A PROJECT REPORT ON
AN ENGINE DRIVEN TRICYCLE FOR DISABLED
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the award of degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted by:
RAKHIL KRISHNAN R
REJIN CHANDRAN R
SANEESH KUMAR T S
SATYA SHANKER M
SREEJITH V
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM
April 2011
A PROJECT REPORT ON
Certificate
Certified that project report entitled AN ENGINE DRIVEN
TRICYCLE FOR DISABLED is a bonafide work carried out in the final
semester by RAKHIL KRISHNAN R (07 400 021), REJIN CHANDRAN R
(07 400 024), SANEESH KUMAR T S (07 400 026), SATYA SHANKER M
(07 400 027), SREEJITH V (07 400 031) in partial fulfilment of the
requirement for the award of Bachelor of Technology in MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING from University of Kerala during academic year 2010 2011, who carried out the project work under the guidance and no part of this
work has been submitted earlier for the award of degree.
S. Manoharan Achari
Dr. Baiju B
Professor, Dept of Mech. Engg.
of Mech. Engg.
College of Engineering,
Engineering, Thiruvananthapuram
Thiruvananthapuram
A. Farook
Rajan
Asst. Professor, Dept of Mech. Engg.
of Mech. Engg.
College of Engineering,
Engineering, Thiruvananthapuram
Thiruvananthapuram
Asst. Professor, Dept
College of
T. C.
Asst. Professor, Dept
College of
Prof. E. Abdul Rasheed, Head of Department
Department of Mechanical Engineering
College of Engineering, Thiruvananthapuram
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all we thank the almighty for providing me with the strength and
courage to present the seminar.
We avail this opportunity to express our sincere gratitude to Prof. Manoharan
Achari, Prof. T. C. Rajan, Dr. Baiju and Prof. Farook of Department of Mechanical
Engineering for their inspiring assistance, encouragement and useful guidance and
to make our project something of real value to us and our colleagues.
We are thankful to Prof. E. Abdul Rasheed, Head of Department Mechanical
Engineering, Prof. Meerakumari, Head, Part-time Course for their kind co-operation.
We are also indebted to all the teaching and non-teaching staff of the
Department of Mechanical Engineering for their cooperation and suggestions, which
is the spirit behind this report. Last but not the least, we express our sincere
gratitude from the depth of our heart to our parents, friends and all well wishers for
their kind support and encouragement in the successful completion of our project
report work.
RAKHIL KRISHNAN R, REJIN CHANDRAN
R, SANEESH KUMAR T S, SATYA SHANKER M,
SREEJITH V
PROJECT TEAM
Guided By
Dr. Baiju B, Asst. Professor, Mechanical Engg. Dept, CET
Team Members:
Rakhil Krishnan R
(07400021)
Rejin Chandran R
(07400023)
Saneesh Kumar T S
(07400026)
Satya Shanker M
(07400027)
Sreejith V
(07400031)
ABSTRACT
For the growing number of people using personal mobility devices,
development of devices that address their unique needs are fundamental to their
quality of life. Traditionally those with mobility impairments have used wheelchairs to
participate in activities. Two problems with traditional wheelchairs are the stress they
put on the users upper limbs and their inability to actively engage the lower limbs. In
this report we outline our proposal for a mobility device that requires substantially
less force to drive by exploiting the mechanical advantage that an engine provides.
The goal of the Tricycle Project is to bring increased mobility to disabled
persons. Presently, hand-powered tricycles are used by many of the disabled in this
community, but some current users of the hand-powered tricycles do not have the
physical strength or coordination to propel themselves on the tricycle with their arms
and hands. The aim of this project is to add an internal combustion engine to the
current hand-powered tricycle to provide tricycle users with improved levels of
mobility, facilitating freedom in travel and contribution to the community. The design
objectives required a simple and affordable design, a design that needed to be
reliable, sustainable, and functional.
