Fire Protection 101

TS 100-2-4
Wednesday, November 3, 2010, 8:30am-9:45am
Todd Stevens, CFPS

Fire Protection 101

Presented by:
Todd Stevens
Viking Corporation

Agenda

NFPA 13
Hazard Classifications
Automatic Sprinklers
History
Identification
Control Mode Sprinklers
Storage Applications
Residential

Fire Protection 101

NFPA - National Fire Protection Association

NFPA 13 - Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler

Systems (2010 edition)

Fire Protection 101

NFPA 13 - Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler
Systems (2010 edition)
Chap. 1 - Administration

Chap. 2 Referenced Publications

Chap. 3 Definitions
Chap. 4 General Requirements
Chap. 5 Classifications of Occupancies and
Commodities

Chap. 6 System Components and Hardware

Chap. 7 System Requirements

Fire Protection 101

Chap. 8 Installation Requirements
Chap. 9 Hanging, Bracing and Restraint of System
Piping

Chap. 10 Underground Piping

Chap. 11 Design Approaches
Chap. 12 General Requirements for Storage
Chap. 13 Miscellaneous Storage
Chap. 14 Protection of Class I to Class IV
Commodities that are Stored Palletized, Solid Piled, Bin
Boxes, Shelf Storage or Back to Back Shelf Storage

Fire Protection 101

Chap. 15 Protection of Plastic and Rubber
Commodities that are Stored Palletized, Solid Piled, Bin
Boxes, Shelf Storage or Back to Back Shelf Storage
Chap. 16 Protection of Class I Through Class IV
Commodities that are Stored on Racks
Chap. 17 Protection of Plastic and Rubber
Commodities that are Stored on Racks
Chap. 18 Protection of Rubber Tire Storage
Chap. 19 Protection of Roll Paper
Chap. 20 Special Design of Storage Protection

Fire Protection 101

Chap. 21 Special Occupancy Requirements
Chap. 22 Plans and Calculations
Chap. 23 Water Supplies
Chap. 24 System Acceptance
Chap. 25 Marine Systems

Chap. 26 System Inspection, Testing and

Maintenance

Hazard Classifications

Hazard Classifications
NFPA 13 Classification of Occupancies
Light Hazard
Ordinary Hazard (Group 1)
Ordinary Hazard (Group 2)
Extra Hazard (Group 1)
Extra Hazard (Group 2)

Hazard Classifications
Light Hazard
Low combustibility of contents
Low rates of heat release

Hazard Classifications
Ordinary Hazard (Group 1)
Moderate amounts of combustible contents
Moderate rates of heat release

Hazard Classifications
Ordinary Hazard (Group 2)
Moderate to High combustible contents
Moderate to High rates of heat release

Hazard Classifications
Extra Hazard (Group 1)
Very High combustibility
High rates of heat release

Hazard Classifications
Extra Hazard (Group 2)
Substantial amounts of Flammable or Combustible Liquids

Hazard Classifications
Storage Occupancies
Type of Commodity
Class I
Class II
Class III
Class IV

Plastics
Group A
Group B
Group C

Sprinkler Hydraulics

NFPA 13 (2010 ed.) Density / Area Curve

Figure 11.2.3.1.1

Sprinklers

Fire Triangle

Fire Triangle
Fire Tetrahedron

Goal is to remove one of the three elements to

eliminate the reaction

History of Sprinklers
1852 - Mill owners in New England developed
perforated piping systems activated by a manual control
valve.

1874 - Henry S. Parmalee of New Haven, CT created

and installed the first automatic fire sprinkler system
using solder that melted in a fire to plug holes in the
otherwise open water pipes.
1881 - Frederick Grinnell of Providence, RI patented
the first sensitive automatic sprinkler and incorporated it
with a tooth-edged deflector and -inch orifice.

History of Sprinklers
1895 - The National Fire Protection Association was
founded in Boston. The NFPA set standards for
automatic sprinklers and by 1899 requirements became
uniform throughout the United States and Canada.
1913 Studies showed that after 38 years of fire
sprinkler installation only five people had lost their lives in
a sprinkler facility.
Today - NFPA is responsible for 300 codes and
standards designed to minimize the risk and effects of
fire by establishing criteria for building, processing,
design, service, and installation throughout the World.

