The IEEE 802.

16x WMAN for

Broadband Wireless Access

Dr. R. V. Raja Kumar

Professor, Dept. of E & ECE,
Indian Institute of Technology,
Kharagpur 721302
[email protected]

A Tutorial presentation at Vijayawada

Broadband Services and

Applications

IIT

Kharagpur

Last mile local connection to internet.

Traditional voice communication.
Video distribution, IP multicasting.
Video conferencing.
Streaming media services.
Broadband connectivity to fixed, portable and
mobile users.

Mobile

Portable

2/2.5/3/4G

802.11 hotspots

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Fixed
(homes/small business
802.16
Dept. of E & ECE

Applications
IIT

Kharagpur

Traditional voice communication.

Mobile education.

Mobile video conferencing.

Streaming media services.

Telemedicine and education.

Mobile IP services.

Access for enterprise networks

Internet access to WLAN hotspots

Backhaul networks.
Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

Broadband Access Solutions

IIT

Kharagpur

xDSL
FTTH
Cable modem
3G Cellular WCDMA
HSDPA, EVDO, EVDV
The IEEE 802/16x
WiFi.
4G Cellular
Others

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

IIT

Kharagpur

Wireless Networks in
Different Scenarios

Personal Area

Different Technologies:
Personal area networks
Local area networks
Metropolitan area networks
Wide area networks
Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

IIT

Kharagpur

Wireless Metropolitan
Area Networks (WMANs)

Company

Office
SS

SS
BS

Mobile

PDA

Up to 35 miles

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Home
Dept. of E & ECE

IIT

Kharagpur

WMAN Standards and

Harmonization

North America
IEEE 802.16/20

Europe
ETSI HiperMAN

N. Korea
WiBro

WiMAX
Promotion of compatibility and interoperability of
broadband wireless products.
Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

Technologies for
Wireless Broadband

IIT

Kharagpur

M high
o
b
i
l
i medium
t
y

IEEE 802.20
HSDPA

4G
cellular

EVDO
EVDO

IEEE 802.16e

33GG
4G
cellular

IEEE 802.16a

fixed
0.01

0.1

1.0

10

100

Bit rate (Mbps)

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

IEEE and ETSI Standards

IIT

Kharagpur

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

IIT

Kharagpur

Legacy - LMDS and

MMDS

MMDS Point to Multipoint (2.5 2.7 GHz)

LMDS Point to Multipoint (28 & 31 GHz)
Point-to-multipoint with sector antennas
Point-to-point with directional antennas
Throughput to 60 Mbps shared per sector (5.8 GHz)
Multiple manufacturers (non-standard based today)
TDM

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

Network Architecture
IIT

Kharagpur

Internet
Radio
Access
Network

All IP
Core NW

PSTN
Gateway

PSTN

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

WiMax Forum
IIT

Kharagpur

An industry-led, non-profit corporation formed to

promote and certify compatibility and interoperability of
broadband wireless products.
wide acceptance of the IEEE 802.16 and ETSI HiperMAN
wireless MAN standards.

NEOTEC

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

IEEE 802.16/20 WMAN Standards

IIT

Kharagpur

Standard

802.16

802.16a/d

802.16e

802.20

Status

2001

2004

2005

2005-06

Target App.

WMAN

WMAN

WMAN

WWAN

Range

Average Cell
Radius 1-3 mi

Average Cell
Radius 4-6 mi

Average Cell
Radius 1-3 mi

Channel
Conditions

LOS

NLOS

NLOS

NLOS

Spectrum

10-66 GHz
Licensed

2-11 GHz

2-6 GHz

<3.5 GHz
Licensed

Mobility
Support

Fixed

Fixed

Regional
Roaming

Vehicular Mob.Global Roaming

Channelization

Scalable
1.5-20 MHz

Scalable
1.5-20 MHz

Scalable
1.5-5 MHz

1.25 or 5 MHz

Spectral
Efficiency

< 4.8 bps/Hz

< 3.75 bps/Hz

< 3 bps/Hz

< 1.25 bps/Hz

Bit Rate

< 96Mbps
(20 MHz BW)

< 75 Mbps
(20 MHz BW)

15 Mbps
(5 MHz BW)

< 6 Mbps
(5 MHz BW)

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

IIT

Kharagpur

Comparison of Wireless
Broadband Solutions

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

Multiaccess and Modulation

IIT

Kharagpur

OFDM (WirelessMAN-OFDM Air Interface)

