SPSS gave me answers to my how and

why questions on customer preferences.

We learned exactly where customers
think we are struggling and can allocate
resources to address the problem.
Sharon James
Process Specialist
Haworth Furniture

With SPSS, I save about two weeks of

time each quarter (along with $20,000
in annual consulting fees) from data
input to number crunching.

SPSS
Survey Tips
A handy guide to help you
save time and money as
you plan, develop, and
execute your surveys

Julie Frandsen
Assistant Editor
Aspen Publishers

SPSS Text Analysis for Surveys ability to

distinguish between positive and negative
open-end responses is the Holy Grail of
survey text analysis.
Bob Muenchen
Manager, Statistical Consulting Center
The University of Tennessee Office of
Information Technology

SPSS has a worldwide network of distributors.

To locate the SPSS office nearest you, go to
www.spss.com/uk.

SPSS is a registered trademark and the other SPSS

products named are trademarks of SPSS Inc. All other
names are trademarks of their respective owners.
2008 SPSS Inc. All rights reserved. STIP0508-UK

www.spss.com/uk

Table of Contents

Preface

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Define your mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Outline your research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Establish a budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Develop a schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Define the population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Determine your sample size . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Select a sampling technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Choose a survey method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Questionnaire design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Determine your surveys length . . . . . . . . . 12
Choose appropriate question formats . . . . 13
Design your response choices . . . . . . . . . . 17
Use professional formatting . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Conduct a pilot study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Finding problems in your survey . . . . . . . . . 23
Data collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Use incentives as appropriate . . . . . . . . . . 25
Give clear instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Interviewer-administered surveys . . . . . . . . 27
Telephone surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Mailed surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Online surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Survey field times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Ideal response rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Analysis and reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Use a unique identification variable . . . . . 34
Clean and verify your data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Analyse open-ended questions . . . . . . . . . 36
Keep track of your analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Design readable reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
About SPSS Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
SPSS products for survey
and market research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Are you currently involved in survey research?

Or are you developing a survey for the first time?
Regardless of your level of experience, SPSS
Survey Tips can help you plan, develop, and
execute surveys.

SPSS products named in this booklet are trademarks or registered

trademarks of SPSS Inc. For details, see pp. 5255. Other names
are trademarks of their respective owners.

This booklet is divided into four major sections.

each is related to a stage in the survey research
process and contains a number of tips to guide
you through it. Please remember that these
stages are not to be considered in isolation. A
decision made at one stage may influence your
work at other stages. Also, in some situations
you may work on several stages simultaneously,
rather than sequentially.
After the tips, youll find a glossary of terms
frequently used in survey research. These terms
are boldfaced the first time they appear in the text.
As you read, youll see symbols that will help you
better understand the information in this booklet.
This symbol indicates an example
illustrating a particular tip.
The symbol indicates that the figure shown
is based on a survey of a very large population,
such as a national survey.

This symbol highlights SPSS products that

help you perform a particular action or
specific survey application more effectively
and productively. A list of SPSS survey
research products can be found on pages
5255 of this booklet.
Keep SPSS Survey Tips by your side during the
survey process and use it to help you save
money, execute your survey in a timely manner,
and get the highest response rate and the most
useful results.
If you have questions about conducting or
analysing your surveys, call your local SPSS
office. We offer a variety of training and
consulting programs to assist you. Information is
available online at www.spss.com.
Or, if you have suggestions for improving
our survey software, please e-mail us at
[email protected].

Stage one: planning

Define your mission
Do you know why you and your organisation want
to conduct this survey? If so, use these reasons to
develop your surveys mission. Once developed,
refer to your mission throughout the survey
process to make sure that it is supported by every
action.
If you are uncertain about why you and your
organisation want to conduct the survey and
what you plan to do with the results, you may
be collecting unnecessary data.
When questioning your organisation, if
you get an answer such as, We do it every
year, dig deeper for the real reason.
Outline your research
Develop a plan to implement your mission.
Be prepared to know which statistics to run
and what initial relationships and patterns you
expect to find.
If you want to predict purchase patterns
based on known demographic
characteristics, you need to specify the
demographics you think may be relevant.
Establish a budget
Mapping an action plan helps you justify your
study and budget. It also helps determine the
scope and size of your survey. Typically, the
major costs of a survey are data collection and
data entry. Some methods, such as e-mail or
online surveys, typically have a lower cost-perreturned-questionnaire and may help you stay
within your budget.

Before beginning, be sure to ask how

much your survey will cost and how long it
will take to complete it and deliver results.
Develop a schedule
If youre new to survey research, assume that the
process will take longer than you expect. When
creating an entirely new survey, allow time for
review and performing a pilot study. With any
survey, be sure to allow enough time for data
collection, analysis, and reporting.
Try to anticipate what tables and graphics
should be constructed so you can begin
these early in the process.
Define the population
Before you can develop questions and format your
survey, you need to consider the population you
will be contacting. The age, attention span and
gender of potential respondents will influence the
design of your survey and the data collection
methods you use.
A young child may be able to pay attention to
your questions for as little as five minutes,
or may not understand all of the content.
Older respondents may not understand
new phrases or jargon. One age group
may prefer phone or mail surveys, another
online surveys.
Consumers reached by phone at home
may be distracted by other activities and
unwilling to spend more than 10 minutes
being surveyed.

If any of your questions are genderspecific, be careful to avoid unintentionally

offensive language, and be sure that
questions are directed at the right audience.
Determine your sample size
The appropriate sample size for your survey is
influenced by your purpose in conducting the
survey, and by your budget. If your sample size is
too small, you could miss important research
findings. But if its too large, you could waste
valuable time and resources.
There are software tools that enable you to
determine critical variables (anticipated effect, size,
confidence, statistical power, and sample size)
before you spend valuable time and resources.
There is usually no reason to survey more
than 1,000 to 1,500 respondents. While
the precision of results tends to improve
as the sample size increases, the increase
in precision is negligible when the sample
size is greater than 1,500 respondents.
SamplePower

One approach
A conservative formula you can use to determine
the appropriate sample size N is based on the
amount of error you are willing to tolerate,
stated as a proportion or percent.
1
N =_____

error2

For example, if an error of five percent (5

percent) is acceptable, the formula calculates
the required sample size as:
= 400
N =_____
1 = _____
1

.052 .0025
A second approach
If you have reason to expect a high degree of
correlation between variables, then you can use
a smaller sample size for your survey. Base the
sample size on the minimum adequate sample
size of important subgroups in the population.
Many analysts suggest that there should be at
least 100 cases in each subgroup. If possible,
know what proportion of the population (in the
real world) is in each subgroup and calculate the
total sample size required. Take into account the
expected non-response rate of this population and
increase the sample size by that factor.
You can use a crosstabulation or some
nonparametric tests; in addition, there are
procedures, such as exact tests, that work
very well with small subgroups.
SPSS Base, SPSS Exact Tests

Select a sampling technique

A sample is a part of an entire population
that possesses attitudes, opinions, habits, or
characteristics that you wish to study. A census
includes an entire population. Consider the size of
the population youre sampling, and then decide
whether you want to survey a sample or a census.
If you elect to survey a sample, you might use one
of the following techniques.