Materials of Construction
The components that make up a sprinkler
head are:
Frame or casting
Deflector
Fusible element or frangible bulb
Pip Cap
Pintle Screw
Belleville Spring
A low zinc content brass provides a more
resilient frame or casting.
The Bellville Spring seals the water way
of the sprinkler. This metal to metal
sealing mechanism allows the waterway
to clear even when no pressure is on the
inlet of the sprinkler head.

Laboratory Approvals

AGENCY
UL & c-UL (ULC)
FM
LPC
VDS
NYC & LA

STANDARD
NFPA & UL Requirements
FM Requirements
(NFPA = minimum)
LPC Standard
VDS Standard
Specific City approvals

Types of Sprinklers
Control Mode
Standard Coverage / SR or QR
Extended Coverage / SR or QR

Control Mode Special Application

Suppression
ESFR - Early Suppression Fast Response
Residential

Types of Sprinklers
Control mode sprinklers are separated in the following
categories:
Standard Coverage
Standard Response / Quick Response
Extended Coverage
Standard Response / Quick Response
Dry Barrel
Standard Response / Quick Response
Storage
Standard Response / Quick Response

Sprinkler Identification

155 F
(68 C)
Red
Ordinary
Max Ceil
Temp
100 F
(38 C)

175 F 200or212 F 286 F

(79 C) (93or100 C) (141 C)
Yellow
Green
Blue
Intermediate
High
Max Ceiling
Temp
150 F
(65 C)

360 F
500 F
(182 C) (260 C)
Mauve
Black
Extra
Ultra
High
High
Max Ceil Max Ceil Max Ceil
Temp
Temp
Temp
225 F
300 F
465 F
(107 C) (149 C) (240 C)

Standard Response Elements 5 mm bulb

155 F
(68 C)
Red
Ordinary

Max Ceil
Temp
100 F
(38 C)

175 F
200or212 F
(79 C)
(93or100 C)
Yellow
Green
Intermediate

Max Ceiling
Temp
150 F
(65 C)

286 F
(141 C)
Blue
High

Max Ceil
Temp
225 F
(107 C)

Fast Response Elements 3 mm bulb

Sprinkler Identification

Installed on the top of the sprinkler piping

Upright Sprinklers

Sprinkler Identification

Pendent sprinkler
fed through a ceiling

Pendent sprinkler
on exposed piping
Pendent Sprinklers are Installed on bottom of piping or through a ceiling

Sprinkler Identification

Sidewall Sprinklers are generally installed through a wall

Horizontal Sidewall Sprinkler

Sprinkler Identification
K Factors:
K factors are known as the coefficient of discharge.
The larger the K factor in number, the more water it
can discharge at a given pressure. There are (3)
current thread sizes used for sprinkler heads, , ,
and 1 threads.
Do not just match the thread size when replacing a
sprinkler head. Identify what orientation, K factor, and
temperature prior to replacing a sprinkler.

Sprinkler Identification
K
% of 5.6
1.4 25%

Thread

K
% of 5.6
14.0 250%

1.9

33.3%

16.8

300%

2.8

50%

19.6

350%

4.2 75%
Baseline
5.6 100%

22.4

400%

25.2

8.0

140%

28.0

11.2

200%

450%

500%

Thread

Spray Patterns

Conventional Old Style

40% to 60% Initially Downward
NFPA 13 (2010 ed.) Figure A 8.5.5.1

Standard Spray

Residential
Wall Wetting

Thermal Sensitivity
Are Fast Response and Quick Response the same?

Thermal Sensitivity
Standard Response
3 Min. 51 Sec. Room Fire Test
100 Sec. Plunge Test

Quick Response
75 Sec. Room Fire Test
14 Sec. Plunge Test
Residential
Special Fire Test
14 Sec. Plunge

Thermal Sensitivity

Response Time Index

RTI - measures the speed of
response of the heat sensitive
element
Fast Response Sprinklers:
RTI of 50 (m-sec)1/2 or less.
Standard Response
Sprinklers:
RTI of 80 (m-sec)1/2 or more.

