The Energy and Fuel Data Sheet

W1P1 Revision 1

Iain Staffell, University of Birmingham, UK

March 2011

[email protected]

Length, Area, Volume

1 mile
1 foot
1 inch

=
=
=

1.609344 km
30.48 cm
2.540 cm

1 imperial gallon
1 US gallon

=
=

4.54609 L
3.785411784 L

1 imperial pint
1 US pint

=
=

0.56826125 L
0.473176473 L

1 barrel of oil

158.987294928 L

Pressure
1 atmosphere
1 atmosphere
1 atmosphere
1 atmosphere

=
=

1.01325 bar
101.325 kPa
14.6959494 psi
760 torr (mmHg)

Weight, Mass
1 short ton
1 long ton
1 pound
1 kg

=
=
=
=

0.90718474 tonnes
1.016046909 tonnes
0.45359237 kg
9.80665 Newtons

44.010 kg of CO

12.011 kg of C

Speed
1 mph
1 km/h

=
=

0.44704 m/s
m/s

Time
1 day
1 year

=
=

86400 seconds
8760 hours

1 psi = 6,894.757 Pa

Alternate definitions exist for many of these units, the ISO standards were chosen where possible.

Energy, Power1
1 kWh = 3.6 MJ
1 Btu = 1055.056 J
1 therm = 105.5056 MJ
1 calorie = 4.1868 J
1 tonne of oil
= 41.868 GJ (LHV)
equivalent (toe)
1 barrel of oil
5.70 GJ (IEA def.)

(LHV)
5.86 GJ (global avg.)
1 mechanical hp 745.7 W
1 PS 735.5 W

General Properties for Some Common Fuels

This data is aggregated from 26 sources in order to give a representative view of each fuels properties, with global scope and no specific application. The
tables on the following pages give the data presented in each source, which can be used to represent more specific situations (e.g. automobile fuels in
Europe).

Crude Oil
Petrol / Gasoline
Diesel
Fuel Oil
LPG
Kerosene
(35 MPa)

Hydrogen

(70 MPa)
(liquid)

Density at
STP
(kg/m3)
856 24
741 4
837 8
959 17
533 18
807 6

Ratio of HHV
to LHV energy
content
1.052 0.001
1.063 0.015
1.063 0.011
1.058 0.008
1.077 0.008
1.053 0.001

23.65 0.09
39.69 0.16
72.41 0.72

1.183 0.001

(kg/m3)

(HHV / LHV)

Coal

Natural Gas
Hydrogen

(1 atm.)

(MJ/L)

(MJ/kg)

(MJ/L)

(MJ/kg)

36.84 1.05
32.70 0.44
35.94 0.45
39.21 1.09
24.67 0.80
35.24 0.41

43.05 1.40
44.15 0.74
42.91 0.46
40.87 0.94
46.28 0.74
43.69 0.51

38.76 1.10
34.77 0.47
38.19 0.47
41.50 1.15
26.57 0.86
37.10 0.43

45.30 1.47
46.94 0.70
45.60 0.49
43.26 1.00
49.84 0.80
45.99 0.54

Carbon Intensity
(g CO2-eq /
MJ LHV)
73.5 2.6
70.8 4.4
74.3 2.3
77.8 2.1
63.9 2.1
72.0 1.8

2.837 0.003
4.761 0.005
8.685 0.010

119.95 0.13

3.355 0.004
5.631 0.006
10.273 0.011

141.88 0.16

(MJ/kg)

(g/MJ LHV)

Net Calorific Value / LHV

Gross Calorific Value / HHV

(MJ/kg)

1.050 0.004

25.75 2.64

27.05 2.77

95.7 7.0

(kg/m3)

(HHV / LHV)

(MJ/m3)

(MJ/kg)

(MJ/m3)

(MJ/kg)

(g/MJ LHV)

0.768 0.039
0.0838 0.0008

1.109 0.003
1.183 0.001

35.22 2.22
10.05 0.01

45.86 3.95
119.95 0.13

39.05 2.47
11.88 0.01

50.84 4.38
141.88 0.16

56.9 3.4
0

Data Tables for Each Fuel

The following tables list the data sources consulted and the values they present. The authors calculations are shown when values were converted from
their native units. The following indicators are used for the data:
Values given in purple were derived from other data given solely by the source;
Values given in blue were calculated using the aggregated data from other sources, as given in the table on page 2;
Values given in pink were disregarded because their scope did not match the criteria of this study, they were non-primary sources that were still
worth mentioning, or they were believed to be erroneous.
Selected studies are highlighted in bold as these were considered to be the most methodologically sound, and so their results were weighted more heavily
in the aggregated table on page 2:
Both the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) provide country-specific data for several fuels,
giving data such as national production levels, average densities and heat contents ([1-4] and [5]) . Global average values were produced from
these data sets where possible, by weighting each nations value by its level of production. For other studies, the region represented by their data is
given in brackets.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published authoritative reports on the emission factors for stationary and mobile fuel
combustion, giving carbon intensities for several fuels which account for the emission of CH4 and N2O ([6, 7]).