Purposive sampling
Use non-probabilistic sampling (purposive
sampling) if you want to learn about people with
special characteristics. Purposive sampling is
often used for focus groups.
You want to survey females between the
ages of 18 and 25 who watch television
at least 10 hours a week. Youll want to
conduct a purposive sample to be sure
that you include all of the relevant characteristics and exclude individuals who
dont fit these requirements.
Using every nth name
Systematic sampling, the easiest random
sampling method, generates a multiple of a
number: for example, every 5th, 10th, or 34th
name from a population list. Beware of hidden
patterns in your list that could compromise the
integrity of the sample, however. The list may
include names sorted by frequency or recency
of contact, geographic origin, or companies of
similar size.
Using more than one sampling method
You may use more than one sampling method
for your survey.
You may conduct a simple random
sample but purposely over-sample one
stratum households with a certain
level of income, for example. With
these additional data, you can perform
two studies: one on the whole population
and the other on a specific subset. This
type of sample is called a stratified sample.
SamplePower
SPSS Complex Samples

You can take equal numbers of various

subgroups former, current, and new
customers, for example to maximise
statistical power in tests.
Choose a survey method
There are two basic methods for conducting
a survey: self-administered and intervieweradministered. Self-administered surveys can
be written a paper questionnaire sent by mail,
for example or conducted electronically either
over the Web or through dedicated survey
stations. Self-administered surveys can also be
oral as when participants phone in responses to
an automated system. Interviewer-administered
surveys can be conducted in person or over the
phone, with interviewers recording results on
paper or electronically.
If questions are personal or require
a lot of thought, self-administered
surveys are a good choice.
Allocate resources for data entry
Whatever method you choose, be sure to budget
time and resources for data entry. With online
surveys, your data will already be in an electronic
format. Data will also be recorded if you use
computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI)
or computer-assisted telephone interviewing
(CATI) solutions. Designing paper surveys so that
they can be scanned electronically makes data
entry for this type of survey faster and less costly.

Consider the length of your survey

If you must ask a lot of questions or expect the
respondent to spend an hour or more with your
survey, an interviewer-administered, in-person
survey is recommended. If you cant afford to
perform in-person surveys, the second-best
option is a self-administered survey.
A lengthy mail survey is more likely
to be completed than a 20-minute
telephone survey. A lengthy online
survey is more likely to be completed
if respondents can stop and start at will.
Consider your budget
Interviews conducted by phone can be more
expensive than other surveys when you consider
long-distance phone charges, wages for
interviewers and supervisory costs. In-person
interviews also incur many of these charges.
Mail surveys may be economical if you have a
large sample or if your sample spans a large
geographical area. Remember to consider the
method of returning the mail survey. For example,
including postage on return envelopes increases
expenses but also may increase returns.

SPSS Data Entry, Interview Player,

mrInterview, mrInterview CATI,
mrPaper, mrScan

Online surveys are another cost-effective method.

You save on postage, printing and wages for
interviewers and you minimise the costs of data
entry and data cleansing, since information is
already captured in an electronic format.
Depending upon the number of surveys your
organisation conducts, you may find that a survey
developed and/or hosted by an application
service provider (ASP) is an economical alternative.

If youre thinking of conducting a Webbased survey, make sure youre able to

obtain a valid sample population with
that method. For example, some
populations such as members of certain
professional organisations or students at
many universities have access to the
Internet. However, you cant assume that
everyone does, or that they are willing to
complete a survey online.

SPSS Data Entry, Interview Player

mrInterview, mrInterview CATI
mrPaper, mrScan,
Dimensions ASP,
Dimensions Service Bureau

In order to get accurate results with

Web-based surveys, be aware that with
volunteer surveys a popular feature
on many Web sites results may be
skewed. For example, if you are trying to
learn how many hours per day people surf
the Web, heavy Web users will be more
likely to respond than the average person.
You can minimise this risk by using
screening questions to control the number
of participants in various subgroups,
based on demographic or other qualities
or on their responses to questions.

Consider speed
Web and telephone surveys are the fastest
methods of conducting surveys. The typical time
required for collecting data through a Web or
telephone survey ranges from a few days to a
few weeks, while mailing a survey can add at
least a month to the process.
Consider your survey population
Before you decide upon any form of selfadministered survey, you need to consider
whether the method is appropriate for the
population you are surveying.

10

11

Stage two: questionnaire design

Determine your surveys length
The ideal length depends upon the topic and the
type of population you need to study. In general,
limit the length of your questionnaire to encourage
prospective respondents to participate.
Here are some general guidelines:
A survey targeting children should take no
longer than five to seven minutes to complete
For most populations, self-administered surveys
should be no longer than four pages
Web-based surveys should ideally enable
participants to answer each question in a single
step
Phone interviews should run no longer than 10
minutes
Face-to-face interviews can continue for an hour
or longer.
Balance length and information
With a shorter questionnaire, you should get a
higher response rate and reduce the chance of
error and missing data. However, you will also get
less information from your respondents and may
have a less comprehensive study. The key to a
successful survey is to ensure that your questions
are concise and easy to understand, and give you
valid, reliable information.
Keep questions short
Make each question easy to understand and,
if possible, less than 25 words in length.
Avoid using double negatives, as this type
of phrasing often confuses respondents.

12

Which of the following questions do you

find clearer?
I agree that snack foods such as
candy bars should be available in
school vending machines.
I dont agree that snack foods such
as candy bars should not be
available in school vending machines.
Choose appropriate question formats
Some questions can be easily answered with a
single answer, but others may require multiple
choices a scale or, perhaps, a grid. And some
may best be answered through an open-ended
text response. Choosing an appropriate format
will make it easier for respondents to answer
questions clearly.
SPSS Data Entry, Desktop Author,
mrInterview, mrPaper, mrScan
Avoid double-barreled questions
Double-barreled questions ask for opinions about
two subjects at the same time. For example,
Are you satisfied with the amount and kind
of information you receive from your benefits
administrator? When analysing responses to
such a question, you wont be able to tell which
part of the question the respondent is answering.