256-point FFT with TDMA (TDD/FDD)
OFDMA (WirelessMAN-OFDMA Air Interface)
2048-point FFT with OFDMA (TDD/FDD)
Single-Carrier (WirelessMAN-SCa Air
Interface)
TDMA (TDD/FDD)
BPSK, QPSK, 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM,
256-QAM
Most vendors will use Frequency-Domain
Equalization
Carrier bandwidth 20 MHz

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

Other Features
IIT

Kharagpur

High bandwidth
Up to 134 Mbit/s (28 MHz ch., 10-66 GHz AI
Point-to-multipoint topology; BS to Multiple SSs.
Point-to-point mesh topology.
Simultaneous multiservice support with full QoS
Efficient transport: IPv4, IPv6, ATM, Ethernet, etc.
Bandwidth on demand (frame by frame)
Supports multiple freq. allocations from 2-66 GHz
Support for mobility.
Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

Channelization in UNI Bands

IIT

Kharagpur

5250 5270 5290 5310 5330 5350

5725 5745 5765 5785 5805 5825

5845

U-NII middle and upper band

5480 5500 5520 5540 5560 5580

5600

5620 5640

5660 5680

5700 5720

CEPT 5GHz, band B

5720 5740 5760 5780 5800 5820

5840

5860

CEPT 5GHz, band C

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

Uplink PHY Med. Dep. Sublayer

IIT

Kharagpur

Data
I/P

Randomization

FEC
Encoder

Preaamble
prepend

Symbol
Mapper

BB
Pulse
Shaping

To

Mod.
RF
And
Phy.
Interface

Subscriber Station

Data
O/P

De-Randomization

FEC
Decoder

Symbol
Demapper

Matched
Filter

Physical
Interface
and
Burst
Demod.

From
RF

Base Station
Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

QAM
IIT

001

000

010

011

11

10

101
01

00

Constellation of 16 - QAM
Modulation Scheme

Normalization
constant for unity
Average power

QPSK

C= 1/2

16-QAM

C= 1/10

64-QAM

C= 1/42

256-QAM

C= 1/170

-7

-5

-3

-1

-1

100

-3

11

-1

-3

110

-1

10

-3

-5

111

01

00

Kharagpur

-7
111

110

100

101

011

010

000

001

Constellation of 64 - QAM

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

IIT

Kharagpur

Base band Pulse Shaping for

Single Carrier Application

Square-root raised Cosine shape with a roll-off

factor of 0.25 is supported.
Roll-off of 0.15 and 0.18 (optional) are also
available.
1

H( f ) =

1 1 fN | r |
+

2 2 2 fN
0

| f |< fN (1 )

fN (1 ) | f | fN (1 + )

| f | fN (1 + )

1
Rs
fN =
=
2Ts 2
Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

Permitted EIRP
IIT

Kharagpur

Terminal

Reg. Limit

Desirable limit

dBW/MHz

BS

-6 + 19dBi < 14

0 dBm

SS

-6 + 34dBi < 30

15 dBm

PTP

30

15 dBm

RS facing BS

30

TS facing SS

14

Mesh

30

For the specific subband 25.2525.75 GHz, as

stated in ITU-R Recommendation F.1509 (02/01).
Carrier bandwidth = 28 MHz.
Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

Min. Receiver Sensitivity

IIT

Kharagpur

Bandwidth

QPSK
1/2

3/4

16-QAM
1/2

3/4

64-QAM
2/3

3/4

1.5

-91

-89

-84

-82

-78

-76

1.75

-90

-87

-83

-81

-77

-75

-88

-86

-81

-79

-75

-73

3.5

-87

-85

-80

-78

-74

-72

-86

-84

-79

-77

-72

-71

-85

-83

-78

-76

-72

-70

-84

-82

-77

-75

-71

-69

10

-83

-81

-76

-74

-69

-68

12

-82

-80

-75

-73

-69

-67

14

-81

-79

-74

-72

-68

-66

20

-80

-78

-73

-71

-66

-65

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

Min. E/ Requirement
IIT

Kharagpur

Modulation
QPSK

16-QAM

64-QAM

Eb/No(dB)
10.5

14.5

19.0

Coding rate

Receiver SNR (dB)

1/2

9.4

3/4

11.2

1/2

16.4

3/4

18.2

2/3

22.7

3/4

24.4

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

Transmit Spectral Mask

IIT

Kharagpur
dBr
0

Adjacent channel
interference is to be
limited.
-27
-32

-50
A B

f0
Channelization(MHz)