Standard Coverage
Sprinklers

Standard Response Sprinklers

Standard Coverage / Standard Response Sprinklers
Utilized in mercantile, manufacturing, general assembly,
storage applications

Quick Response Sprinklers

Standard Coverage / Quick Response Sprinklers
Quick Response Sprinklers are required to be installed in
all new Light Hazard Occupancies

Control Mode Sprinklers

Standard Coverage Sprinklers
Area of Coverage
Light Hazard (as defined by NFPA 13) : 225 sq. ft. max
Ordinary Hazard (as defined by NFPA 13) : 130 sq. ft. max
Extra Hazard (as defined by NFPA 13) : 100 sq. ft. max

Control
Mode Sprinklers
Sprinklers
Minimum operating pressure is 7 psi.
Flow rate per sprinkler equals:
Area x Density
Or
K-Factor x square root of minimum pressure
(which ever is greater)

Q = Area x Density
Q=Kx P

Sprinkler Hydraulics

Q=Kx P
Q = Water Flow
K = Coefficient of
Discharge
P = Pressure

P = (Q / K)2
K= Q/ P
Q = Area x Density

Standard Coverage Sprinklers

A = 13 x 10
A = 130 sq.ft.

Area of a Sprinkler
A=SxL
NFPA 13 (2010) 8.5.2.1

S = 13
L = 10

10

66

13

Standard Coverage Sprinklers

Light Hazard = .10 gpm per sq. ft.
Minimum flow rate for sprinklers spaced 225 sq. ft.
Area x density = Q
225 sq.ft. x .10 gpm per sq. ft. = 22.5 gpm

A = 15 x 15
A = 225 sq.ft.

15

15

15

Standard Coverage Sprinklers

Ordinary Hazard Group 1 = .15 gpm per sq. ft.
Minimum flow rate for sprinklers spaced 130 sq. ft.
Area x density = Q
130 sq.ft. x .15 gpm per sq. ft. = 19.5 gpm

A = 13 x 10
A = 130 sq.ft.

10

13

13

Standard Coverage Sprinklers

Extra Hazard Group 1 = .3 gpm per sq. ft.
Minimum flow rate for sprinklers spaced 100 sq. ft.
Area x density = Q
100 sq.ft. x .3 gpm per sq. ft. = 30 gpm

A = 10 x 10
A = 100 sq.ft.

10

10

10

Standard Coverage Sprinklers

Standard Coverage Sprinklers
Pendent & Uprights
15 gpm for K 5.6 at 7 psi
21 gpm for K 8.0 at 7 psi
30 gpm for K 11.2 at 7 psi

Q=Kx P

Standard Coverage Sprinklers

Standard Sprinkler Minimum Design

Hazard

Max Area of
coverage

K 5.6

Density

Minimum
water flow

Light

225 ft

.10 gpm/sq ft.

22.5 gpm

16.1 psi

Ord. Gr 1

130 ft

.15 gpm/sq ft.

19.5 gpm

12.1 psi

Ord. Gr 2

130 ft

.20 gpm/sq ft.

26 gpm

21.6 psi

Ex. Gr 1

100 ft

.30 gpm/sq ft.

30 gpm

28.7 psi

Ex. Gr 2

100 ft

.40 gpm/sq ft.

40 gpm

51 psi

Standard Coverage Sprinklers

Standard Sprinkler Minimum Design

Hazard

Max Area of
coverage

K 8.0

Density

Minimum
water flow

Light

225 ft

.10 gpm/sq ft.

22.5 gpm

7.9 psi

Ord. Gr 1

130 ft

.15 gpm/sq ft.

(19.5 gpm)
21.1 gpm

(6 psi)
7 psi

Ord. Gr 2

130 ft

.20 gpm/sq ft.

26 gpm

10.6 psi

Ex. Gr 1

100 ft

.30 gpm/sq ft.

30 gpm

14 psi

Ex. Gr 2

100 ft

.40 gpm/sq ft.

40 gpm

25 psi

= Over-Discharge

Standard Coverage Sprinklers

Standard Sprinkler Minimum Design

Hazard

Max Area of
coverage

Minimum
water flow

K 11.2

Density

Light

225 ft

.10 gpm/sq ft.

(22.5 gpm)
29.6 gpm

(4 psi)
7 psi

Ord. Gr 1

130 ft

.15 gpm/sq ft.

(19.5 gpm)
29.6 gpm

(3 psi)
7 psi

Ord. Gr 2

130 ft

.20 gpm/sq ft.

(26 gpm)
29.6 gpm

(5.3 psi)
7 psi

Ex. Gr 1

100 ft

.30 gpm/sq ft.

30 gpm

7.1 psi

Ex. Gr 2

100 ft

.40 gpm/sq ft.