13

Avoid leading and loaded questions

Leading questions indicate subtly or not so
subtly the desired or acceptable answer. For
this reason, they discredit the objectivity of
your results.
Loaded questions are also to be avoided. These
questions use emotionally charged words like
crisis, failure, or superb, and tend to
elicit more strongly emotional responses than
questions phrased in emotionally neutral terms.
Be specific
If questions include vague qualifiers like few,
many, or usually, or undefined qualifiers like
good and bad, the meaning of respondents
answers may be difficult to quantify.
Consider how responses might vary to the
following questions:
Do you think the president is doing a
good job of handling foreign policy?
Do you think the president is doing
a good job of handling the current
foreign policy crisis?

Dont lead with responses

In interviewer-administered surveys, avoid
beginning questions with a phrase like Do
you very often, frequently, seldom, or never...
Since people pay attention to what they hear
first, respondents listening to a question with
this structure will focus on the choices, and not
the question.
Organise questions in logical groups
This provides a sense of order for respondents
and makes it easier for them to recall experiences
and express their views.
In online surveys, group similar questions on
a single screen or use grids to minimise
complexity and encourage survey completion.
Avoid antagonising respondents
Respondents are more likely to respond if they
feel their answer is socially acceptable. Give
respondents a way out of answering questions
to which they might feel they may not have the
right answer.
The question, Did you vote in the last
election? is more likely to alienate a
non-voter than the following phrasing:
There are many reasons why people
might not vote in a given election.
Sometimes they are ill, or very busy, or
have to take care of an emergency.
Thinking back to the last election, did
you happen to vote?

Please rate how the president handles

foreign policy.
The third version has the most balanced
phrasing and avoids both loaded terms and
vague qualifiers.

14

15

Offer respondents a choice of languages

In certain situations, your survey can be conducted
in a single language. Its increasingly common,
however, to create and field surveys in multiple
languages. Youll want to provide questions,
response lists, and instructions in the languages
preferred by respondents while simplifying data
analysis as much as possible.

The question, Are there additional

features youd like to see in our product?
will generate comments that are not so
quickly classified as a simple list might be.
The benefit to this approach is that it may
uncover preferences or views your
organisation might not have considered
suggesting. In this example, it might lead
to your organisation developing features
that you may not have imagined customers would want.

mrTranslate

Consider using open-ended questions

Most survey questions are closed-ended,
meaning that you provide response choices
for participants. Open-ended questions allow
people to express themselves in their own
words. Open-ended questions allow you to
explore a greater breadth of respondent attitudes
and preferences. There are two types of openended questions. With one type, there is a
predetermined set of answers that you expect to
receive. With the second, there is a wider range
of potential answers.
A question might be, Which breakfast
cereals have you eaten in the past
month? In this example, you already
know the breakfast cereals on the
market; yet you have not supplied a
list for the respondent.

SPSS Text Analysis for Surveys

Place open-ended questions at the end

If your survey is divided into sections, place
open-ended questions at the end of a section.
This gives you greater flexibility and more room
to record verbatim responses. Be careful not to
overuse open-ended questions, as they can take
more time for respondents to answer than
questions in other formats. This may cause some
respondents to quit before completing your survey.
Design your response choices
If you provide a scale or choice of answers for
the respondent, its important that the provided
answers accurately reflect the respondents
intended response.
Likert scales should you offer a middle choice?
The Likert scale is a ranked list of responses,
often five or seven, ranging from one pole to
an opposite pole.

16

17

Many researchers include a middle response

option in a scale. The middle answer offers a
comfortable response for subjects who have
legitimately divided or neutral opinions.

1
Strongly
Agree

2
Agree

3
Neither
Agree nor
Disagree

4
Disagree

5
Strongly
Disagree

Alternatively, if you prefer to force respondents to

make a choice, you can use a four-point scale
that offers no middle choice.

1
Very
Satisfied

2
Satisfied

3
Dissatisfied

Research has shown that using Dont know

does not affect the relative proportion of other
responses. However, you might find patterns
within groups that respond to specific questions
in this way. You can use statistical software to
isolate and analyse these patterns and then
determine if these Dont know respondents
share similar characteristics.

4
Very
Dissatisfied

Note that the items above are not interval-scaled.

Interval-scaling means that the distance between
strongly agree and agree is the same as the
distance between agree and neither agree nor
disagree. Treating ordinal variables as if they
were interval-scaled can lead to biased statistical
results by skewing the weighting of the responses.
However, there are statistical packages that can
correctly analyse such items.
mrInterview, Desktop Author,
SPSS Categories

Offering Dont know as a response option

Should you offer Dont know as a response
option? By including it, you provide a response
choice for respondents who genuinely dont
know. However, including this alternative enables
some respondents to avoid stating an opinion.

SPSS Base, SPSS Missing Value Analysis,

SPSS Classification Trees
Offering Couldnt say or Not applicable
Depending on the question, you could offer
respondents the option not to answer if you
prefer that the opinions they express be
grounded in experience. Then the respondent
can tell you, I couldnt say or Not applicable,
rather than I dont know. By giving respondents
the opportunity to give a more precise answer,
you will gain more information about them.
Statistical software can help you find and
understand patterns in the groups of people
that answer I couldnt say or Not applicable,
so that you can determine if they share
similar characteristics.
SPSS Base, SPSS Missing Value Analysis,
SPSS Classification Trees

18

19

Use professional formatting

You dont have to start from scratch when
developing your survey. You can borrow styles
from large, well-known surveys such as the
General Social Survey developed by the United
States National Opinion Research Center. Look into
survey research books that provide examples for
business, academic or government environments,
or for your particular industry. Using pre-existing
questions not only saves time, it is also likely to
improve the effectiveness of your survey.
If the Gallup organisation groups income
categories in a certain way, those breaks
may be good for your survey, too.

Use checkboxes rather than blanks

Make it obvious where the respondent is
supposed to make marks so its easy for
respondents to complete the survey. Instead
of leaving a blank space, use:
Boxes
Parentheses ( )
Brackets [ ]
Circles
Leave enough space for comments
If you ask for comments, be sure you provide
enough room for respondents to write them.
At the end of your survey, you may want to
ask respondents for general comments and
thank them for their assistance.

