Physics 71 Lecture Notes
Chapter 11 Equilibrium and Elasticity
Topic 3.03: Elasticity
Date: April 21, 2014
Stress Strain and Elastic Moduli
Stress:
Strain:
The strength of the forces causing the deformation.
The resulting deformation.
Hooke's Law:
When the stress and strain are small enough, they
are directly proportional to each other.
Stress
=Elastic Modulus
Strain
Tensile Stress and Strain
Object in tension Forces of the same magnitude but
opposite in directions are applied at the object's ends
(pulling the object from its ends).
F
Tensile stress=
A
S.I. unit of tensile stress is
1 [N/m2] = 1[Pa]
ll 0 l
Tensile strain=
=
l0
l0
Young's modulus (Y)
Tensile stress F l 0
Y=
=
Tensile strain A l
Tensile Stress and Strain
Object in compression Forces on the ends of a bar
pushes rather than pulls.
ll 0 l
Compressive strain=
=
l0
l0
F l 0
Y =
A l
Tensile Stress and Strain
A material with higher
value of Y is relatively
unstretchable.
For most materials,
the Young's modulus
for both the tensile
and compressive
stresses are the
same.
Tensile Stress and Strain
Bodies can experience tensile and compressive
stresses at the same time.
For most materials, the Young's modulus for both the
tensile and compressive stresses are the same.
Tensile Stress and Strain
A steel rod 2.0 [m] long has a cross-sectional area of 0.30 cm 2 . It is
hung by one end from a support, and a 550-kg milling machine is hung
from its other end. Determine the stress on the rod and the resulting
strain and elongation.
F
Stress=
550[ kg ]9.8 [m/ s ]
=
0.30104 [ m2 ]
8
=1.810 [ Pa ]
E1. Calculate the
corresponding strain on the rod.
Stress
Stress
Strain=
Y=
Strain
Y
8
1.810 [ Pa ]
=
201010 [ Pa ]
4
=9.010
Tensile Stress and Strain
A steel rod 2.0 [m] long has a cross-sectional area of 0.30 cm 2 . It is
hung by one end from a support, and a 550-kg milling machine is hung
from its other end. Determine the stress on the rod and the resulting
strain and elongation.
F
Stress=
A
=1.810 [ Pa ]
To solve for the elongation:
l
Strain=
l0
l=Strainl 0 =(9.010 4 )(2.0[ m])
1
=1810 (10 [ m])
=1.8[mm]
Tensile Stress and Strain
A circular steel wire 2.00 m long must stretch no more than
0.25 cm when a tensile force of 400 N is applied to each end of
the wire. What minimum diameter is required for the wire?
10
Y steel =2010 [ Pa]
l 0=2.00 [m]
2
l=0.25[cm]=0.2510 [m]
F l0
Y steel =
A l
F l0
A=
Y steel l
F =400[ N ]
A=?
d =?
E2. Calculate the diameter of the wire.
2
F l0
d
=
4 Y steel l
4 F l0
d=
Y steel l
d =1.4[ mm]
Bulk Stress and Strain
The stress is now a uniform pressure on all sides, and the
resulting deformation is a volume change.
The force per unit area that the fluid
exerts on the surface of an object
immersed object is called the
pressure p:
F
p=
A
S.I. unit of
pressure:
1 [N/m2]=1[Pa]
The approximate pressure of the
earth's atmosphere at sea level:
1 atmosphere=1[atm]=1.013105 [ Pa ]
V
Bulk Strain=
V0
Where V0 is the object's initial volume
and V is the change in volume.
Bulk Stress and Strain
The bulk modulus is defined as
p
B=
;
V /V 0
p= p p 0
Bulk Stress and Strain
1
1 V
Compressibility (k): k = =
B
V0 p
Material with higher
compressibility (lower
bulk modulus) is
easier to compress
than those with lower
k (higher B).
Bulk Stress and Strain
A hydraulic press contains 0.25 m3 (250 L) of oil. Find the
decrease in the volume of the oil when it is subject to a
pressure increase of 1.6 x 107 [Pa]. The bulk modulus of the
oil is 5.0 x 109 [Pa].
p
B=
V /V 0
pV 0
(1.6107 [ Pa])(0.25[ m3 ])
=
V =
9
5.010
[ Pa ]
B
4
=8.010 [ m ]
=0.8[ L]
Note: Pressure is not the same as force. It is a scalar
quantity with no particular direction.
Shear Stress and Strain
Forces of equal magnitude but opposite direction act
tangent to the surfaces of opposite ends of the object
F
Shear Stress=
A
x
Shear Strain=
h
F h
Shear Stress
Shear Modulus=S =
=
Shear Strain
A x
Shear Stress and Strain
In lab tests on a 9.25-cm cube of a certain material, a force of
1375 N directed at 8.50 to the cube causes the cube to deform
through an angle of 1.24. What is the shear modulus of the
material?
2
s=9.25[ cm]=9.2510 [ m]
2
A=s =8.55610 [ m ]
E3. What is the shear stress
on the cube?
F
1375 cos 8.50
Shear stress= =
A (9.25102 [ m])2
Shear stress=159[ k Pa]
x
Shear strain= =tan (1.24 ) =0.02165
h
3
Shear Stress 15910 [ Pa]
6
S=
=
=7.3410 [ Pa ]
Shear Strain
0.02165
Elasticity and Plasticity
Hooke's law is applicable only in
the small stress-strain region.
Hysteresis materials follow
different curves for
increasing and decreasing
stress.
Elasticity and Plasticity
A brass wire is to withstand a tensile force of 350 [N]
without breaking. What minimum diameter must the wire
have? The breaking stress of the brass is 4.7 x 108 [Pa].
F
Breaking Stress=
;
A
F
A=
Breaking Stress
2
F
d
=
4
Breaking Stress
F
4
d=
Breaking Stress
d
A=
4
=0.97[mm]
A 5.0 x 102-N weight is hung from the end of a wire of cross-sectional area
0.010 cm2. The wire stretches from its original length of 200.00 cm to
200.50 cm.
1. What is the stress on the wire? 5 x 108 [Pa]
2. What is the elongation strain on the wire? 2.5 x 10-3
3. Determine the Young's modulus of the wire. 2 x 1011 [Pa]
4. A cable stretches by an amount d when it supports a crate of mass M.
The cable is cut in half. What is the mass of the load that can be supported
by either half of the cable if the cable stretches by an amount d?
(a) M/4
(b) M/2
(c) M
(d) 2M
(e) 4M
5. A cable stretches by an amount d when it supports a crate of mass M.
The cable is cut in half. If the same crate is supported by either half of the
cable, by how much will the cable stretch?
(a) d
(b) d/2
(c) d/4
(d) 2d
(e) 4d