Density

Crude Oil

(kg/L)

Net Calorific Value / LHV

(MJ/L)

(MJ/kg)

Gross Calorific Value / HHV

(MJ/L)

(MJ/kg)

IEA (definition)2

[1]

35.67

41.868

IEA Key World Energy

Statistics (global)

[3]

36.83 1.19

1.028 0.026 toe/tonne =

43.03 1.10

38.78 1.25

45.31 1.16

IEA Oil Information (global)

[1] [8]

0.853

38.50

45.00

40.51

47.37

IEA Oil Information

(weighted global average)

[1]

7.353 0.168 barrels per

tonne = 0.856 0.020

US EIA
(weighted global average)

[5]

7.335 0.219 barrels per

tonne = 0.858 0.026

36.89 0.84

42.98 1.62

5852 133 kBtu per

barrel = 38.84 0.88

45.25 1.71

Internal Revenue Service

(definition)

[9]

5800 kBtu per barrel =

38.49 MJ/L

44.98

DUKES (UK)

[10]

38.3

45.7

IPCC stationary (global)

[6]

1192 L/tonne = 0.839

36.4

43.4

The IEA defined an internationally recognised standard for a tonne of oil equivalent (toe) as being 10.0 kcal, or 41.868 GJ.

Carbon Intensity
(g CO2/MJ LHV)

20gC = 73.28

73.55 2.58

Density

Petrol / Gasoline
IEA

(Europe)
(America)
(Pacific)

(kg/L)
[2]

Net Calorific Value / LHV

Gross Calorific Value / HHV

Carbon Intensity
(g CO2/MJ LHV)

(MJ/L)

(MJ/kg)

(MJ/L)

(MJ/kg)

32.6
33.2
33.0

44.0
44.8
44.6

34.7
35.3
35.1

46.8
47.6
47.4

33.16

44.75

34.90

47.10

18.9 gC = 69.25 gCO

IEA (global)

[1] [8]

0.741

U.S. Energy Information

Administration (USA)

[11]

8.53 barrels/tonne =
0.737

DUKES (UK)

[10]

1362 L/tonne = 0.734

32.82

44.7

34.58

47.1

3.135 kg/kg (HHV) =

66.56 (HHV) = 70.13

DEFRA (UK)3

[12]

1354 L/tonne = 0.739

33.03

44.72

34.76

47.07

2317 g/L = 70.15

IPCC stationary (global)

[6]

IPCC mobile (global)

[7]

71.15 5.22

ORNL Bioenergy (USA)

[13]

1356 L/tonne = 0.737

115,000 Btu/galUS = 32.05

43.46

2.42 kgC/galUS =
2.34 kg CO/L = 73.1

JEC (EU)

[14, 15]

0.745

32.2

43.2

GREET 1.8 (USA)

(conventional gasoline)

[16]

2,819 g/galUS = 0.745

116,090 Btu/galUS = 32.36

43.45

124,340 Btu/galUS = 34.66

46.54

86.3% carbon ratio

= 72.8

Transportation Energy
Data Book (USA)

[17]

6.2 lb/galUS = 0.743

115,400 Btu/galUS = 32.16

43.29

125,000 Btu/galUS = 34.84

46.90

19.34 MT/Quad =
67.17 (HHV) = 71.84

College of the Desert (USA)

[18]

69.55 3.12

125,000 Btu/galUS = 34.84

47.24

3.17 kg/kg = 73.4

44.5

Government statistics derived from data given in the Digest of UK Energy Statistics (DUKES) and the Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP 2005).