SPSS Data Entry, Desktop Author,

mrInterview
Distinguish questions from answers
Make it as easy as possible for your respondents
to fill out self-administered surveys.
For example, you can format questions in
upper- and lower-case text and responses
in all-capital letters and boldface type.
Did you purchase a car in the last year?
(Please circle one choice)
YES
NO

Dont use lines

If you use open-ended questions, dont supply
lines on which respondents can write their
response. The lines limit the amount of feedback
youll receive and dont allow for different sizes
of handwriting. Instead, leave plenty of white
space.
Make your survey look attractive
The presentation of a survey can either
encourage or deter a person from responding.
Make a paper survey inviting by:
Including plenty of white space, so that the
document does not appear intimidating
Including color, if possible but no more
than two colors
Using no more than two typefaces.

20

21

With an online survey, you can include elements

that cannot be included in a paper survey. These
include animations, video, and sound files that
make an online survey vibrant and engaging.
Such elements enable you to pose questions
in different ways simulating a shopping
experience, for example and can elicit different
types of responses than other types of surveys.
SPSS Data Entry, Desktop Author
mrPaper, mrScan, mrInterview
Make your survey look professional
Spending extra time and money to produce a
professional document shows that you take your
research seriously. This increases the likelihood
that your respondents will take the same attitude.
If your paper survey is several pages long, print it
as a booklet. If you staple several pages together,
you risk losing pages that get separated.
If you are creating an online survey, use images,
sound and animation, where appropriate, to
make your survey engaging. If it is more than just
a few items long, you can improve the response
rate if respondents can take the survey in stages
without having to re-enter answers.
Convey a consistent image by following corporate
style guidelines whether youre creating surveys for
your own organisation or for your clients. To save
time, develop templates that can be applied to
multiple surveys, or use a service that can do this
for you.
Desktop Author,
mrInterview,
Dimensions ASP,
Dimensions Service Bureau

22

Conduct a pilot study

Pre-testing, or conducting a pilot study, is like
a dress rehearsal for your survey. Although it
takes time, conducting a pilot study saves time
in the long run because it helps you identify
potential problems with your surveys design
while there is still time to fix them.
Conduct at least two pilot studies for all new
surveys. With the first, focus on correcting
problems with the questionnaire, openly asking
for help and comments. Then conduct the second
as if it were the real survey, looking for
additional problem areas.
If you plan a mail survey, its a good idea
to mail the surveys to a test sample to
gauge response time and other factors.
How large a sample should you use for
a pilot study?
Usually, no more than 75 respondents are
needed for a pilot study. The pilot study
population should be similar in characteristics,
though not in size, to the population of the
planned survey.
Finding problems in your survey
The following tactics will help you find flaws
in your survey.
Read questions aloud or to someone else
and observe how they sound. If the subject or
sentence is complicated, split the question in
two or rephrase it
Look for overuse of conjunctions such as
and, or, and but that create compound
sentences. Eliminate compound sentences
when possible

23

Minimise the use of common prepositions

such as with, except, and by as phrase
connectors. These also can lead to complicated
sentences.

Ask respondents to write in comments and

additional responses. This may suggest response
options you never previously considered. You can
then add these to your response lists, minimising
the number of write-in or other responses.
Common survey problems
Look for the following common problems
in surveys:
Other problems to watch for
When analysing the responses from a pilot
study, you may find the following problems:
Little or no variance among responses
Too many dont know responses
Too many other responses
Unclear skip patterns or branching
Misinterpretation of open-ended questions.

Stage three: Data collection

Use incentives as appropriate
The most appropriate incentive depends upon
your population. In general, monetary rewards are
often an effective incentive. By studying previous
survey efforts and the effect of incentives, you can
get a clearer picture of what kinds of incentives
motivate the respondents youre hoping to reach.
Dimensions Reporter, Desktop Reporter

Examples of tangible incentives

Incentives that may be appropriate for your
survey population include:
Cash
Gift certificates
Chances to win prizes
Promotional or premium items, such
as key chains or calendars.
A nine or ten-year-old might participate
in an hour-long study in exchange for a
video game or movie pass.

If you find these problems, consider the wording

of a question and its relevance to the topic.

A business-person might participate in

exchange for a chance to win a useful
business tool such as a laptop
computer or PDA.
Academics and some business audiences
are motivated by the promise to share
survey results.

24

25

Examples of intangible incentives

Some respondents will react more favorably to
intangible incentives.
Help our organisation better understand
this learning disability for the benefit of
other sufferers, is an example of an
intangible incentive. So is the following:
By telling us how you feel about our
products, you will help us better
understand consumers needs, which
will lead to the development of better,
more useful products.
Give clear instructions
Begin your survey by briefly explaining its purpose.
Let respondents know how the data will be used,
and that their privacy will be protected. In online
surveys, you can also let respondents see how far
theyve progressed, which encourages them to
complete the survey.
To minimise confusion and errors, tell the
respondent at the beginning of a written selfadministered survey what instrument (pen or
pencil) to use. At the beginning of each section,
give instructions on how to respond to the
questions. Also, dont forget to tell the respondent
how to return the form when its completed.
Provide respondents with examples
On printed surveys, show respondents:
How to fill in their address
How to shade in a circle
How many circles or boxes to mark.

26

Special considerations for intervieweradministered surveys

With phone or in-person surveys, respondents
cant re-read items on a page, so its particularly
important that both questions and response
options are as clear as possible.
Keep questions short no more than 25 words
Limit the number of response options
no more than five
Limit the number of items to rank
no more than three.
Use good interviewers
A good interviewer is essential to a successful
telephone or in-person survey. A good interviewer:
Understands respondents and is empathetic
Listens well
Maintains an attitude of genuine interest
Is articulate
Can be objective
Accepts rejection doesnt take no personally
Doesnt let mood affect performance.
Special considerations for telephone surveys
For telephone interviews, script the entire call
from the greeting through the closing. Make the
script clear and direct. You want to make sure
that the interviewer can easily follow the script,
because simple blunders in speech can affect the
confidence respondents have in your survey and,
therefore, affect the overall results.
mrInterview CATI

27

Break long phone surveys into sections

You need to keep respondents interested and
alert during a long stretch of questions in an
interviewer-administered survey. Breaking your
survey into sections will help accomplish this.
Even if there is not a logical subject change,
find a way to make a break.
Prompt the interviewer
There are tactics the interviewer can use to help
the respondent answer the questions. In the
interviewers script, tell him or her to:
Mention response alternatives within the
question (but not at the beginning)
Repeat a portion of the question for items
in a series so that respondents dont forget
what is being asked.
Give your respondents a chance to remember
Respondents may have a hard time remembering
details about past behavior. Give them time to
reflect if you are conducting a phone or in-person
survey. Help them fix a time period in their minds
by referring to events or specific dates rather
than in the past five years. Ask them to check
personal records.