The most important part of the design is the incorporation of the fuel powered
system which was added to improve the efficiency of the tricycle and to make life
more comfortable for the physically challenged persons. A spark ignition automatic
single speed two- stroke engine was chosen for this design and consideration was
also given to the weight of the user in which a maximum weight of 70kg was used.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Project Schedule
3. Existing Design
4. Description
5. Literature Review
6. Realization Plan for the Project
7. Preliminary Design
8. Conceptual 3D Model
9. Design process
a. Design of frame
b. Design of shaft
10.
List of figures
11.
Conclusion
12.
References
INTRODUCTION
Hand-powered tricycles are presently being used to provide mobility for
disabled persons in rural communities. With this project we designed and
manufactured a system to convert the hand powered tricycle to an engine version.
We essentially created an affordable, rugged tricycle.
We have worked to make our design appropriate to the culture where it will be
used. This meant designing for the use of locally available parts and manufacturing
capabilities. The result is a system that can be almost entirely replicated, with the
exception of an engine with familiar parts, tools, and processes. Using the handpowered tricycle as the basis for our design made the tricycle more of an appropriate
technology because it uses a familiar, locally available platform as a starting point.
Hand-powered tricycles are being used like conventional wheelchairs with the
motive force coming from a person pushing from behind. This engine powered
tricycle which we have designed should enable to be independently mobile.
PROJECT SCHEDULE
EXISTING DESIGN
To understand the current devices available in the area of personal mobility
devices, the products can be classified in three groups:
(1) Traditional Wheelchairs,
(2) Electric Wheelchairs,
(3) Hand cycles.
The first of these products, the traditional wheelchair, is driven by the rims on
two large wheels at the users side. This propulsion mechanism can lead to upper
body injuries.
The second of these products, the powered wheelchair or scooter, only makes
up less than 10% of the mobility device market.
Finally, the third type of product, the hand cycle is driven by a crank with a
drive chain used to power the front wheel. These devices have three wheels,
positioned like a tricycle. The crank mechanism allows users to obtain faster speeds
while putting less stress on their shoulders and back. Furthermore, the tricycle
design enables the device to traverse tougher terrain. Hand cycles are available as
attachments to traditional wheelchairs, as well as autonomous devices.
DESCRIPTION
The design of the engine powered Tricycle is adaptable to the current handpowered tricycles with little modification. The design consists of an IC Engine, a drive
system. See picture below for design schematic:
Figure 1 - Schematic of Tricycle
The first aspect of our design that was addressed was the drive system or
means of power transmission. Power must be transmitted from an IC engine to a
rear wheel of the tricycle. The controls for engine speed and braking were
incorporated into a simple mechanical system to facilitate operation by users with
limited dexterity. The hand-power system was replaced with a steering system that
disables the hand-power capability of the tricycle. Third, power is supplied to the rear
wheels by means of reduction gears.
All the above components were designed to be able to be installed on the
existing hand-powered tricycles with slight modification. Everything necessary to
convert a hand-powered tricycle to the engine tricycle is simple to install.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Research was done online as well as in magazine articles in search of
presently available solutions to our problem. We found many products that were
available for purchase, but they didnt entirely meet the requirements of our unique
problem. The problem has been solved, and in many different ways, but what we
found, or rather didnt find, was a solution to our problem that meets our specific
needs of affordability and appropriateness. The advantage of finding these solutions
is that we can see what works, what has been tried, and whats available on the
market. Then we can more effectively consider how to design a similar product that
meets our unique needs.
The figure shows different ways, very expensive ways, of hand powering a
tricycle. This option may or may not allow for a better design for attaching an engine
to. We decided that although these are great designs, their purpose was for
recreation and would not suit the needs of the people that we are designing the kit
for. Their low position doesnt allow a good seating position for a table or clearance
enough for the conditions of the area.
