router interfaces (2.5G still ok, 10G - prohibitive)
long distances between core routers
cannot be bridged easily
40G interfaces impossible to transport
over distances by standard methods
99
Nokia 2014
For Internal use only
10GE
on
B
40G on
with DWDM
use of low-cost, short-range Ethernet router I/f
ability to transport upcoming 40G traffic over
long distance
cost savings with transponder-less 40G IP-overDWDM solution
DWDM links can be additionally used for other
traffic and services
DWDM Use Cases - Metro Multi-Service Aggregation
Access
Metro
Edge
Access
Metro
Edge
X
data
traditional Metro
mobile/fixed broadband multi-service environment,
business services
multi-service aggregation by NG-SDH and Carrier Ethernet
booming traffic, optical fiber shortage
no possibility to offer data services
10
Nokia 2014
0 Internal use only
For
data
WDM-empowered Metro
Case A : multi-service aggregation by NG-SDH/Carrier
Ethernet plus Metro WDM for boosting fiber capacity
Case B : multi-service transport by native Metro WDM
(1 service per , transparent, point-to-point)
data services possible
Extra Pictures
10
Nokia 2014
4 Internal use only
For
Extra Pictures
10
Nokia 2014
5 Internal use only
For
Extra Pictures
10
Nokia 2014
6 Internal use only
For
Extra Pictures
10
Nokia 2014
7 Internal use only
For
Colors and fonts
Use sentence case for slide titles
Core and background colors
RGB
18 65 145
0 201 255
104 113 122
168 187 192
216 217 218
We use blue and white predominantly, and selectively call
out key points in light blue. If necessary, we use our
palette of grays to help highlight supporting information.
10
Nokia 2014
8 Internal use only
For
Document fonts
Nokia Pure is our business font and should be used as
a priority.
If you do not have this font installed, Arial is the
acceptable alternative.
the presentation title should be in
lower case using Nokia Pure Headline
Light.
Slide titles should be in sentence case using
Nokia Pure Headline Light.
Body copy text should be sentence case using Nokia Pure Text
Light.