For in-person, paper-based surveys, provide a

list of common answers to questions so that
interviewers dont have to write out the same
response multiple times
Conduct a practice session so you can listen
to the interviewer and provide feedback
Coach the interviewer on how to answer
common questions that may arise.
Use numbers to record answers when
respondents rate something on a scale,
so that the interviewers dont have to
write lengthy answers.
Anticipate unavailability of respondents
Give the interviewer a long list of names to contact in
case certain individuals arent available or are
unwilling to participate. To be safe, you should
have between seven and 15 times more names
than the number of completed surveys you want.
You can often increase the response rate
by giving respondents a choice of ways to
respond in person, by mail or online, for
example. To make data analysis simpler,
use survey research tools that allow you to
store data collected in multiple modes in a
single database.

Help the interviewer

During an interview-administered survey,
interviewers have a lot to do: they must talk,
listen, and record responses. To make their
job easier and receive more accurate responses:
Clearly differentiate questions and responses
from instructions (anything NOT to be read
to the respondent)
Arrange the questionnaires check-boxes or
other response options so that its easy for
interviewers to record data

28

mrInterview, Interview Player,

mrPaper, mrScan

29

Reduce the barriers to interview response

respondents unavailability and lack of
cooperation are the main barriers to response
for telephone and in-person interviews. To
compensate for lack of availability, interviewers
must keep contacting prospective respondents.
To help the interviewer, keep the introduction
concise. Also, at the beginning, mention any
incentives being offered to survey respondents.
If the person does not want to participate, dont
press them; say Thank you, and move on to
another individual.
Special considerations for self-administered
mailed surveys
To increase the response rate, write a
straightforward cover letter no longer than
one page explaining:
Who is sponsoring the survey
What is the purpose of the survey
The seriousness/importance of the survey
How the respondents opinions will be used
How their privacy will be protected
How the respondent benefits from participating.
If possible, have an important or influential person
sign the letter to give the survey greater legitimacy.
Certified mail can increase response rate
Although it increases costs, sending a survey by
certified mail can greatly increase the response to
a lengthy questionnaire.
Express mail and e-mail improve response
and timeliness
Both express mail and e-mail can be effective
when sending a survey to a business. These
methods improve both the response rate and
the timeliness of the surveys return.

30

Notify respondents in advance

Send respondents an e-mail or postcard to alert
them that the survey will arrive in approximately
one week. Pre-notification will increase the
likelihood of response because the respondents
are more likely to recognise the survey when it
arrives. The note may also spark curiosity in the
respondents, and they will look for the survey.
Use commitment cards or e-mails to
estimate response
Commitment cards and commitment e-mails
ask prospective respondents to indicate that
they agree to participate in the survey. This
will allow you to estimate the response rate
to your survey.
Reminders increase the response rate
Send a reminder by postcard or e-mail one
or two weeks after the initial survey mailing.
These reminders should thank people who have
completed the survey while reminding those who
have not yet responded to do so. Research shows
this greatly increases a surveys response rate.
Re-mail surveys to increase response
Send out duplicate surveys to non-respondents
(or to the entire sample) 10 to 14 days after the
thank you/reminder postcard.
Telephone follow-up also improves response
Telephone follow-up also can increase the
response rate when those making the calls are
properly trained. The personal contact tends to
emphasise the importance of the survey and
encourages people to participate. This does
increase survey costs, however.

31

Special considerations for online surveys

Online surveys are an easy and effective way to
collect research data. They are accessible at any
time, convenient for the user and offer quick
results without the requirement of a live
interviewer. A few considerations can ensure you
get the best results from your online survey.
Keep it simple
When designing surveys for fielding online,
minimise the number of screens respondents
must click through and the amount of scrolling
they must do to answer a question. But do not
try to fit all your questions on a single screen,
as this can be intimidating.
Make it appealing and easy to use
Graphics and images increase the attractiveness
of online surveys. Also, allowing respondents to
partially complete a survey, stop, and finish it at
a later time is a convenience that helps increase
response rates.
In-house or outsourced?
Online surveys require infrastructure and some
technical expertise. Determine whether to host
your online survey in-house or outsource the
project by weighing factors such as the availability
of IT infrastructure and personnel resources, the
frequency and complexity of your online survey
research, and project timeframes.
Consider multimedia and interactive features
Flash presentations, video, audio, storyboards
and other multimedia elements can create a richer
and more meaningful online survey experience
and generate more valuable feedback.

32

Implement security as needed

Some online surveys may require secure
technology to protect the identity of the
users, the data they provide, or both. Secure
password protection and user authentication
should be used when processing sensitive
or confidential data.
mrInterview, mrInterview CATI,
mrPaper, mrScan, Interview Player,
Dimensions ASP,
Dimensions Service Bureau
Survey field times
A survey conducted online may be completed
in a day even in a few hours. Those conducted
in person or by phone may take a few days. With
mailed surveys, it may take weeks to receive all
responses. You can begin processing and
analysing data even before all responses have
been received. Doing so can help you identify
questions that may be unclear to respondents
and also gauge whether you are reaching the right
subgroups within your sample.
What is an ideal response rate?
There is no ideal response rate for surveys. There
are many factors which affect the response rate
to a survey, including:
Subject matter
Method of administration
Presence of incentives/perceived rewards
Level of difficulty of the survey
Aesthetic appeal of the survey
Perceived cost of completion.

33

What does non-response imply?

Non-response, by itself, should not be a cause
for concern. But if non-respondents differ from
respondents in relevant ways, this may introduce
error into your results. Software tools can help
you analyse missing data patterns and account
for non-response variables. If you find that
respondents are systematically different from
non-respondents:
Weight your results so that the sample matches
known population values
Draw conclusions more carefully due to miss
ing responses.

Clean and verify your data

If youve collected data using electronic
methods, your data may already be clean
and ready for analysis. When collecting data
entered manually, however, allow time to
perform data verification and cleaning. As
the analyst, you should have an idea of how
your file should look. Software is available that
can streamline the data cleaning process.
SPSS Base, SPSS Data Entry,
SPSS Tables, SPSS Missing Value Analysis
SPSS Data Preparation, mrStudio

SPSS Missing Value Analysis

When cleaning data, youll want to make

sure that the answers to these questions
are consistent with your experience:
How many people should be
managers, how many staff
The average number of years of
education of the sample
The proportion of missing cases you
should have for a question that did
not pertain to everyone.

