---r

GROUP WORK 1, SECTION

Doing a Lot with a Liftle

:
4rn
dx

hx'-r,where n is

anyreal number. The good news is that

this rule, combined with the Constant Multiple and Sum Rules, allows us to take the derivative of even the
most formidable polynomial with ease! To demonstrate this power, try problem 1:
1. A

formidable polynomial :

"f (x)

:x10 +

t*'

i*t -

5x7

0.33x6

* rxs - Jl*a -

+z

Its derivative:

f' (r) :

The ability to differentiate polynomials is only one of the things we've gained by establishing the power Rule.
Using some basic definitions, and a touch of algebrii, there are all kinds of functions that can be differentiated
using the Power Rule.
2.

AII kinds offunctions:

.f

(x): iF + i/2

g(x): + - ,L
x3 {7

Their derivatives:

-f' (*)

g, (x)

h
"

@):xs
\-'l

-t'E

+2

"t,

ht (x)

Unfortunately, there are some deceptive functions that look like they should be straightforward applications
of the Power and constant Multiple Rules, but actually require a little thought.
3. Some deceptive functions :

(x)

: (2x)a

s (x)

(x3)s

Their derivatives:

g'(x):

f'(*):

t54
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il

whole or in part.

!
Doing a Lot

with a Little

The process you used to take the derivative of the functions in Problem 3 can be generalized. In the first case,

-f (x)

(2*)4, we had a function that was of the form (kx)", where k and,n were constants (k

n : 4).In the second

case, g

(x)

: 2 and

("3)s, we had a function of the form (xk)". Now we are going to find a

pattem, similar to the Power Rule, that will allow us to find the derivatives of these functions

as

well.

4. Show that your answers to Problem 3 can also be written in this form:

.f' (x) :4(2r)3

'2

g' (x)

(rt\o .l*'
: s-Y",t

And now it is time to generalize the Power Rule. Consider the two general functions, and try to find xpros:
sions for the derivatives similar in form to those given in Problem 4. You may assume that n is an integer.
5. Two general functions'.

f (x): (kx)n

g(x):

(xk)'

Their derivatives:

.f' (x)

g'(x) :

155
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GROUP WORK 1, SECTION 3.2

Back and Forth (Form A)

finished, fold the top of the page backward along the dotted line and hand to your parhrer.
Do not simplify.

1.f(x):5x4+)x2-+

2.

s @)

3. h

4.

(x)

:2\E - 4ffi
:2xd

; (;; :

xa-4x+3

------;--.-=;-

e"+l

ANSWERS

(x)

g' (x)

f'

h'(x):
j'

(x)

kt (x)

:
161

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GROUP WORK 1, SECTION 3.?

ack and Fortft {form B}

finishe4 fold the top of the page backward along the dotted line and hand to your partner.
Do rrot simpli$.

f (r):

1,

-2x3 +

$r2 -

zs@):xd +6xz
s
g. h

(x):

(r3 + xz + 2x) {bc2

- 2x4 + sx)

4.j(x): d

5.

&(x)

: ^fr -22{

ANSWERS

f' (x):
d &):

h'{x}:

j'tx):
l{

(x\:
lm
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GROUP WORK 2, SECTION 3.2

Sparse Data
Assume that f(x) and g

(x)

aredifferentiable functions about which we know very little. In fact, assume that

all we know about these functions is the following table of data:

-2

(x)

f'

(x)

g'(x)

g (x)

-9

-5

-3

4
9
2

7
9

-5

_J
J

This isn't a lot of information. For example, we can't compute

f'

(3) with any degree of accuracy. But we

are still able to figure some things out, using the rules of differentiation.
1. Let h

(x)

e'

(x)

-a"f

2. Let

3. Let fr

@) g

(l : !IP.
(r)
s

4. Let t

(r). What is ht (0)?

(*)

*3

5.Letm(-):

(x). What is 7'(1)?

What is k'

g (x). If lt (2)

*t

(-2)?

-48,what is g' (2)?

What ismt(t)?

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GROUP WORK 1, SECTION 3.3

The Magnilicent Six

(x)

sinx was derived for you in clads. From this one piece of information, it is possible

to figure out formulas for the derivatives of the other five trigonomekic functions. Using the trigonometric
identities you know, compute the following derivatives. Simplify your answers as much as possible.
1. (sin-rr)'

2. (cosx)'

3. (tanx)t

4. (secx)/

(cotx)'

5.

