Attendance and Participation.
Question 1::
Pure Aloha::
In pure ALOHA, frames are transmitted at completely arbitrary times.
Collisions occur as
Invalid frames may be caused by channel noise or
Because other station(s) transmitted at the same time: collision.
Collision happens even when the last bit of a frame overlaps with the first bit
of the next frame.
Performance::
S = G e-2G, where S is the throughput (rate of successful transmissions) and G
is the offered load.
S = Smax = 1/2e = 0.184 for G=0.5.
Slotted Aloha::
Doubles performance of ALOHA.Frames can only be transmitted at beginning
of slot: discrete ALOHA.Vulnerable period is halved.
S = G e-G.
S = Smax = 1/e = 0.368 for G = 1.
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Question 2::
LLC ( IEEE 802.2 Standard )
Layer 2 uses Logical Link Control (LLC) to communicate with the
upper-level layers.
LLC serves to communicate upward to Network layer, independent of
the specific LAN technology used and Upper layer.
Question 3::
HDLC
HDLC was defined by ISO for use on both point-to-point and multipoint data
links. It supports full-duplex communication.
Whenever an error is detected, specified frames are retransmitted.
Broadly HDLC features are as follows:
1. Reliable protocol:: ARQ ( Automatic Repeat
Request )
1. Stop-N-Wait ARQ
Operation Mode is as Follow::
Sender keeps a copy of the last frame until it receives an acknowledgement.
For identification, both data frames and acknowledgements (ACK) frames are
numbered alternatively 0 and 1.
Sender has a control variable (S) that holds the number of the recently sent
frame. (0 or 1)
Receiver has a control variable that holds the number of the next frame
expected (0 or 1).
Sender starts a timer when it sends a frame. If an ACK is not received within a
allocated time period, the sender assumes that the frame was lost or
damaged and resends it
Receiver send only positive ACK if the frame is intact.
ACK number always defines the number of the next expected frame
2. Go-back-N
Operation Mode is as follows::
The sender keeps track of the outstanding frames and updates the variables
and windows as the ACKs arrive.
Frame 2 is lost.When the receiver receives frame 3, it discards frame 3 as it is
expecting frame 2 (according to window).
After the timer for frame 2 expires at the sender site, the sender sends frame
2 and 3. (go back to 2)
and 3. Selective Repeat ARQ
Operation Mode is as follows::
Frames 0 and 1 are accepted when received because they are in the range
specified by the receiver window. Same for frame 3.
Receiver sends a NAK2 to show that frame 2 has not been received and then
sender resends only frame 2 and it is accepted as it is in the range of the
window.
Full-duplex communication
receive and transmit at the same time
Bit-oriented protocol
use bits to stuff flags occurring in data
Flow control
adjust window size based on receiver capability
Uses physical layer clocking and
synchronization to send and receive frames.