40 gpm

12.8 psi

= Over-Discharge

Standard Coverage Sprinklers

Standard Pendent and Upright Spray Sprinklers
NFPA 13 (2010) Chapter 8.6
8.6.2 Protection Areas per Sprinkler
8.6.3 Sprinkler Spacing
8.6.4 Deflector Position

8.6.5 Obstructions to Sprinkler Discharge

8.6.6 Clearance to Storage
8.6.7 Ceiling Pockets

Sidewall Sprinklers
Standard Coverage Sprinklers
Area of Coverage
Light Hazard (as defined by NFPA 13) : 196 sq. ft. max
Ordinary Hazard (as defined by NFPA 13) : 100 sq. ft. max
(Note: Must be listed for Ordinary Hazard)

Sidewall Sprinklers
Light Hazard = .10 gpm per sq. ft.
Minimum flow rate for sprinklers spaced 196 sq. ft.
Area x density = Q
196 sq.ft. x .10 gpm per sq. ft. = 19.6 gpm

14

14

14

Sidewall Sprinklers
Ordinary Hazard Group 1 = .15 gpm per sq. ft.
Minimum flow rate for sprinklers spaced 100 sq. ft.
Area x density = Q
100 sq.ft. x .15 gpm per sq. ft. = 15 gpm

10

10

10

Sidewall Sprinklers
Ordinary Hazard Group 2 = .2 gpm per sq. ft.
Minimum flow rate for sprinklers spaced 100 sq. ft.
Area x density = Q
100 sq.ft. x .2 gpm per sq. ft. = 20 gpm

10

10

10

Sidewall Sprinklers
Sidewall Standard Coverage Sprinkler Minimum Design
Hazard

Max Area of
coverage

K 5.6

Density

Minimum
water flow

Light

196 ft

.10 gpm/sq ft.

19.6 gpm

12.25 psi

Ord. Gr 1

100 ft

.15 gpm/sq ft.

15 gpm

7.1 psi

Ord. Gr 2

100 ft

.20 gpm/sq ft.

20 gpm

12.75 psi

Sidewall Sprinklers
Sidewall Standard Coverage Sprinkler Minimum Design
Hazard

Max Area of
coverage

Minimum
water flow

K 8.0

Density

Light

196 ft

.10 gpm/sq ft.

(19.6 gpm)
21.1 gpm

(6 psi)
7 psi

Ord. Gr 1

100 ft

.15 gpm/sq ft.

(15 gpm)
21.1 gpm

(3.5 psi)
7 psi

Ord. Gr 2

100 ft

.20 gpm/sq ft.

(20 gpm)
21.1 gpm

(6.25) psi
7 psi

= Over-Discharge

Sidewall Sprinklers
Sidewall Standard Spray Sprinklers
NFPA 13 (2010) Chapter 8.7
8.7.2 Protection Areas per Sprinkler
8.7.3 Sprinkler Spacing
8.7.4 Deflector Position

8.7.5 Obstructions to Sprinkler Discharge

8.7.6 Clearance to Storage

Extended Coverage
Sprinklers

Extended Coverage Sprinklers

Extended Coverage Sprinklers allow for fewer sprinklers to be
installed in an application. Extended coverage covers a greater
floor area than standard coverage sprinklers.

Extended Coverage Sprinklers

Extended Coverage Sprinklers
Area of Coverage
400 sq. ft. max per NFPA

Spacing is in increments of 2-0.

12 x 12, 14x14 16x16, 18x18, 20x20

Extended Coverage Sprinklers

ECLH Sprinkler Minimum Design
Spacing

Area of
coverage

Light Hazard
Density

Minimum
water flow

* % Fewer
Sprinklers

16x16

256 ft

.10 gpm/sq ft.

25.6 gpm

13%

18x18

324 ft

.10 gpm/sq ft.

32.4 gpm

30%

20x20

400 ft

.10 gpm/sq ft.

40 gpm

44%

*Based on a 225 sq. ft. coverage area for standard coverage upright and pendent

Extended Coverage Sprinklers

ECOH Sprinkler Minimum Design (must be listed for OH)
Spacing

Area of
coverage

Ord. Group l
Density

Minimum
water flow

* % Fewer
Sprinklers

12x12

144 ft

.15 gpm/sq ft.

21.6 gpm

10%

14x14

196 ft

.15 gpm/sq ft.

29.4 gpm

35%

16x16

256 ft

.15 gpm/sq ft.

38.4 gpm

50%

18x18

324 ft

.15 gpm/sq ft.