D MHz

20

9.5

10.5

19.5

29.5

10

4.75

5.25

9.75

14.75

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

IIT

Kharagpur

QPSK

Dependence of Speed
on Range

QAM-64

QAM-16
Up to 35 miles
Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

Forward Error Correcting

Code (FEC) Types

IIT

Kharagpur

A concatenation of Reed-Solomon (RS) code

and a rate-compatible Convolutional inner
code in both the UL and DL.
Support of Block Turbo Code (BTC) and
Convolutional Turbo Code (CTC) are optional.
Code type

Outer code

Inner code

Application

RS over GF(256)

None

High coding rate

RS over GF(256)

(24, 16) Block CC

Low-mod. Coding rate

3 (optional)

RS over GF(256)

(9, 8) Parity ch. C

Mod-high Coding Rate

4 (optional)

Block Turbo Code

-----

To work at low C / I

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

Mandatory Channel Coding

IIT

Kharagpur

Modulation

Uncoded
block size
(bytes)

Coded
block size
(RS-bytes)

Coding
rate

RS code

CC code
rate

QPSK

24

48

1/2

(32,24,4)

2/3

QPSK

36

48

3/4

(40,36,2)

5/6

16-QAM

48

96

1/2

(64,48,8)

2/3

16-QAM

72

96

3/4

(80,72,4)

5/6

64-QAM

96

144

2/3

(108,96,6)

3/4

64-QAM

108

144

3/4

(120,108,6)

5/6

When subchannelization is used, CC only is used.

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

Data Rates at Different

Bandwidths

IIT

Kharagpur

Modulation
/Code Rate

QPSK
1/2

QPSK
3/4

16 QAM
1/2

16 QAM
3/4

64 QAM
2/3

64 QAM
3/4

1.7 MHZ

1.04

2.18

2.19

4.36

5.94

6.55

3.5 MHZ

2.08

4.37

5.82

8.73

11.88

13.09

7.0 MHZ

4.15

8.73

11.64

17.45

23.75

26.18

10.0 MHZ

8.31

12.47

16.63

24.94

33.25

37.40

20.0 MHZ

16.32

24.94

33.25

49.87

66.49

74.81

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

IIT

TDD and FDD

Kharagpur

TDD

time slot

Subscriber
Station

fup
Uplink band

fdown
Downlink band
FDD

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Base station

Dept. of E & ECE

TDD Frame Structure

IIT

Kharagpur

n = (symbol rate X frame duration) / 4

Downlink subframe

PS 0

Uplink subframe

PS n-1

Adaptive

Frame j-2

Frame j-1

Frame j

Frame j+1 Frame j+2

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

FDD Operation
IIT

Kharagpur

Downlink

Uplink
frame
time
time
Broadcast

Half duplex SS #1

Full duplex cap. SS

Half duplex SS #2

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

Down Link Sub-frame

(TDD) Structure

IIT

Kharagpur

preamble

TDM Portion
Broadcast
Control
DIUC=0

TDM
DIUC a

Tx/Rx Transition Gap

TDM
TDM
DIUC b DIUC c

preamble

DIUC stands for Downlink Interval Usage

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

Code
Preamble used for synchronization and
equalization
Downlink and uplink maps stating the
physical slots at which burst begins
TDM portion caries the data
Data organized into bursts with
different burst profiles
Each subscriber station (SS) receives
and decodes the control information

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

Down Link Sub-frame

Structure (FDD)

IIT

TDM Portion

TDM
TDM
DIUC b DIUC c

TDM
DIUC e

TDM
DIUC f

...

preamble

TDM
DIUC d

TDMA Portion

preamble

TDM
DIUC a

preamble

Broadcast
Control
DIUC=0

preamble

preamble

Kharagpur

TDM
DIUC g

preamble

Burst Start Points

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

An extra preamble allows better support of half-duplex SSs

Due to half-duplex nature, some SSs loose synchronization
TDMA preamble allows SSs to regain synchronization
Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

IIT

Kharagpur

Up Link

Uplink access uses TDMA

Burst transmission supports adaptive burst profiling
Modulation and coding schemes adjusted individually
to each SS
FDD case supports both full duplex SSs and half
duplex SSs
Uplink PHY is based on combination of TDMA and
demand assigned multiple access
Uplink channel is divided into number of slots
Number of slots assigned for various uses
Ex: registration, contention or user traffic
UL-MAP grants bandwidth to specific SSs.
Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

Up Link Sub-frame
Structure

IIT

Kharagpur

SS transition
gap
Initial
maintenance
Opportunities
(UIUC=2)

Access
burst

Request
Contention
Opps
(UIUC=1)

Collision

Access
burst

SS 1
Scheduled
Data
(UIUC = i )

Tx/Rx transition
Gap (TDD)

...

