CHEMISTRY UNIT 3 REVISION
FLAME TESTS
(1) Add HCl to solid sample; this forms a
salt
(2) Dip nichrome wire into sample with HCl
(3) Hold wire/salt into bunsen flame
PRECIPITATION REACTIONS
(1) Add nitric acid; remove impurities/neut.
OH
(2) Add AgNO3; makes silver halide (AgX)
(3) Add NH3 (Ammonia) Solution
(4) Sunlight + 2AgX; darkens to make 2Ag &
HALIDE SALTS & SULPHURIC ACID
- in all reactions; forms HX (hydrogen halide)
- observation: steamy fumes (NH3:white
smoke
KF + H2SO4 > KHSO4 + HF
KCl + H2SO4 > KHSO4 + HCl
F/Cl
n/a 4 > KHSO4 + steamy
KBr + H2SO
HBr fumes (HCl)
2HBr + H2SO4 > SO2 + Br2 +2H2O
Br
reduces to SO2
steamy fumes (HBr) +
brown gas (Br2)
reduces to S and
purple vapour (I2) +
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS
- more reactive halogen displaces less
reactive halide ion from their compound
- Cl>Br>I
- changes clear w/ organic solvent (2 layers
Cl2 + KBr (solution) = orange solution (Br2)
+H (bond breaking) vs -H (bond making)
CARBONATE/NITRATE THERMAL
STABILITY
- thermal stability increases down a group;
group 2 is less thermally stable than group
1
- larger cations (more shielding/shells)
- therefore, less polarising effect/distortion
- therefore more stable
HYDROGEN - burning splint; squeaky pop
OXYGEN - burnt splint; relights
CO2 - pass thru limewater; goes milky white
NITROGEN DIOXIDE - brown gas evolved; blue litmus > red
SULPHATE - add HCl and BaCl2; forms white ppt. of BaSO4
SULPHITE - add HCL/H2SO4 - sulphur dioxide produced
SULPHUR DIOXIDE - add K2Cr2O7; goes orange -> green
AMMONIA - turns blue litmus red (remember; its toxic - use fume
cup)
AMMONIUM (NH4+) - add NaOh; turns blue litmus red (forms NH3)
HCl - steamy fumes produced; ammonia on glass rod - white smoke
CHLORINE - bleaches litmus; KBr red > brown (Br2 made)
BROMINE - add to KI; goes from colourless > red/brown (I2)
IODINE - starch indicator; turns dark blue (if iodine present)
WATER - copper cobalt paper blue > pink
C=C BOND - bromine water; turns brown > colourless
NITRATE - add NaOH and Devardas Alloy; makes NH3 (red lit >
blue)
CARBONATE - add HCl; releases CO2 // or heat; decomp;
oxide/CO2
REFLUX: organic compounds vapor condense back to reaction
vessel
- r.o.r for organic compounds slow; reflux heats without losing
product
- round bottom flask; reflux condenser with open tap; H20 in at
bottom
- use electric heater as ethanol/vapour can be flammable
- ensure H2O is in at bottom; ensure full condenser w/ no air bubbles
DISTILLATION - used to separate desired product from mixture
- round bottomed flask, still head w thermometer (head at opposite end of condenser), reflux condenser and heater (electric)
- vapour that is 2 from b.p. is condensed + collected in beaker
- cool flask in H2O; so flammable liquid doesn't escape + vig.
reaction
- NaHCO3; used to neutralize acid; shake in a separating funnel
- in separating funnel; open tap and run off bottom/top layers after
- magnesium sulfate/calcium chloride are drying agents; remove
H2O
TITRATIONS - use to fnd the conc. of unknown solution; one known
- rinse pipette with solution and discard rinsings; use fller to fll to
mark
- discharge pipette into conical flask; touch end of pipette onto
surface
- rinse burette w/ other solution & discard rinsings; funnel to fll
HALOGENOALKANES - add NaOH (aq), nitric acid and AgNO3
1o ALCOHOL - distillation to ALDEHYDE +[O], reflux to CARB. ACID
2o ALCOHOL - same as above, forms KETONES
3o ALCOHOL - cannot be oxidized therefore remains same
!!!! 3o HALOGENOALKANES react fastest; due to SN1 vs SN2
- incomplete combustion (soot); less energy
- beaker absorbs heat/alcohol evap; less nrg
- assumption of density/s.h.c of water
Improvements
- add lid to beaker or cup
HALOGENOALKANE - AQ ALKALI
- react w/ aqueous alkali (e.g.
NaOH)
- halogen substituted by OH
- forms alcohol
- called hydrolysis/nucleophilic sub.
- fluoro least reactive; high bond
H
HALOGENOALKANE - AMMONIA
- reacts w ammonia to make amine
- amine is -NH2/-NH/-N-group
- is example of nucleophilic sub.
HALOGENOALKANE SAFETY and PRECAUTIONS
ALCOHOLIC
Toxic - use gloves & fume cupboard
Flammable - use water bath, no
flame
Harmful gases - use fume cupboard
Corrosive
wear googles and
MELTING -POINT
DETERMINATION
- sharp bp. over small range - pure
YIELDS NEVER 100%
- transfer losses [loss during
purifc.]
- competing reactions
carbon dioxide dissolves
in H2O
-MAKE
UP 100CM3 OF SOLUTION
- discard rinsings; make up to mark
- shake/mix/invert
FEHLINGS/BENEDICTS
SOLUTION
- blue -> red w/ aldehyde (blue,
ket.)
- deep blue Cu2+ complex, reduced
to red Cu2O
TOLLENTS
REAGENT
MAKING SALT
SOLUTION
add
salt
to
water
until it doesn't
dissolve
TYPES
OF REAGENTS
- add salt in excess
Nucleophiles
and allow to cool afterwards
- heat
- electron pair donators
- attack +ve ion or + with lone pair
[g1 nitrate]
decomp. to nitrite
NO2)CALCULATIONS
& oxygen (O2)
ENTHALPY
CHANCE
[g2 q=mc
nitrate]
(1)
t (kJ) (2) fnd n (mol) (3) H=q/n
-1 Li)
decomp.
nitrite
oxygen
(incl. g1
include
sign&and
unit (kJmol
- be suretotooxide,
)
[g1 carbonate]
Common
Errors
- heat loss due to apparatus; no lid/insulation
USEFUL CHARGES
Ag+
MNO4CO322+
Zn
HCO3
SO423+
Al
NO3
SO32NH4+
OHCR2O7222O
S
PO43-
Electrophile
- species (+) that accepts
TYPES OF REACTIONS
aldehyde - cho
carb.
acid large
- cooh
Addition - join two or more molecules to form one
single
ketone - =o
(100AE)
Polymerisation - join many simple monomer units to make polymer
Elimination - when a small group of atoms breaks from larger
molecule
Substitution - when one species replaced by another
Hydrolysis - split molecule into 2 new molecules (add H+ and OH-)
electrons
- attracted to electron rich area
(c=c)
Free Radicals
- highly reactive single atoms (-)
with and unpaired electron.
BOND FISSION
Heterolytic
- bond breaks unevenly;