48.6 gpm

60%

20x20

400 ft

.15 gpm/sq ft.

60 gpm

66%

*Based on a 130 sq. ft. coverage area for standard coverage upright and pendent

Extended Coverage Sprinklers

Extended Coverage Upright and Pendent Spray
Sprinklers
NFPA 13 (2010) Chapter 8.8

8.8.2 Protection Areas per Sprinkler

8.8.3 Sprinkler Spacing
8.8.4 Deflector Position
8.8.5 Obstructions to Sprinkler Discharge
8.8.6 Clearance to Storage
8.8.7 Ceiling Pockets

Extended Coverage Sprinklers

Extended Coverage Sidewalls
Area of Coverage
400 sq. ft. max per NFPA

Extended Coverage Sprinklers

Extended Coverage Sidewall Spray Sprinklers
NFPA 13 (2010) Chapter 8.9
8.9.2 Protection Areas per Sprinkler
8.9.3 Sprinkler Spacing
8.9.4 Deflector Position

8.9.5 Obstructions to Sprinkler Discharge

Corrosion Resistant
Sprinklers

Corrosion Resistant Sprinkler

Corrosion Resistant Sprinklers are sprinklers that are
manufactured with a special coating or special materials to
resist atmospheres that would be corrosive to a standard
finish sprinkler

Note: Corrosion resistance does not mean corrosion proof

Corrosion Resistant Sprinklers

Brass Finish
Chrome Finish

White Polyester
Black Polyester

Black Teflon
Wax Coated

Wax over Polyester

Stainless Steel

Dry Barrel Sprinklers

Dry Barrel Sprinklers

Dry barrel sprinklers
Custom made sprinklers
Installed on dry pipe system, pre-action systems, or fed
from a wet system to protect an area subject to freezing
Must be installed in a Tee fitting

Dry Barrel Sprinklers

Deflector
Frangible bulb
Frame

Split Seat
Coated Steel Barrel
Circular Crush Seal
Bellville Spring
Seal Assembly
Dry Upright Sprinkler

Dry Barrel Sprinkler Components

Dry Barrel Sprinklers

Sprinklers Used in
Storage Occupancies

Storage Applications
Storage Applications
Rolled Paper Storage
Rack Storage
Palletized Storage
Idle Pallet Storage
Miscellaneous Storage
Shelf Storage
Rubber Tire Storage
Baled Cotton Storage

Storage Applications
Storage Fires are very demanding and require more
water to control them than standard occupancy hazards.
5.6 K factor sprinklers are limited to densities of .20 gpm
per sq. ft. and lower.
8.0 K factor sprinklers are limited to densities of .34 gpm
per sq. ft. and lower.
Densities greater than .34 gpm per sq. ft. require K
factors of 11.2 or larger.

Storage Applications
Why Larger K Factors?
Develop larger water droplets that are able to penetrate
the fire plume and the thermal updraft.
Discharge the same water flow rate at much lower
pressures
Lower starting pressures may allow smaller pipe sizes,
lowering the total cost.

Storage Applications
Densities greater than .25 require limit the area of
standard coverage sprinklers used to 100 sq. ft.
Minimum 7 PSI
Larger Densities will require higher starting pressures