Stage four: Analysis and reporting

Use a unique identification variable
Analysis delivers the value from your survey data.
There are several steps in the process, and several
ways to evaluate your data. Begin by placing
a unique identification number on each survey or
record returned. This unique number, sometimes
called a case ID, will help you track down
problems in data cleaning as well as idenitying
cases of particular interest during analysis.

34

Run a series of cross-tabulations before doing

further analysis to look for:
Inconsistent relationships (such as someone
saying she is a female, but whose relationship
to the head of household is son)
Unexpected averages
A large number of missing values.

35

Analyse open-ended questions

Open-ended questions that let people express
themselves in their own words can be a valuable
tool for gaining insightful feedback. These ques
tions may expose issues or opinions that would
not be covered within a limited choice response.
However, because text responses are seen as
difficult and time-consuming to analyse, some
decide not to include them.
Dont be put off by unstructured text responses
Developing a coding scheme for open-ended
questions can be time-consuming and may
require data entry personnel who have a good
understanding of the subject matter. However,
there are techniques available that make reliable
analysis of open-ended survey responses fast and
efficient.
Extract useful data from text responses
With the proper tools, its easy to turnunstructured
text responses into information you can analyse
along with quantitative data. You can extract key
concepts, sentiments, and relationships from tex
tual or unstructured data and quickly convert
them to a structured format for analysis.
SPSS Text Analysis for Surveys

What are your data like?

Different statistical procedures are appropriate
for different variables, depending on what you
want to learn and the level of measurement of
the variable.
SPSS Base, SPSS Categories
Dimensions Reporter, Desktop Reporter
Using categorical variables
Categorical or nominal variables provide a list
of choices with no meaningful order to the list.
Examples include gender, hair color,
and the type of organisation that a
person works for.
An arithmetic mean of a categorical variable
is meaningless. Instead, use the mode and
run frequencies and cross-tabulations using
categorical variables. To display this type of
data, use pie charts or bar charts.
SPSS Tables, SPSSClassification Trees,
Dimensions Reporter, Desktop Reporter
Using ordinal variables
Ordinal variables have an implied order between
the response choices.
When asking opinions about an issue, a
code of 1 (strongly agree) means more
agreement than a code of 2 (somewhat
agree), but how much more is unknown.

Keep track of your analyses

When performing complex analyses, keep a
record of the procedures you perform or the
ways you create new variables. This record will
help you reconstruct your analyses, if necessary,
as you write your final report.
SPSS Base,
Dimensions Reporter, Desktop Reporter

36

37

Examine the median and mode for these variables

and run cross-tabulations. Bar charts display the
choices well.
SPSS Base, SPSS Categories,
SPSS Advanced Models
Dimensions Reporter, Desktop Reporter
Using interval or continuous variables
Interval or continuous variables have an implied
order and an implied distance between the
response options.
With a variable such as age in years,
a one-unit difference is the same
throughout the distribution.
Interval or continuous variables lend themselves
to a much broader range of statistics than do
nominal or ordinal variables.
Use continuous variables where appropriate;
they will give you more information. If necessary,
you can always collapse a continuous variable
into a categorical variable.
Regression
Regression is one of the more popular statistical
procedures using interval-level variables.
Scatterplots and histograms are appropriate
graphical displays for these kinds of variables.
SPSS Base, SPSS Advanced Models,
SPSS Regression Models,
SPSS Complex Samples, Amos

38

Cross-tabulation
Performing a cross-tabulation is appropriate
when you have two or more categorical variables
(continuous variables dont lend themselves to
crosstabulation, since you would get as many
rows or columns as there are different responses).
When looking at cross-tabulations, if the
probability returned by a chi-square test is .05 or
less, it is usually small enough for the analyst to
feel that the distribution did not result from chance.
The chi-square analysis does not measure the
strength of the relationship; instead, it measures
the probability that a relationship is due to
chance. The smaller the probability returned by
the chi-square test, the more comfortable you can
be that the patterns you see are real. If your
chisquare statistic is significant, you must then
follow up with a column proportion test to
indicate the reasons for differences that you see in
the table.
SPSS Tables, SPSS Complex Samples,
Dimensions Reporter, Desktop Reporter
Factor analysis
In survey research, factor analysis can be
helpful. It can be used to show the underlying
structure of a large number of variables to
simplify the discussion of the data or even
to suggest new, combined variables for use
in other analytic procedures.
SPSS Base

39

Differences in the mean

Use a t test to learn about differences in means
between two groups.
Are men who receive a certain surgical
procedure more likely to be younger than
women receiving the same procedure?
A t test can help you analyse data to
answer questions like this.
You can determine the average age for each
group, but you need a procedure like a t test
to confirm if the observed difference is due to
chance, or if it can be considered real. If the
significance is less than .05, you will usually
conclude that the differences in the observed
averages are not due to chance, and that they
reflect real population differences.
When presenting the results of a t test, use a
bar chart in which the height of each bar is the
average score for each group. Error bar charts
show both the group means and the precision
with which the mean was estimated (often the
95 percent confidence band). If you have more
than two groups that you would like to compare,
use the ANOVA procedure instead of a t test.

Design readable reports

Keep your audience in mind when reporting
survey results. Organise your report logically,
write clearly, and avoid jargon that may be
confusing or unfamiliar to your readers. You
may want to create report templates, not only
to save time but also so that the appearance of
your report supports your organisations brand,
or that of your clients.
Dimensions Reporter, Desktop Reporter

Use graphs and tables to communicate results

Its well known that using graphs and charts
helps people understand data more easily. So
show your results in appropriate visual formats.
What is appropriate depends upon the kinds of
questions youve asked in your survey and the
nature of the data youve collected.
Assign numbers to graphs and tables so that your
audience can find them easily. Also, be sure to
label axes and other elements. You may find that
you can give your graphs greater impact and
communicate your results more clearly by
adjusting scales or by dividing overall results into
subgroups that reveal interesting differences.