Figure 2 - Image
REALIZATION PLAN FOR THE PROJECT
The realisation plan for the tricycle is shown below:
BASIC
IDEA
FEASIBILIT
Y STUDY
PRELIMINAR
Y
LITERATURE
SURVEY
CONCEPTUA
L DESIGN
FABRICATION
ASSEMBLY
DRAWING
3D
MODELLING
FINAL
DESIGN
DRAWINGS
REVIEW
OF
DESIGN
PROJECT REPORT
PREPARATION
FABRICATION
&
QUALIFICATIO
N
COMPONENTS
TRAIL
ASSE
MBLY
FINAL
ASSEMBL
Y
PROCUREMENT
&
QUALIFICATION
OF STD.
COMPONENTS
FINAL
DESIGN
IDENTIFICATIO
N OF STD.
COMPONENTS
TRAIL
RUN
FINAL
TRAIL RUN
DEMONSTRATION &
SUBMISSION OF PROJECT
WORK
Figure 3 - Plan
PRELIMINARY DESIGN
Figure 4 Line Diagram of concept
Figure 5 Concept Frame
CONCEPTUAL 3D MODEL
Figure 6 3D Model of Frame
MAJOR COMPONENTS AND DESIGN PROCESS
1. Frame
2. Power Generating Unit
3. Power Transmission to the wheels
a. Main Shaft
b. Sprockets
c. Chain (3/8)
d. Counter Shaft
DESIGN OF FRAME
Section selected for frame
Hollow Square Section 25x25x2 mm thick
Moment of inertia of section
=
BD3/12-bd3/12
(25x253/12) (21x213/12)
16345.33mm4
Pipe diameter 25x2 thick
Moment of inertia of section
(D4/64) (d4/64)
(254/64) (214/64)
9628.20mm4
Section modulus of section (1)
=
16345.33/12.5
1307.62mm3
Section modulus of section (2)
=
9628.20/12.5
770.26mm3
Design of members (Hollow section)
Maximum bending moment
= Mmax
Safe working stress in bending
= 60N/mm2
Mmax/1307.62
= 60 N/mm2
Mmax
= 1307.62x60
= 78457.2 Nmm
In case of Cantilever Beam
Mmax =
WxI, Y=
-Fl3/3EI
Mmax =
FL/4, Y=
Fl3/48EI
Mmax =
78457.2/80x9.81 = 100mm
80*9.81*1003/
(3*2.1*105*16345.3)
=
0.076mm
Mmax =
78457.2 = 80*9.81/4
78457.2*4/(80*9.81)
80*9.81*4003/ (48*2.1*105*16345.33)
0.303mm (400mm Single span)
(a) For Hollow Section:-
Max span possible between two supports (SSB)
400mm
Max span possible between support and end cantilever
100mm
Maximum deflection in case of cantilever
(0.167m possible)
0.076mm
Max deflection in case of simply supported beam
(max possible 0.67mm)
0.303mm
(b) Pipe section
Mmax / 770.26
60N/mm2
Mmax
46215.60mm
WL3/3EI
80*9.81*593 / (3*2.1*105*9628.20)
46215.80/80*9.891
59mm (Cantilever)
Mmax
46215.6
46215.6*4/(80*9.81)
235.5mm
For pipe section:
Max span possible between two supports (SSB)
Max span possible between end support and free end (Cantilever) = 59mm
(0.098mm)
Max deflection (Cantilever) = 2.66e-3 mm
Max deflection (SSB)
= 0.106mm (0.392mm)
235.5mm
DESIGN OF SHAFT
A shaft is a rotating member usually of circular cross section (solid or hollow), which
is used to transmit power and rotational motion.
Elements such as gears, pulleys (sheaves), flywheels, clutches, and sprockets are
mounted on the shaft and are used to transmit power from the driving device (motor
or engine) through a machine.
The rotational force (torque) is transmitted to these elements on the shaft by press
fit, keys.
The shaft rotates on ball bearings.