Bandwidth
request
Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Collision

SS N
Scheduled
Data
(UIUC = j)

Bandwidth
request
Dept. of E & ECE

DL and UL Preambles
IIT

Kharagpur

CP

128

Tg

CP
Tg

64

UL Preamble:
Short preamble
UL AAS preamble

128
Tb

64

64
Tb

64

CP

128

Tg

128
Tb

DL Preamble:
First preamble
Initial ranging preamble
Long preamble
Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

OFDM Transceiver
IIT

Kharagpur

Data
I/P

Mapping of
Symbols

IFFT

TDM

cyclic
Prefixing

DAC

Mix.

FS

Data
O/P
Demapping
of
Symbols

Comparison

FFT

DeMUX

cyclic
Prefix
Removal

ADC

Tx.
O/P
fc

Mix.

FS

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Rx.
I/P

Dept. of E & ECE

Features of OFDM
IIT

Kharagpur

No intercarrier guard bands

Orthogonal carriers and controlled overlapping
of bands
Maximum spectral efficiency (Nyquist rate)
Robustness against frequency selective fading
Immunity to inter-symbol-interference
Simplified equalization
Very sensitive to time-freq. synchronization
Easy and efficient implementation using IFFT
OFDM and TDMA combination for multiaccess.

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

Subcarriers in OFDM
IIT

Kharagpur

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

OFDM Symbol Parameters

IIT

Kharagpur

Parameters

Value

Total subcarriers

256

Used carriers, N

192

fs / BW

Licensed channels: multiple of 1.75

and license exempt: 8/7; Others: 7/6

Tg / Tb

1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32

Guard Band

28 low and 28 high SCs

No. of pilot car.

Long range high Tg 25% guard time

Small range low Tg 3% guard time
10 MHz < 5.24 Sec. 1/4 Tg.
Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

OFDM Symbol Parameters

IIT

Parameter

Kharagpur

Value

NFFT

256

NUSED

200

Fs/BW

licensed channel bandwidths which are

multiples of 1.75MHz and license-exempt: 8/7
Any other bandwidth: 7/6

Ts/Tb

1/4,1/8, 1/16,1/32

Number of lower frequency guard

carriers

28

Number of higher frequency guard

carriers

27

Frequency offset indices of guard

carriers

-128,-127, -101
+101,+102,127

Frequency offset indices of Basics

Fixed Location Pilots

-84,-60,-36,-12: 12,36,60,84

Subchannel number: Allocated

frequency offset indices of carriers

1: (-88,-76),(-50,-39),(1,13),(64,75)
2: (-63,-51),(-25,-14),(26,38),(89,100)
3: (-100,-89),(-38,-26),(14,25),(51,63)
4: (-75,-64),(-13,-1),(39,50),(76,88)

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

IIT

Kharagpur

Sub Channelization
Provision
Provides optional sub-channelization in
UL.
Useful for power limited platform.
16 of 12 subcarier sets are used.
One/two/four/eight/sixteen sets are
assigned to an SS for UL.
All the eight pilot carriers are used.
Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

OFDM Scalability
IIT

Kharagpur

Parameters

Values

System bandwidth
(MHz)

1.5

2.5

10

20

Sampling frequency
(Fs,MHz)

1.429

2.825

5.714

11.429

22.857

Sample time
(1/Fs,nsec)

700

350

175

88

44

FFT size
(NFFT)

128

256

512

1024

2048

Sub carrier frequency spacing

11.16071429 kHz

Useful symbol time

(Tb=1/)

89.6 s

Guard time
(Tg=Tb/8)

11.2 s

OFDMA symbol time

(Ts=Tb+Tg)

100.8 s

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

Extn. for Mobility

IIT

Kharagpur

When the carrier freq. = 6 GHz, the max. Doppler

shift for a vehicle running at 125 km/hr (35 m/s)
= 700 Hz
Coherence time, Tc =

Coherence BW,

9
16fm2

= 1.03 mSec

Bc = 1/5 ~ 10 KHz (for = 20 Sec.)

~ 40 KHz (for = 5.23 Sec.)

Sub carrier spacing > 10 KHz

Pilot rep time < 1 mSec.
Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

IIT

Kharagpur

Performance of Coded
OFDM

ETSI Vehicular-A: rms Ds= 370nS, BPSK, CC, RS+CC, Turbo coded OFDM
using 256 SC, rate , no CP.