SPSS Base, SPSS Complex Samples

SPSS Base, SPSS Tables,
Dimensions Reporter, Desktop Reporter

40

41

Deliver timely reports

You conducted your survey because people
wanted information. Deliver results to them
faster, and theyll be able to put that information
to use sooner. To save time, you might want
to use templates to standardise reports or
presentations. You can use software that enables
you to provide analysts or clients with online
access to real-time results, or even develop
customised applications to deliver information
wherever its needed.
SPSS Predictive Enterprise Services,
mrInterview, mrStudio

Conclusion
This booklet has briefly touched on a number of
the things youll want to bear in mind as you plan
and conduct survey research projects. Some
related topics, such as predictive modeling,
are beyond the scope of this booklet.
If you want to explore this or study any of the top
ics covered here in greater detail, we recommend
you seek out a college-level textbook on market
ing and survey research tools and practices. Or
attend an SPSS training course in the application
of our products to survey research. Information
on these courses can be found at
www.spss.com/training.

42

Glossary
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) a method of
analysis used when dealing with a continuous
or integral dependent variable and one or more
categorical or nominal variables.
Arithmetic mean the sum of all observations
divided by the number of observations. Also
known as the mean.
Branching see skip pattern.
Categorical variable a variable for which
numbers are simply identifiers and do not have
mathematical properties such as order. For
example, the sales territory in which a companys
customer lives (Central, North, South) is a cate
gorical variable. Also called a nominal variable.
Census an accounting of an entire population,
as opposed to a survey of a sample of that
population.
Chi-square a test often used in cross-tabulations
to test the hypothesis that the row and column
variables are independent; that is, whether the
observed distribution is probably due to chance.
Closed-ended question a question for which
response categories are provided.

43

Coding scheme a method for assigning a code

(usually in the form of a number) to responses to
a question. For example, if you are researching
customers opinions of a certain product feature,
you might devise a coding scheme to identify a
positive opinion with a 1, a negative one with a 2,
and a neutral one with a 3. Coding schemes are
also used to turn open-ended text responses into
data that can be analysed.
Commitment card a card that asks respondents
to commit to participating in a survey.
Confidence band or confidence interval a
specified range around a survey result for which
there is a high statistical probability that it
includes the value that would be calculated from
the whole population (if that were possible). Such
confidence intervals are commonly calculated
for confidence levels of 0.95 or 0.99.

Error bar chart a chart that plots the

confidence intervals, standard errors, or
standard deviations of individual variables.
Exact tests tests that calculate probabilities
exactly, rather than by using estimates, to deter
mine if there is a relationship between variables.
Exact tests are necessary when you have small
datasets, small subgroups, or unbalanced
distributions.
Factor analysis an analytic technique that
groups quantitative variables according to their
degree of correlation.
Focus group a moderated group discussion
about a particular topic. The discussion typically
lasts about two hours and is led by a moderator
who follows a topic guide but does not use a
fixed questionnaire.

Continuous variable a variable whose response

options have an implied order and distance and
for which one unit represents the same quantity
throughout the scale. For example, age in years
or weight in pounds or kilograms. Also called an
interval variable.

Frequencies a table showing what number

or percentage of respondents gave each answer
to a question.

Cross-tabulation a table that shows the

relationship between two or more variables
by presenting all combinations of categories
of variables.

Imputation a methodical process for making an

assumption about the value of missing data. For
example, if certain demographic information is
missing from a respondents questionnaire, a
model can be built by comparing the information
the respondent has provided with corresponding
information provided by the other respondents.
The model would then assign a likely value to the
missing data.

44

Histogram a bar chart in which continuous

variables are shown in groups.

45

Interval variable see continuous variable.

Level of measurement the way in which a
question may be answered. There are four levels
of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, and
ratio (see separate entries for descriptions).
Mean see arithmetic mean.
Median a measure of central tendency for con
tinuous or ordinal data, defined for ungrouped
data as the middle value when data are arranged
in order of magnitude.
Missing data incomplete or invalid data.
Data can be missing for a number of reasons:
for example, questions left unanswered, marked
incorrectly, or marked Dont know. Missing
data are usually excluded when calculating
percentages. However, sometimes missing
values can be assigned using imputation.
Mode the value of a variable that occurs
more frequently than any other value.
Nominal variable see categorical variable.
Nonparametric tests statistical tests that
require either no assumptions or very few
assumptions about a populations distribution.
Non-response rate the proportion of the sample
population that did not respond to a survey.
Open-ended question a question for which
no response list is provided. Respondents are
expected to supply a response in their own words.

46

Ordinal variable a variable whose response

options have an implied order but no implied
distance. For example, a scale that ranges
from strongly agree to strongly disagree.
Pilot study the administration of a
questionnaire under field conditions to a
small sample in order to time it and/or
uncover problems. Also called a pre-test.
Population the totality of things or people
that you wish to study.
Pre-notification card a card alerting prospective
respondents that a survey will arrive.
Pre-test see pilot study.
Purposive sampling a sampling procedure
in which each element of the population is
purposely selected for some characteristic or
characteristics of interest.
Questionnaire a set of questions designed
to generate data necessary to accomplish the
objectives of the research project.
Random digit dialing the technique of dialing
random numbers in working telephone exchanges
so that people with unlisted phone numbers are
not excluded from a sample population.
Random sampling a sampling procedure that
selects population elements based on chance.
This ensures that the sample accurately represents
the population.

47

Ratio variables variables that have order among

points, equal distances between adjacent points,
and an absolute zero.

Strata (plural of stratum) in sampling, groups

defined by certain characteristics (see stratified
sampling).

Regression an estimation of the linear

relationship between a dependent variable
and one or more independent variables.

Stratified sampling a sampling procedure

in which respondents are separated into
subgroups according to characteristics of
interest, and samples drawn from each
subgroup. Income level, race, and business
title are examples of characteristics that might
be used to create a stratified sample.

Response rate the proportion of a sample

population that responded to a survey.
Sample a subset of a population from which
information is collected in order to obtain
information and draw conclusions about the
total population
Scatterplot a graph of data points based on two
continuous variables. One variable defines the
horizontal axis and the other variable defines the
vertical axis.
Simple random sampling a sampling procedure
by which population members are selected
directly from the sampling frame. This results in
there being an equal probability of selection for
all population members that appear in the frame.
Skewed a distribution whose frequency curve is
not symmetrical about its mean, having one tail
longer than the other.

Systematic sampling a random sampling

method that is equivalent to a simple random
sample.
Survey the process of collecting information
about a topic or issue by means of sampling and
interviewing selected individuals.
t test a hypothesis test that uses the t
statistic to determine whether or not two means
are equal in the population.
Weighting assigning a numerical coefficient
to an item to express its relative importance in
a frequency distribution.
White space on a printed page, an area that
contains no text or graphics.