Control Mode Density Area Sprinklers

.20 gpm per sq. ft x 130 sq. ft. = 26 gpm
K Factor

Flow Rate

Starting Pressure

5.6

26 gpm

21.55 psi

8.0

26 gpm

10.56 psi

11.2

26 gpm
29.63 gpm

5.11 psi
7 psi

16.8

26 gpm
44.44 gpm

2.39 psi
7 psi
= Over-Discharge

Control Mode Density Area Sprinklers

.25 gpm per sq. ft x 100 sq. ft. = 25 gpm
K Factor

Flow Rate

Starting Pressure

5.6

25 gpm

19.92 psi

8.0

25 gpm

9.76 psi

11.2

25 gpm
29.63 gpm

4.98 psi
7 psi

16.8

25 gpm
44.44 gpm

2.21 psi
7 psi
= Over-Discharge

Control Mode Density Area Sprinklers

.30 gpm per sq. ft x 100 sq. ft. = 30 gpm
K Factor

Flow Rate

Starting Pressure

5.6

30 gpm

28.6 psi

8.0

30 gpm

14.06 psi

11.2

30 gpm

7.17 psi

16.8

30 gpm
44.44 gpm

3.18 psi
7 psi
= Over-Discharge

Control Mode Density Area Sprinklers

.45 gpm per sq. ft x 100 sq. ft. = 45 gpm
K Factor

Flow Rate

Starting Pressure

5.6

45 gpm

64.57 psi

8.0

45 gpm

31.64 psi

11.2

45 gpm

16.14 psi

16.8

45 gpm

7.17 psi

Control Mode Density Area Sprinklers

.60 gpm per sq. ft x 100 sq. ft. = 60 gpm
K Factor

Flow Rate

Starting Pressure

5.6

60 gpm

114.7 psi

8.0

60 gpm

56.25 psi

11.2

60 gpm

28.6 psi

16.8

60 gpm

12.75 psi

In-Rack Sprinklers
In-Rack Sprinklers (Intermediate level sprinklers)
If storage exceeds 25-0 in-racks and control mode
sprinklers are utilized, levels of in-rack sprinklers are
within the rack structure.
In-rack sprinklers require 3 water shields to protect
their operating elements from the ceiling sprinklers.

In-rack sprinklers are intermediate level sprinklers, as

there is at least one level of sprinklers above them.

In-Rack Sprinklers
In-Rack Sprinklers (Intermediate level sprinklers)
K factors of 5.6 and 8.0, or 11.2.
In-rack sprinklers are usually located in the longitudinal
flue space of the rack, but can be located at the face of
the rack or within the storage space
Racks with solid barriers require levels of in-rack
sprinklers above the storage where the solid barriers
exist.

In-Rack Sprinklers

Control Mode Sprinkler

In-Rack Sprinkler
With Water Shield

Control Mode Special Application

CSMA Sprinklers (Control Mode Special Application)
Can eliminate in-rack sprinklers
Minimum 11.2 K Factor
Wet, Dry or Preaction Systems, accordance with listing
NFPA 13 (2010) Chapter 8.11

VK 592 (K 19.6) Pendent Control Mode Special Application (CMSA) Sprinkler

Configuration
Commodity Class
Maximum Storage
Maximum
Number of Design
Height
Ceiling/Roof Height
Sprinklers
25 ft
(7.6m)
30 ft
(9.1m)
15
Palletized and Solid Class l, ll, lll, and lV
30 ft.
(9.1m)
35 ft
(10.7m)
15
Piled
commodities
35 ft.
(10.7m)
40 ft
(12.2m)
15
20 ft.
(6.1m)
25 ft.
(7.6m)
15
20 ft.
(6.1m)
30 ft.
(9.1m)
15
20 ft.
(6.1m)
35 ft.
(10.7m)
15
Palletized and Solid
20 ft.
(6.1m)
40 ft.
(12.2m)
15
Storage of Plastic and
Rubber Commodities Cartoned Un25 ft.
(7.6m)
30 ft.
(9.1m)
15
(no open-top
expanded Plastics
25 ft.
(7.6m)
35 ft.
(10.7m)
15
containers or solid
25 ft.
(7.6m)
40 ft.
(12.2m)
15
shelves)
30 ft.
(9.1m)
35 ft.
(10.7m)
15
30 ft.
(9.1m)
40 ft.
(12.2m)
15
35 ft.
(10.7m)
40 ft.
(12.2m)
15
20 ft.
(6.1m)
25 ft.
(7.6m)
15
20 ft.
(6.1m)
30 ft.
(9.1m)
15
20 ft.
(6.1m)
35 ft.
(10.7m)
15
20 ft.
(6.1m)
40 ft.
(12.2m)
15
Single-Row, DoubleRow, and MultipleClass l, ll, lll, and lV
25 ft.
(7.6m)
30 ft.
(9.1m)
15
Row Rack (no open- commodities
25 ft.
(7.6m)
35 ft.
(10.7m)
15
top containers)
25 ft.
(7.6m)
40 ft.
(12.2m)
15
30 ft.
(9.1m)
35 ft.
(10.7m)
15
30 ft.
(9.1m)
40 ft.
(12.2m)
15
35 ft.
(10.7m)
40 ft.
(12.2m)
15
20 ft.
(6.1m)
25 ft.
(7.6m)
15
20 ft.
(6.1m)
30 ft.
(9.1m)
15
20 ft.
(6.1m)
35 ft.
(10.7m)
15
20 ft.
(6.1m)
40 ft.
(12.2m)
15
Single-Row, DoubleRow, and MultipleCartoned Un25 ft.
(7.6m)
30 ft.
(9.1m)
15
Row Rack (no open- expanded Plastics
25 ft.
(7.6m)
35 ft.
(10.7m)
15
top containers)
25 ft.
(7.6m)
40 ft.
(12.2m)
15
30 ft.
(9.1m)
35 ft.
(10.7m)
15
30 ft.
(9.1m)
40 ft.
(12.2m)
15
35 ft.
(10.7m)
40 ft.
(12.2m)
15
20 ft.
(6.1m)
25 ft.
(7.6m)
15
20 ft.
(6.1m)
30 ft.
(9.1m)
15
On Floor
Idle Wood Pallets
20 ft.
(6.1m)
35 ft.
(10.7m)
15
20 ft.
(6.1m)
40 ft.
(12.2m)
15
Note: Hose stream allowance is 500 gpm (1900 lpm)