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

Down Link Performance

IIT

Kharagpur

Reported on Web (French operator-Altitude Telecom):

For symmetrical TCP/IP transmission, LoS paths 10 Mbit/s over
10km, but this fell to 4 Mbit/s over 5km for non-LoS paths
Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

Test Results
IIT

Kharagpur

Tests of Pipex Wireless:

Speeds > 2Mbps (up/down) at indoors at 1.2km
(non LOS)
Speeds of 5Mbps were observed in vehicles at
different places.
With external antennas, speeds of around 10 Mbps
(up/down) in indoors at 1.2km (non LOS)
Speeds of 6Mbps down and 4Mbps up at a range of
6km with external antennas.

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

Packetization
IIT

Kharagpur

Application Packets

MSDU

MSDU

MPDU

MSDU

MPDU

Application packets Service packets MAC packets

MSDU: MAC service data units
MPDU: MAC packet data units
ARQ: Aut. Tx. Req. for MSDUs
Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

The Protocol Structure

IIT

Kharagpur

Conv. Sublayer specific SAP

MAC Convergence
Sublayer
(ATM, Ethernet, 802.1Q, IP)
MAC SAP

MAC
MAC Privacy Sublayer

ATM
Ethernet, 802.1Q
Internet Protocol
Packing,
Fragmentation
ARQ, QOS
Authentication,
Key exchange
Privacy (encryption)

PHY SAP

Physical Layer

OFDM, ranging
Power control, DFS, Tx, Rx

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

QOS Service Classes

IIT

Kharagpur

Constant bit rate grant,

Real time polling,
Non-real-time polling,
Best effort

MAC provides a connection oriented service

to upper layers,
QOS parameters can vary over a connection,
The convergence sublayer enables Ethernet,
ATM, TDM voice and IP (Internet Protocol)
services to be offered over 802.16.
Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

Traffic Types
IIT

Kharagpur

Traffic Type
Http
Ftp
Video
VoIP

Traffic Model
Self-Similar
Self-Similar
2IRP(Interrupted Renewal
Process)
2IDP(Interrupted
Deterministic Process)

BW Request Mechanisms:
UGS: No separate BW request
NRTPS: Unicast Polling

Service Flow
Best- Effort
NRTPS
RTPS
UGS

RTPS: Unicast Polling

BE :Contention Resolution

An example:
Service discipline at each flow is FIFO( both at SS and BS)
Weighted Max-Min scheduling algorithm is used at the BS
Scheduling is done on frame-to-frame basis
It is assumed that all traffic is already admitted to network
Packet Size=800bytes
Upstream frame size=1msec
Max. upstream rate =120Mbps
BW assigned for UGS =48Mbps(40% of max.upstream rate)
Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

Performance
IIT

Network Load Vs Throughput

Kharagpur
100

UGS
RTPS
NRTPS
BE Service
Aggregated

90
80

Throughput(%)

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

Network Load(% of Upstream peak rate)

Figure1.

BW assigned for BW requests

RTPS : 640Kbps NRTPS: 160Kbps
BE
: 320Kbps
BW available for RTPS, NRTPS and BE
data transmission
= (120-0.640-0.160-0.320-48)Mbps
= 70.88Mbps
From Fig1.
Max.throughput of RTPS
=120*0.325Mbps=39.0Mbps
Max.throughput of
NRTPS=(120*0.211)Mbps=25.2Mbps
Max.throughput of BE
=(120*0.05)Mbps=6Mbps
Total BW utilized=( Data) +( requests)
=(48.0Mbps+39.0Mbps+25.2Mbps+6Mbps)
+(1.12Mbps)=119.32Mbps

Load is aggregate of all services

UGS=40%,RTPS=30%,NRTPS=20% and BE=10% of aggregated load
The excess BW of high priority services would be shared by unsatisfied
low priority services
Due to this fact, throughput of BE increases upto 90% of load and decreases
as load increases.
Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

IIT

Open Issues

Kharagpur

Complete performance understanding.

Scheduling at SS and Radio resource
management.
Cost effective implementation.
Interoperation with legacy systems.
Mobility and handoff
A road towards 4G cellular?.
Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

Thank You

IIT

Kharagpur

Comparison of Wireless
Broadband Solutions

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

The IEEE 802.16x Standards

IIT

Kharagpur

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

Channel Data Rates

IIT

Kharagpur

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE

APPLICATIONS
IIT

Kharagpur

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Dept. of E & ECE