Laboratory Guide for Teachers
Chapter
1.1
Make sure potato cores obtain are of same length and same
diameter.
Make sure students use weighing machine correctly.
Make sure potato cores are completely immersed in
sucrose solution.
Introduction to Biology
GUIDED
Experiment
Make sure students are able to detect the pulse rate on the
wrist.
Students can count pulse rate for 15 seconds and then
multiply it by 4 to get pulse rate per minute.
Make sure the load of school bags do not strain their
backbone.
Chapter
2.1
Chapter
4.1
4.2
Experiment
Make sure students are able to use the light microscope
correctly.
Remind students to focus using low power first before using
high power when observing specimen under a microscope.
Remind students to use cover slip before putting slide
under a microscope.
Be careful when using scalpel.
Remind students to use the blunt end of the toothpick.
3.1
4.3
INQUIRY
INQUIRY
Experiment
UNGUIDED
5.1
Experiment
Cell Division
INQUIRY
Experiment
Remind students to be careful when using scalpel and razor
blade.
When squashing root tip, do it gently as not to break the
cover slip.
Experiment
Chapter
6.1
Experiment
Nutrition
GUIDED
Experiment
Make sure students know how to use a weighing machine.
Remind students to use a glass rod to stir and not a
thermometer.
Make sure the water is stirred before taking the reading of
the temperature.
The food sample must be put as near the boiling tube as
possible so that as much heat as possible is used to heat the
water.
Switch off the fans and carry out the experiment in
a chamber, if possible, to prevent heat loss to the
surroundings.
Make sure students use the light microscope correctly
Use the outer layer of the onion scale which is purple in
colour for easy identification.
3.4
GUIDED
Chapter
Experiment
Sodium citrate can be added to the blood to prevent it from
clotting.
Make sure students use the light microscope correctly and
remind them to use low power to focus before using high
power.
Make sure students know how to use the irrigation
technique to draw the red blood cells in after covering the
slide with a cover slip.
3.3
Experiment
Make sure students rinse their mouths before collecting
saliva.
Make sure students know how to use a stopwatch.
Tie one end of the Visking tubing tightly so that it does not
leak.
Make sure students heat the contents in the test tube in a
water bath.
3.2
GUIDED
Do not use concentrated acids and alkalis as they are
corrosive.
Make sure students know how to read pH value using pH
paper and pH chart.
Remind students to put test tubes in a water bath of 37 C
as it is the optimum temperature for enzyme activity.
Movement of Substances Across the
Plasma Membrane
GUIDED
Chemical Composition of the Cell
Students must rinse their mouth before collecting saliva to
make sure there is no food residue in the saliva.
Remind students to use a glass rod to stir and not a
thermometer.
Make sure the temperature is maintained as stated.
Cell Structure and Cell Organisation
INQUIRY
Chapter
Biology Form 4
UNGUIDED Experiment
Make sure potatoes used are fresh, no holes or spoilt and
almost of the same diameters.
Remind students to be careful when using knives and cork
borers.
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
Biology Form 4
6.2
INQUIRY
7.3
Experiment
GUIDED
Experiment
Chapter
Different types of fruit juices can be used.
Prepare fresh fruit juices for the experiment.
Remind students not to shake the specimen tubes
vigorously.
Remind students to dip the end of the needle of the syringe
into the DCPIP solution.
6.4
GUIDED
8.1
Experiment
UNGUIDED
8.2
GUIDED
Experiment
8.3
Experiment
UNGUIDED
8.4
UNGUIDED
7.1
Experiment
9.1
GUIDED
9.2
Experiment
Experiment
Endangered Ecosystem
GUIDED
Experiment
GUIDED
Experiment
Remind students to be careful when collecting water
samples.
Remind students not to shake the contents in the bottle
vigorously.
Make sure the end of the needle of the syringe is dipped into
the water sample when adding methylene blue solution.
Remind students to keep the reagent bottles in a dark place
at all times.
Experiment
Do a demonstration on the correct way to use a J-tube.
Remind students to turn the screw on the J-tube slowly.
Remind students to be careful when handling potassium
hydroxide and potassium pyrogallate as they are corrosive.
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
Experiment
Remind students to handle the apparatus using clean
hands.
Make sure the slides are put in a proper and safe manner
in the different stations so that they are not removed or
broken by other students.
Dry yeast or fresh yeast can be used.
Make sure the glucose solution is boiled and cooled before
it is used.
Lime water can be used to replace bicarbonate indicator
solution.
7.2
GUIDED
Respiration
GUIDED
Experiment
INQUIRY
Chapter
Carry out this experiment in groups.
Make sure the end of the stem faces upwards.
Chapter
INQUIRY
Dry yeast or fresh yeast can be used.
Experiment
Paddy seedlings or any suitable seedlings can be used.
Make sure each culture solution is prepared correctly and
monitored closely, look out for alga, water level and pests.
6.8
Experiment
Remind students to be careful when capturing
woodlice.
Field study on population size of garden snails can also be
carried out.
Make sure permanent ink is used.
Remind students to make a small mark only.
Make sure the knots at the end of Visking tubing are tied
tightly.
Rinse the outer surface of the Visking tubings before putting
them in the beaker.
Make sure students carried out the tests for starch and
reducing sugar correctly.
6.7
GUIDED
Make sure students place quadrats at random.
Other plants can be studied, for examples, clover, Axonopus
compressus, lalang or Imperata cylindrica.
Size of quadrats depend on the size of plants.
Make sure the experiment is carried out at a temperature
of 37C.
6.6
Dynamic Ecosystem
Apart from measuring the height of seedlings, average dry
mass of the plants can be used.
Make sure the plants received enough and equal sunlight.
Make sure there are no pests to affect the growth of the
seedlings.
Make sure students rinse their mouths before collecting
saliva.
Make sure experiment is carried out at a constant
temperature of 37C.
6.5
Experiment
Make sure students know how to detect and count pulse
rate.
Make sure vigorous activity carried out by students are not
dangerous and do not affect their health.
Make sure solid food sample is crushed before use.
Remind students to be careful when using the mortar and
pestle.
Be careful when handling Millons reagent.
Use a water bath to heat the contents in the test tubes.
6.3
GUIDED