Minimum Operating
Pressure
16 PSI
(1.1bar)
25 PSI
(1.7bar)
30 PSI
(2.06bar)
16 PSI
(1.1bar)
16 PSI
(1.1bar)
25 PSI
(1.7bar)
30 PSI
(2.06bar)
16 PSI
(1.1bar)
25 PSI
(1.7bar)
30 PSI
(2.06bar)
25 PSI
(1.7bar)
30 PSI
(2.06bar)
30 PSI
(2.06bar)
16 PSI
(1.1bar)
16 PSI
(1.1bar)
25 PSI
(1.7bar)
30 PSI
(2.06bar)
16 PSI
(1.1bar)
25 PSI
(1.7bar)
30 PSI
(2.06bar)
25 PSI
(1.7bar)
30 PSI
(2.06bar)
30 PSI
(2.06bar)
16 PSI
(1.1bar)
16 PSI
(1.1bar)
25 PSI
(1.7bar)
30 PSI
(2.06bar)
16 PSI
(1.1bar)
25 PSI
(1.7bar)
30 PSI
(2.06bar)
25 PSI
(1.7bar)
30 PSI
(2.06bar)
30 PSI
(2.06bar)
16 PSI
(1.1bar)
16 PSI
(1.1bar)
30 PSI
(2.06bar)
30 PSI
(2.06bar)

Early Suppression Fast Response

ESFR Sprinklers (Early Suppression Fast Response)

Early Suppression Fast Response

Developed by Factory Mutual in the early 1980s.
Suppression sprinklers meaning these type of sprinklers
are designed not to control a fire, but to suppress the fire.

Class l, Class ll, Class lll, Class lV, commodities and

plastic commodities
Can eliminate in-rack sprinklers
Limited to wet type sprinkler systems
Calculating the (12) most remote sprinklers

Buildings must have flat ceilings or roofs. (No greater

than 2 inches in 12 inches.)

Early Suppression Fast Response

ESFR Sprinklers
Eliminate In-Rack
Sprinklers in most
Cases

Early Suppression Fast Response

SPRAY PATTERN FOR ESFR PENDENT SPRINKLER

Early Suppression Fast Response

Make note of obstruction rules. NFPA 13 (2010) Chapter
8.12
36 Clearance or greater between deflector and top of
storage
Avoid obstructions directly below Pendent ESFRs
Obstructions can cause more sprinklers to activate than
designed

Skipping

Early Suppression Fast Response

Upright sprinklers may allow for less obstruction
concerns per their listing
Full scale fire tests have been performed to prove small
obstructions did not negatively effect the performance of
some upright ESFR sprinklers.
Make sure to review manufactures requirements

Early Suppression Fast Response

Upright ESFR
Factory Mutual Test Facility

Early Suppression Fast Response

Obstruction to pendent
ESFR.
Many times obstructions
occur after the sprinklers
are installed.
Other trades may install
materials below pendent
ESFRs, obstructing the
sprinkler.

Early Suppression Fast Response

When room exists above

the sprinkler line for an
upright ESFR sprinkler,
turning the outlet 180
and installing an upright
ESFR is a cost effective
method of repairing the
problem.

Early Suppression Fast Response

Minimum K14 Design Pressure and Flow Rate
Ceiling Height

Minimum
Pressure

Flow Rate

30 ft and less

50 PSI

98.99 GPM

40 ft to greater
than 30 ft

75 PSI

121.2 GPM

*Refer to Specific Design Standard for Commodity Storage

And specific application installation requirements.