47.5

Density

Diesel

Net Calorific Value / LHV

Gross Calorific Value / HHV

Carbon Intensity

(kg/L)

(MJ/L)

(MJ/kg)

(MJ/L)

(MJ/kg)

(g CO2/MJ LHV)

DUKES (UK)

[10]

1195 L/tonne = 0.837

35.90

42.9

38.16

45.6

3.164 kg/kg HHV =

69.39 (HHV) = 73.75

DEFRA (UK)

[12]

1203 L/tonne = 0.831

36.04

43.36

37.94

45.64

2629 g/L = 72.94

IPCC stationary (global)

[6]

74.35 1.47

IPCC mobile (global)

[7]

75.39 2.84

ORNL Bioenergy (USA)

[13]

0.849

130,500 Btu/galUS = 36.37

42.84

2.77kgC/galUS =
2.68 kg CO/L = 73.7

JEC (EU)

[14, 15]

0.832

35.9

43.1

3.16 kg/kg = 73.3

Determined for C15.35H28.68

[19]

0.832

35.70

42.92

GREET 1.8 (USA)

[16]

3,206 g/galUS = 0.847

129,488 Btu/galUS = 36.19

42.61

138,490 Btu/galUS = 38.60

45.58

Transportation Energy
Data Book (USA)

[17]

128,700 Btu/galUS = 35.87

42.83

138,700 Btu/galUS = 38.66

46.16

College of the Desert (USA)

[18]

35.59

42.5

37.52

44.8

87.1% carbon ratio

= 74.9

Note: when a source gave multiple options for diesel fuels, the data for low or ultra-low sulphur diesel were chosen.

Density

Fuel Oil
IEA

(Europe)
(America)
(Pacific)

IEA (global)

(kg/L)
[2]

Net Calorific Value / LHV

Gross Calorific Value / HHV

Carbon Intensity
(g CO2/MJ LHV)

(MJ/L)

(MJ/kg)

(MJ/L)

(MJ/kg)

38.4
38.6
40.9

40.0
40.2
42.6

40.6
40.8
43.3

42.3
42.5
45.1

38.40

40.68

40.42

42.82

21.1 gC = 77.31

[1] [8]

0.944

U.S. Energy Information

Administration (USA)

[11]

6.66 barrels/tonne =
0.944

DUKES (UK)

[10]

1024 L/tonne = 0.977

39.84

40.8

42.48

43.5

3.216 kg/kg HHV =

73.93 (HHV) = 78.82

DEFRA (UK)

[12]

1033 L/tonne = 0.968

39.86

41.18

41.96

43.34

77.99

IPCC stationary (global)

[6]

77.65 2.02

Density

LPG
IEA

(kg/L)
(Europe)
(America)
(Pacific)

[2]

Gross Calorific Value / HHV

Carbon Intensity
(g CO2/MJ LHV)

(MJ/L)

(MJ/kg)

(MJ/L)

(MJ/kg)

24.5
25.2
25.4

46.0
47.3
47.7

26.4
27.1
27.3

49.4
50.8
51.3

24.87

46.15

26.99

50.08

17.2 gC = 63.02

IEA (global)4

[1] [8]

0.539

U.S. Energy Information

Administration (USA)

[11]

11.60 barrels/tonne =
0.542

DUKES (UK)4

[10]

1849 L/tonne = 0.541

24.88

46.0

26.61

49.2

214 g/kWh (HHV) = 63.58

DEFRA (UK)

[12]

1968 L/tonne = 0.508

23.87

46.98

25.13

49.45

62.63

IPCC stationary (global)

[6]

63.15 2.07

IPCC mobile (global)

[7]

64.46 2.00

JEC (EU)

[14, 15]

0.550

25.3

1,923 g/galUS = 0.508

84,950 Btu/galUS =
23.68

46.0

[16]

NEF (Japan)

[20, 21]

58.7 (HHV) = 63.1

Transportation Energy
Data Book (USA)

[17]

16.99 MT/Quad =
59.00 (HHV) = 63.4

Density

IEA

(Europe)
(America)
(Pacific)

IEA (global)

(kg/L)
[2]

46.61

3.02 kg/kg = 65.7

91,410 Btu/galUS =
25.48

GREET 1.8 (USA)

Kerosene

Net Calorific Value / LHV

Net Calorific Value / LHV

50.15

Gross Calorific Value / HHV

Carbon Intensity
(g CO2/MJ LHV)

(MJ/L)

(MJ/kg)

(MJ/L)

(MJ/kg)

34.7
35.3
34.6

43.0
43.8
42.9

36.5
37.2
36.4

45.3
46.1
45.2

35.44

43.75

37.30

46.05

19.6 gC = 71.82

[1] [8]

0.810

U.S. Energy Information

Administration (USA)

[11]

7.73 barrels/tonne =
0.814

DUKES (UK)

[10]

1245 L/tonne = 0.803

35.26

43.9

37.11

46.2

3.150 kg/kg (HHV) =

68.18 (HHV) = 71.75

DEFRA (UK)

[12]

1250 L/tonne = 0.800

35.11

43.89

36.96

46.20

71.73

IPCC stationary (global)

[6]

72.15 1.82

NEF (Japan)

[20, 21]

67.9 (HHV) = 71.5

Transportation Energy
Data Book (USA)

[17]

Assuming 60% propane and 40% butane by mass.

