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Solution

This document discusses solutions and their properties. It defines a solution as a homogeneous mixture of two or more pure substances whose composition can vary within limits. Solutions have two components - a solvent and a solute. There are various types of solutions depending on whether the solvent and solute are gases, liquids or solids. The solubility of a solute depends on factors like the nature of the solute and solvent, temperature, and their molecular sizes. The concentration of a solution can be expressed in different ways such as mass percentage, volume percentage, and normality which is based on gram equivalents of solute per liter of solution.

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112 views1 page

Solution

This document discusses solutions and their properties. It defines a solution as a homogeneous mixture of two or more pure substances whose composition can vary within limits. Solutions have two components - a solvent and a solute. There are various types of solutions depending on whether the solvent and solute are gases, liquids or solids. The solubility of a solute depends on factors like the nature of the solute and solvent, temperature, and their molecular sizes. The concentration of a solution can be expressed in different ways such as mass percentage, volume percentage, and normality which is based on gram equivalents of solute per liter of solution.

Uploaded by

Aakash Malviya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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S

olution &

1.1

1.2

1.3
(I)
(ll)
(III)
2.

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

olligative

roperties

Solution
A homogeneous mixture of two or more pure substances whose composition may be altered within certain
limits is termed as solution.
Characteristics of Solution
(i) It is homogeneous in nature, yet retaining the properties of its constituents.
(ii) It is made of two parts i.e. a solute and a solvent.
(iii) The component which has the same physical state in pure form as the solution is called solvent and the
other is called solute. Example, in case of solution of sugar and water, sugar is the solute and water is
solvent.
(iv) If both the components have same state as the solution, the one component which is in excess is called
solvent and the other is called solute. Example, alcohol in water, benzene in toluene etc.
Types of Solution
Solvent
Solute
Examples
1.
Gas
Gas
Mixture of gases, air.
2.
Gas
Liquid Water vapour In air, mist.
3.
Gas
Solid
Sublimation of a solid Into a gas, smoke storms.
4.
Lquid
Gas
CO2 gas dissolve in water (aerated drink), soda water.
5.
Lquid
Liquid Mixture of miscible liquids e.g. alcohol in water.
6.
Lquid
Solid
Salt in water, sugar in water.
7.
Solid
Gas
Adsorption of gases over metals, hydrogen over palladium.
8.
Solid
Liquid Mercury in zinc, merccry in gold i.e. all amalgams.
9.
Solid
Solid
Homogeneous mixture of two or more metals
(i.e. alloys) e.g. copper In gold. zinc In coooer.
Cause of Miscibility of Liquids
Chemically alike liquids dissolve in one another. e.g. all alkanes are miscible in all proportions with one another
because they are non-polar. Similarly polar liquid dissolves in each other; e.g. lower alcohol in water.
Dipole interactions i.e. water and ether, water and phenol.
Molecular size of liquids which are mutually soluble are also approximately same.
SOLUBILITY
The maximum amount of a solute that can be dissolved in 100 g of solvent at a given temperature (usually
25C) is known its solubility at that temperature.
Solubility =

3.

Amount of substnace dissolved


x 100
Amount of solvent

The solubility of a solute in a liquid depends upon the following factors


(a) Nature of the solute i.e. ionic or covalent (polar or non-polar).
(b) Nature of the solvent i.e. polar with high dielectric constant or non-polar.
(c) Temperature - Usually the solubility of the solute increases with increase of temperature (e.g. KNO3,
NH4Br) but in some cases increase in solubility is negligible (e.g. NaCl) and in cases of some salts (e.g.
Na2SO4 and CeSO4 solubility decreases with increase in temperature).
Methods of Expressing the Concentration of a Solution
There are many ways of expressing the concentration of a solution. These methods are as follows Mass percentage It may be defined as the number of parts by mass of solute per hundred parts by mass of solution. For
example. a 5% (by mass) solution of sugar in water means that 100 g of solution contain 5 g of sugar.
Volume percentage It may be difined as the number of parts by volume of solute per hundred parts by volume of solution. For
example. a 25% (by volume) solution of ethyl alcohol means that 100 cm3. of the solution contain 25 cm3
of ethyl alcohol and 75 cm3 of water.
Normality Normality of a solution is defined as the number of gram equivalent of the solute dissolved per litre of the
solution. It is represented by N. Mathematically.
Normality N =

Mass of solutein grams per litre


Equivalent mass of the solute

A solution having normality equal to one is called normal solution. Such a solution contains one gram
equivalent of solute per litre of solution. A seminormal solution contains

1
2

gram equivalent. A decinormal

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