Skip pattern a method of questionnaire design

that enables respondents to skip questions,
based on their response to a previous question.
Also called branching.

48

49

About SPSS Inc.

For close to 40 years, SPSS Inc. (NASDAQ: SPSS)
has helped commercial, academic, and govern
ment organisations maximise productivity and
accuracy through every phase in the survey
research process from ad hoc research projects
to high-volume, complex programs. SPSS Inc.
offers a broad range of end-to-end survey and
market research tools to support survey design,
authoring and sampling, as well as data
collection, analysis, and publishing.
SPSS offers products, solutions and services to
help organisations of any size effectively perform
survey research:
Enterprise-strength survey research solutions
that satisfy the needs of the largest
organisations
Affordable, easy-to-use survey research
products for small to mid-sized businesses
Specialised solutions for different types of
survey research including academic, consumer,
product, public sector and many more
Innovative data collection solutions for multi
ple channels including phone, Internet, kiosk,
and in-person field surveys
Powerful solutions for basic or advanced analysis
of your survey research data
Convenient, reliable hosted services for online
surveys and data analysis
SPSS works with a wide variety of data sources
including Microsoft Excel and Access,
SAS, and many ODBC-compliant database
including Oracle, SQL Server, DB2 UDB
All SPSS users and application developers can
access Developer Central, a collaborative
online resource for downloading utilities,
graphics examples, new statistical modules,
articles on SPSS technology and more.

50

SPSS is also a leading provider of predictive

analytical software and solutions. SPSS predictive
analytical technologies connect data to effective
action by drawing reliable conclusions about
current conditions and future events. More than
250,000 commercial, academic, and public sector
customers rely on SPSS technology to help
increase revenue, reduce cost, improve processes,
and detect and prevent fraud. Founded in 1968,
SPSS is headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. For
additional information, please visit
www.spss.com/uk.

SPSS products for survey and

market research
SPSS offers many products to assist survey
researchers.
With our SPSS family of products, you can
create questionnaires and analyse them on the
desktop, and then create and distribute reports
over your network or online
With our Dimensions family of survey
research products, you can create more
complex and customised questionnaires, field
surveys in multiple modes, and collect data
using advanced sample management and data
storage features
We also offer the Dimensions ASP and the
Dimensions Service Bureau to enable your
organisation to develop and field surveys over
the Web, gaining the benefits of our
Dimensions software without having to own it
You can use SPSS Text Analysis for Surveys to
create code frames and categorise open-ended
text responses more quickly and reliably,
regardless of the program used to create your
questionnaire.

51

By using SPSS products for survey and market

research, you build a system that meets your
needs today and is flexible enough to help you
meet tomorrows goals.

Data collection
SPSS Data Entry enter survey responses
through your desktop or networked data
entry stations.

Planning
SamplePower easily determine the sample
size you need, saving your organization both time
and money.

Interview Player conduct and manage

in-person interviews.

SPSS Complex Samples accurately plan and

work with complex sample survey data using
specialized tools and procedures.
Questionnaire Design
SPSS Data Entry design surveys and forms
for data entry on the desktop.
Desktop Author create and test surveys for any
mode from your desktop.
mrInterview use a Web browser to design
questionnaires for fielding online or, with the
mrInterview CATI option, by phone.
mrPaper and mrScan create paper
questionnaires and set them up for electronic
scanning.

mrTranslate manage translations of

questionnaires and reports.

52

mrInterview/mrInterview CATI collect survey

data online or by phone.
mrPaper and mrScan collect survey data
on paper and scan to capture responses.
Data preparation and management
SPSS Base offers a number of tools and
wizards to help you put data in a format
thats optimized for analysis.
SPSS Missing Value Analysis quickly
analyze the extent of your missing values
problem and take appropriate action for
more valid conclusions.
SPSS Text Analysis for Surveys categorise
text responses quickly and reliably.
SPSS Data Preparation streamline data
preparation with specialized techniques that
ensure more accurate results.

53

Data analysis
SPSSBase includes all the tools you need
to analyze your data, including frequencies,
descriptives, crosstabs, t tests, regression,
and more.
SPSS Conjoint discover preferences and
develop attribute ratings.
SPSS Exact Tests make correct conclusions
when working with small samples.
Reporting, presentation, and distribution
SPSS Tables present complex tabular reports
with multiple responses and missing values.
SPSS Predictive Enterprise Services achieve
more benefits with less labor by automating
the secure, centralized management of all your
analytic assets and processes.
mrStudio automate the creation of tables
and reports.

Reporter/Desktop Reporter deliver effective,

interactive results that provide more meaningful
insights to business users and decision makers.

Modeling
SPSS Advanced Models analyse complex
relationships using this high-end modelers
toolkit.
SPSS Categories reveal underlying
relationships in categorical data through
perceptual maps with powerful optimal
scaling and dimension reduction techniques.
SPSS Classification Trees create highly
visual classification and decision trees to find
specific subgroups and relationships in your
data information that you might not uncover
using more traditional statistics.
SPSS Complex Samples design, analyze,
and interpret non-random surveys and more
easily and accurately study populations.
SPSS Neural Networks discover deeper, more
complex relationships within data with non-linear
modeling procedures for superior insights and
better decision-making.
SPSS Regression Models make better
predictions with powerful regression procedures.
Amos understand and predict behaviours,
attitudes, or actions with state-of-the-art
structural equation modeling (SEM).
Products in the SPSS family are available for
Microsoft Windows, Mac and Linux. Amos
and products in the Dimensions family run in a
variety of Windows operating environments
For detailed information on SPSS products, visit
our Web site at www.spss.com.

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What the experts are saying about SPSS

products for survey research:
with SPSS our senior managers are alerted
to potential problems a lot more quickly and
accurately. That helps them take action, and
ultimately, to ensure more people are in our
seats, rather than those of our competitors.
King Douglas
Senior Analyst and Database Manager
American Airlines

As our primary data collection engine for

online interviewing, mrInterview enables us
to deploy sophisticated surveys online. The
depth of mrInterviews features, including
sample management and quota control,
coupled with its customization options,
makes it an ideal addition to our
research infrastructure.
Michael Reuscher
Vice President, IT Project Management
Synovate

By using the software tools provided by SPSS

we have cut our process time by 70 percent.
Because the output generated by SPSS is
so impressive, it makes people in authority sit
up and take notice of our results.
Jacqueline Martin
Principal Support Officer
East Ayrshire Council

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