128,100 Btu/galUS = 35.70

44.26

135,000 Btu/galUS = 37.63

46.64

19.72 MT/Quad =
68.49 (HHV) = 72.2

Density

Natural Gas

(kg/m)

Net Calorific Value / LHV

Gross Calorific Value / HHV

(MJ/m)

(MJ/kg)

(MJ/m)

(MJ/kg)

35.14 2.19

45.75 3.68

38.95 2.43

50.71 4.08

Carbon Intensity
(g CO2/MJ LHV)

IEA (global)

[3]

IEA

[8]

US EIA
(weighted global average)

[5]

34.64

45.11

38.40

50.00

[10]

36.0
35.6

46.9
46.4

40.0
39.6

52.1
51.6

184 g/kWh (HHV) =

51.11 (HHV) = 56.82

35.64

47.78

39.60

53.09

57.17

DUKES

(UK production)
(UK consumption)
DEFRA (UK)

[12]

IPCC stationary (global)

[6]

IPCC mobile (global)

[7]

1340651 L/tonne =
0.7459

56.15 2.07
58.96 4.13

[15]

0.791
0.727
0.827

35.7
35.8
31.4

45.1
49.2
38.0

39.5
39.7
34.8

50.0
54.5
42.1

GREET 1.8 (USA)

[16]

22.0 g/ft = 0.777

983 Btu/ft = 36.6

47.14

1,089 Btu/ft = 40.6

52.23

72.4% carbon ratio

= 56.3

ORNL Bioenergy (USA)

[13]

930 Btu/ft = 34.7

45.1

1027 Btu/ft = 38.3

49.8

14.4 gC/MJ = 52.8

NEF (Japan)(13A gas)

[20, 21]

Combustion (global)

[22]

Transportation Energy
Data Book (dry gas)

[17]

JEC

(Europe)
(Russia)
(Netherlands)

15.3 gC = 56.06

56.4
55.1

51.25 g/MJ HHV = 56.8

35.16

45.76

38.90

50.64

1027 Btu/ft = 38.3

49.8

14.47 MT/Quad =
50.25 (HHV) = 55.69

Density

Hydrogen

(kg/m)

Net Calorific Value / LHV

(MJ/m)

(MJ/kg)

Gross Calorific Value / HHV

(MJ/m)

(MJ/kg)

20C, 101.325 kPa

20C, 35 MPa
20C, 70 MPa
20 K, 101.325 kPa

[23, 24]

0.0837547
23.6507
39.6931
72.4073

JEC (EU)

[14, 15]

0.0893

10.73
10.06

120.1

GREET 1.8

[16]

2.55 g/ft = 0.09005

290 Btu/ft = 10.81

10.05

119.99

343 Btu/ft = 12.78

11.89

141.92

Transportation Energy
Data Book (USA)

[17]

0.08988

10.02

113,400 Btu = 119.64

11.86

134,200 Btu = 141.59

US Department of Energy (USA)

[18]

0.08519

10.04

119.93

11.88

141.86

Glenn Research Centre (USA)

[25]

0.08513

10.04
10.05

119.93
51,596 Btu/lb = 120.01

11.88
11.89

141.86
61,031 Btu/lb = 141.96

[26]

0.08987
70.99

10.78 / 10.05
8515 / 8685

119.96

12.74 / 11.88
10065 / 10267

141.79

NIST

M. Mikkola

0C, 1 atm
20K, 1 atm

Data for the density and volumetric energy density of hydrogen was based on various definitions of the gas state (temperature, pressure) within the
different sources. This was corrected for by adopting a single reference for the gas state, and using the gas density of 0.0837547 kg/m to recalculate the
volumetric energy densities in all references.
Density data is taken solely from the NIST equation of state calculator for STP conditions as defined by NIST (20C and 101.325 kPa). Typical conditions for
hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are also given for reference (as used in the summary table on page 2). Note that NIST gives the density of hydrogen as being
0.0898851 kg/m at 0C and 1 atmosphere, which is the a commonly quoted value in other sources [23].5

http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/fluid.cgi?ID=C1333740&Action=Page%20 is a more direct URL to the thermophysical properties of hydrogen.