Early Suppression Fast Response

Minimum K16.8 Design Pressure and Flow Rate
Ceiling Height

Minimum
Pressure

Flow Rate

30 ft and less

35 PSI

98.99 GPM

40 ft to greater
than 30 ft

52 PSI

121.2 GPM

*Refer to Specific Design Standard for Commodity Storage

And specific application installation requirements.

Early Suppression Fast Response

Minimum K 25.2 Design Pressure and Flow Rate

Storage
Height

Ceiling
Height

UL

FM

40

45

35

40

30

35

25

30

159.3 gpm
40 psi
126 gpm
25 psi
112.6 gpm
20 psi
97.5 gpm
15 psi

178.1 gpm
50 psi
159.3 gpm
40 psi
138 gpm
30 psi
112.6 gpm
20 psi

Residential Sprinklers

Residential Sprinklers
Residential Sprinklers are the largest growth market for the
sprinkler industry.
International Residential Code

Residential Sprinklers
As the name suggest, these sprinklers are installed in homes,
apartments, dormitories, hotels, motels.
NFPA 13

NFPA 13D

NFPA 13R

Residential Sprinklers
UL 1626, Residential Sprinklers for Fire Protection Service
Standard published and used by UL to evaluate the
performance of a residential sprinkler. The testing
procedure verifies the thermal sensitivity and water
distribution characteristics.
Plunge Test
Room Test

Residential Sprinklers
Residential Sprinkler Room Test
Provide safety to the occupant and allow safe egress
Temperature cannot exceed 600 F 3 below the ceiling
The maximum temperature at 5-3 above the floor is
200 F
The temperature 5-3 above the floor shall not exceed
130 F for any continuous 2 minute period
The maximum ceiling material temperature behind
the finished ceiling surface shall not exceed 500 F.

Residential Sprinklers
Residential Sprinkler Room Test
(2) residential sprinklers are located in the room for their
coverage area

Pendent sprinkler coverage's 12x12, 14x14, 16x16,

18x18, and 20x20
Sidewall sprinklers coverage are typically 14x14,
16x16, 16x18, 16x20, 16x22, 18x18 and 20x20.
A third sprinkler is located near an open door, if the
sprinkler activates at any time during the test, the test is
considered a failure.

Residential Sprinklers

Residential Sprinklers

Residential Sprinklers

Residential Sprinklers
Wall Wetting Characteristics
28 is the maximum distance down from the ceiling on
the wall that is not being wet.

Sidewall sprinklers must direct 5% of their discharge

upon the wall on which they are installed.
Spray is in a very flat pattern. Obstructions such
as sloped ceilings, beams, ceiling fans, and lights can
inhibit the performance.

Residential Sprinklers

Residential Sprinklers
The minimum design criteria for residential sprinklers
per UL And NFPA 13D and NFPA 13R is to provide a
minimum .05 gpm per sq. ft. over the area of protection.

NFPA 13 requires that the minimum design criteria for

residential sprinklers or residential occupancies be a .10
gpm per sq. ft.

Other Sprinkler Types

Institutional Sprinklers
Institutional Sprinklers are utilized in jails, penitentiaries, mental
hospitals, juvenile wards, and other places where long term
incarceration is practiced.

Institutional Sprinklers
Tamper Resistant
Lockable Escutcheons
Retaining Flange
Drop weight rating

Combustible Concealed Space

Sprinklers

Interstitial Space Sprinklers

An Upright Sprinkler
Spray patterns different from standard spray upright sprinklers

Spray Nozzles
Spray Nozzles are special discharge devices normally utilized
on deluge systems to protect the entire surface area of an
object

Model E

A-D Series
Model M

Window Sprinkler

Sprinkler Accessories
Sprinkler Accessories are products that are attached to a
sprinkler such as a head guard or are part of the sprinklers
finish installation such as an escutcheon

In the
Box Thinking
Sprinkler
Aesthetics

Standard Cover Plate

2 Outside Diameter

Square Cover Plate

Large Cover Plate

3 5/16 Outside Diameter

Sprinkler Aesthetics

Special Applications
MRI Facilities
Concealed Sprinkler for MRI facilities
Non Magnetic Materials

Cleanroom Environments
Gasketed Concealed Coverplate

Conclusion
What did we learn?

Thank You
Todd Stevens
[email protected]
910-215-0262