Various types of retaining rings, thrust bearings, grooves and steps in the shaft are
used to take up axial loads and locate the rotating elements
The design of the shaft is based on the strength. The following loads have been
considered for shaft design:
Torsion due to transmitted torque
Bending from transverse loads (gears, sprockets, pulleys/sheaves)
Shaft Material - Mild Steel
Assumptions
Weight of the vehicle
50Kg
Weight of the passenger
70Kg
Total weight of the vehicle =
120Kg
Slope of Kerala Roads
1:6 (~0.2)
Figure 7 Shaft
Design Process
The action of forces on the shaft is Torsion. The torsion formula for shafts of
circular section is given by
T/J = fs/R = C/L
where,
T = torque transmitted by the shaft, Nm
J = Polar Moment of inertia, mm4
fs = shear stress induced, N/mm^2
R = radius of shaft, mm
= angle of twist, radians
C = modulus of rigidity, N/mm^2
L = Length of shaft, mm
Slope, tan =
Required Pull
1/6S
=
tan-1 (1/6)
9.46 deg
~ 10deg
sin x mass x g
sin 10 x 120 x 9.81
204.42 N
Wheel Diameter
0.7m
Torque required
pull x radius of wheel
204.52 x 0.35
71.55 Nm
/16 x fs x d3
Torque, T
where,
fs, shear stress =
210 MPa
factor of safety =
d3
71.55 x 16 x 2 / ( x
0.019 m
19mm
210e6)
d
Dia of shaft ~=
20mm
Deflection of Shaft
Deflection, =
584TL/Gd4
where,
T, Torque
72Nm
Length
160mm
584 x 72e3 x 160 / 100e3 x 204
0.42mm
ie, < 1/600 l
ENGINEERING DRAWING FOR FABRICATION
Frame
Engine Shaft
Plummer Block
LIST OF FIGURES
1. Figure 1 - Schematic of Tricycle
2. Figure 2 - Image
3. Figure 3 - Plan
4. Figure 4 Line Diagram of concept
5. Figure 5 Concept Frame
6. Figure 6 3D Model of Frame
7. Figure 7 Shaft
CONCLUSION
Hand-powered tricycles are presently being used to provide mobility for
disabled persons in rural communities. With this project we designed and
manufactured a system to convert the hand powered tricycle to an engine version.
We essentially created an affordable, rugged tricycle.
We have worked to make our design appropriate to the culture where it will be
used. This meant designing for the use of locally available parts and manufacturing
capabilities. The result is a system that can be almost entirely replicated, with the
exception of an engine with familiar parts, tools, and processes. Using the handpowered tricycle as the basis for our design made the tricycle more of an appropriate
technology because it uses a familiar, locally available platform as a starting point.
Hand-powered tricycles are being used like conventional wheelchairs with the
motive force coming from a person pushing from behind. This engine powered
tricycle which we have designed should enable to be independently mobile.
REFERENCES
1. Assessment of Wheelchair Technology in Tanzania, Amos G. Winter, V, PhD
Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, International Journal for Service Learning in Engineering, Vol. 2,
No. 1, pp. 60-77, Fall 2006, ISSN 1555-9033
2. ADA Standards For The Accessible Design Pt. 36.
3. Burke, R.J. (1999), Disability and womens work experiences: An exploratory
study, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 19(12), 21-33.
4. Case et.al. (2001), Virtual fitting trials in design for all, Journal of Materials
Processing Technology, 117, 255-261.
5. Kochan, A. (1996), Remploy: disabled and thriving, Assembly Automation,
16(1), pp. 40-41.
6. Krovt et.al. (1994), Design of a walking wheelchair for the motor disabled,
Proceedings of the 4th InternationalConference on Rehabilitation Robotics,
Wilmington D.E., 125-130.
7. Nowak, E. (1996), The role of anthropometry in design of work and life
environments of the disabled population, International Journal of Industrial
Ergonomics, 17, 113-121.
8. Sanders, D. and Stott, I. (1999), A new prototype intelligent mobility system to
assist powered wheelchair users, Industrial Robot: An International Journal,
26(6), 466-475.
9. Power-Assisted Tricycle, Designers: Michael Blumenshine, Andrea Beck,
Ryan Smoot, Joseph Kalinowski, Brinton Hinz, Client Coordinator: Arlene
Gregory, Supervising Professor: Dr. Jerry Cupal, Dr. David Walrath,
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wyoming,
Laramie, WY 82070