Coal
IEA

(definition)6

Grade and End Use

Net Calorific Value / LHV

Gross Calorific Value / HHV

Carbon Intensity

(MJ/kg)

(MJ/kg)

(g CO2/MJ LHV)

[2]

IEA Key World Energy Statistics

(weighted global average)7

[3]

IEA (global)

29.31
All

0.563 0.064 toe/tonne =

23.56 2.67

24.75 2.81

[8]

All

IEA Coal Information

(weighted global average)8

[2]

Anthracite, coking and other

bituminous coals

27.49 1.19

28.87 1.25

IEA Energy Prices & Taxes

(weighted global average)9

[4]

Steam coal for electrical

power generation

25.86 2.68

27.16 2.82

US EIA
(weighted global average)10

[5]

All

18.65 3.64

19.59 3.82

DUKES (UK)

[10]

All UK consumers
UK power stations

24.5
23.8

25.8
25.0

2.301 kg/kg (HHV) =

90.61 (HHV) = 95.30

DEFRA (UK)

[12]

Hard coals

28.98

30.50

86.49

IPCC stationary (global)

[6]

Coking, bituminous and subbituminous coals used in

centralised power stations

JEC (EU)

[15]

GREET 1.8 (USA)

[16]

ORNL Bioenergy (USA)

[13]

Transportation Energy
Data Book (USA)

26.13 gC = 95.76

95.59 5.33
29.4

30.88

96.3

Bituminous

22,460,600 Btu/ton = 26.12

23,445,900 Btu/ton = 27.27

75.5% carbon ratio = 105.9

Bituminous

2730

All US production

21,352,000 Btu/ton = 24.83

All US consumption

21,015,000 Btu/ton = 24.44

[17]

746 gC/kg = 91.1101.2

26.04 MT/Quad =
90.43 (HHV) = 94.98
25.98 MT/Quad =
90.23 (HHV) = 94.77

These values aim to represent power-station grade hard coal, typically defined as anthracite, coking coal and other bituminous coals.

The IEA defined an internationally recognised standard for a tonne of coal equivalent (tce) as being 7.0 kcal, or 29.3076 GJ.
Covers output from the top ten producing countries, accounting for 87% of global production.
8 Covers consumption from 30 countries (with the notable exception of China), accounting for 35% of global consumption.
9 Covers consumption from 24 countries (with the notable exception of China), accounting for 32% of global consumption.
10 Covers output from 71 countries, accounting for virtually all global production. This was discounted as it included significant amounts of lower grade lignite and peat production.
6
7

Data Sources for Other Fuels

Many of the cited sources gave data on alternative fuels which are not listed above, including:
Biodiesel [14, 16, 17, 19];
Syndiesel [14-16];
ETBE/MTBE [14-16];
Ethanol blends [8, 14-17, 19];
Methanol [8, 14-18];
Naphtha [14-17];
Peat [8].

References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]

International Energy Agency, Oil Information. 2010: Paris. URL: http://wds.iea.org/wds/pdf/documentation_oil_2010.pdf

International Energy Agency, Coal Information. 2010: Paris. URL: http://wds.iea.org/wds/pdf/documentation_Coal_Information_2010.pdf
International Energy Agency, Key World Energy Statistics. 2010: Paris. URL: http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2010/key_stats_2010.pdf
International Energy Agency, Energy Prices & Taxes: Quarterly Statistics, Fourth Quarter. 2009: Paris.
U.S.
Energy
Information
Administration.
International
Energy
Statistics.
2011
[cited
Feb
2011];
URL:
http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm
National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Stationary Combustion, in 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, S.
Eggleston, L. Buendia, K. Miwa, T. Ngara, and K. Tanabe, Editors. 2006, IGES: Japan. URL: http://tinyurl.com/m6v3bs.
National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Mobile Combustion, in 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, S. Eggleston,
L. Buendia, K. Miwa, T. Ngara, and K. Tanabe, Editors. 2006, IGES: Japan. URL: http://tinyurl.com/kt8h2p.
International Energy Agency, CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion. 2010: Paris. URL: http://wds.iea.org/wds/pdf/doc_co2_2008.pdf
U.S. Internal Revenue Service, Nonconventional Source Fuel Credit, in Part III - Administrative, Procedural, and Miscellaneous. 1999. URL:
http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-drop/n-99-18.pdf
I. MacLeay, K. Harris, and A. Annut, Annex A: Energy and commodity balances, conversion factors and calorific values, in Digest of UK Energy Statistics.
2010, National Statistics.
U.S.
Energy
Information
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