167
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GROUP WORK 1, SECTION 3.4

Unbroken Ghain
For each of the following function, of

r,

write the equation for the derivative function. This will go

lot more

smoothly if you remember the Sum, Product, Quotient, and Chain Rules... especially the Chain Rule! Please
do us both a favor and don't simplify the answers
1.

f (x):

sin

3x

.f' (x)

2. S

@): (sin 3-r)3

g' (x)

3. h

(x):

(sin3x)3 + 5:r

h'

(x):

[1sin:")3 + 5r]5

j'

(x)

4.

j (x):

s.k(,v):x*l

k'(x)=

6./(x):l;4

l' (x) :

[{sin:x)3 + sx]5

m'

(x):

174
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GROUP WORK 2, SECTION 3 4

Ghain Rule Without Formulas

and.g given by the

following graph:

4i
i ]--

i1:

-l--"--l

ii

I
t, u;
-|-t: i

ri

:\:
1

Defineh:fog.
1. Compute

h'(l).

2. Compute

h'(0).

3. Does ht

(2) exist?

175

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GROUP WORK 1, SECTION 3.6

Logarithmi c
Let

f (x):

(x

iflerentiation

1)r. As of now, none of the rules that we've leamed seem to help us find

1. Why can't you use the Power Rule to compute

2. Why can't you use a formula like

3. Start with the equation

(x

(*)?

Take the logarithm of both sides to get

use a property of logarithms to help you find the derivative of ln

4. Now use implicit differentiation to find

lny ' h ((x + 1)'), you can equate your answers

dv

lny

ln ((x

+ 1)"). Then

((x + 1)").

*r"r.

5. Since

6. Perform some algebra to get

(x).

:3' ln3 to compute -f' (")?

ftt.

+ 1)'.

f'

ft

to Parts 3 and 4. Do so, and then replace all y

alone on the left hand side, and you are done!

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Losarithmic Differentiatiofl

7.[-nt g (x)

s. If g (x)

: d ln(-r+l). What is the relationship between f (x)

g'ls('+l),

compute

and,g

(x)?

(x). What techniipes are you using in this

case?

9. Since you have done the same problem in two different wajs, show that your answers
to problems 6 and
8 are identical.

t0. Let

y : f (r) be implicitly

defiired by

xshr

: .yt*'. Compute y/ in terms of x and y. (HINT Can

logarithms help you?)

1V.

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GROUP WORK 1, SECTION 3

The Rule of 72
In this exercise, we attempt to answer the question asked by many investors: 'oHow long is it going to take for
me to double my money?'1
1. Consider an investment

of $ 100 invested at

5o/o, compounded

continuously. How long would it take for

the investor to have $200?

2. What would the doubling time be

if the initial investment were $1,000? $i0,000? What effect does

changing the principal have on the doubling time, and why?

One of the first things that is taught in an economics class is the Rule of

72.It

can be summarized thusly:

"The number of years it takes an investment to double

it

a good estimate?

4. Repeat Problems 1 and 3 for investments of 3oh, 80 , l2oA and l8o/o. What can you say about the accuracy

of the Rule of 72?

5. Derive a precise formula for the time T to double an initial investment.

6' There is an integer that gives a more accurate answer for continuous or nearly continuous compounding
than the Rule of 72. What is this number? Check your answer by using it to estimate the doubling time of
a 50% investment.

7.

It tums out that

there is a reason that we use the number 72

in

the Rule.

It

has to do with one of the

assumptions we made. Why do economists use the Rule of 72?

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GRoUP

A patient is brought to

\|*HjEcTr0N

a hospitai and grven a sedative

38

to help him sleep. The doctor wants to operate, but

ln this
cannot safely do so until the concenhation of sedative in his body is'less than 0.03 milligrams/liter.
exercise, we

will determine how many hours the doctor

nnrst wait until he can operate.

The following table of data was obtained by monitoring the levels of the sedative in the patient's blood.
and reported in
Samples were taken every ten minutes, and the concentration of the drug was determined
milligrams per liter.
Time (minutes)

Concentration
10.0

l.

(mdl)

10

6.47

20

3.68

30

2.23

4A

1.35

50

0.820

60

0.498

7A

4302

80

0.183

90

0.111

Is the rate of change of concentration with respect to time a constant?

2- Estimate

the rate of change of concentration with respect to time at 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and

80 minutes.

3. Show that the rate of change is (roughly) proportional to the concentration C. Write this relationship as a

diferential equation fot dC/dt-

{. Find the constant of proportionality-

M.
o 20i2

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