Gas Power Cycles

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 13

13. Gas Power Cycles

Some Important Notes
1. Compression ratio, (rc)
rc =

Volume at the begining of compression (V1 )

Volume at the end of compression (V2 )

rc =

2
p

V1
bigger term
=
V2
smaller term

1
V

2. Expansion ratio,( re)

1

Volume at the end of expansion (V2 )

re =
Volume at the begining of expansion (V1 )

p
2

V
bigger term
re = 2 =
V1
smaller term

3. Cut-off ratio, =

volume after heat addition (v 2 )

volume before heat addition (v1 )

(For constant Pressure heating)

V2
V1

bigger term
=
smaller term

Relation

p
1

rc = re .

2
V

4. Constant volume pressure ratio,

=

Pressure after heat addition

Pressure before heat addition

[For constant volume heating)

Page 223 of 265

Gas Power Cycles

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 13
2

bigger term

2
= p = smaller term
1

1
V

5. Pressure ratio, rP

Pressure after compresion or before expansion p2

Pressure before compresion or after expansion p1

p2
rP = p
1
6.

Q1

pV = C

Q2

Carnot cycle: The large back work (i.e compressor work) is a big draw back for the
Carnot gas cycle, as in the case of the Carnot Vapour cycle.

7.

Stirling Cycle: comparable with Otto.

8.

Ericsson Cycle: comparable with Brayton cycle.

9.

The regenerative, stirling and Ericsson cycles have the same efficiency as the
carnot cycle, but much less back work.

10.

Air standards cycles

a.

Otto cycle (1876)

=1

1
1
c

V=

3
p

4
2

V=C
4

S
1

For Wmax;

2( 1)
T
rc = max
Tmin

Page 224 of 265

Gas Power Cycles

By: S K Mondal
Diesel cycle (1892)

b.

Chapter 13

V=C

1
V

( 1)
= 1 1
rc . ( 1)

C. Dual or Limited pressure or mixed cycle

3
p

5
1

Where =

V=C
5

V
=1

4 p=C

3
V=C
2

1
c

( 1)
[( 1) + ( 1)]

p3
p2

Comparison of Otto, Diesel and Dual cycle

a. With same compression ratio and heat rejection

otto > Dual > Diesel

Q1

7
1
V

Page 225 of 265

Q2

Gas Power Cycles

By: S K Mondal
b.

Chapter 13

For the Same maximum Pressure and Temperature (also heat rejection same)

Q1
5

p=C

V=C
3

T
2

V=C

Q2

3
2

1
V

V=C
7

Diesel > Dual > Otto

11.

Brayton cycle

= 1

1
1
c

=1

p=C
3
2

p=C

4
1
S

Brayton cycle efficiency depends on either compression ratio ( rc ) or Pressure ratio

rp
* For same compression ratio

Otto = Brayton

T ( 1)
a. For Maximum efficiency ( rp ) max = max
Tmin

max = Carnot

b.

=1

For Maximum work

(i)

T 2( 1)
( rp ) opt. = max
Tmin

Page 226 of 265

Tmin
Tmax

Gas Power Cycles

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 13
2
Tmin
and Wnet, max = Cp [ Tmax Tmin ]
Tmax

cycle = 1

(ii)

If isentropic efficiency of Turbine is T and compressor is c then

T 2( 1)

( rp ) opt. = T C max
Tmin

Question and Solution (P K Nag)

In a Stirling cycle the volume varies between 0.03 and 0.06 m3 , the
maximum pressure is 0.2 MPa, and the temperature varies between
540C and 270C. The working fluid is air (an ideal gas). (a) Find the
efficiency and the work done per cycle for the simple cycle. (b) Find the
efficiency and the work done per cycle for the cycle with an ideal
regenerator, and compare with the Carnot cycle having the same
isothermal heat supply process and the same temperature range.
(Ans. (a) 27.7%, 53.7 kJ/kg, (b) 32.2%)

Q13.1

Solution:
Given V1 = 0.06 m3 = V4
V2 = 0.03 m3 = V3
p3 = 200 kPa

3
Q1

T1 = T2 = 270C = 543 K
T3 = T4 = 540C = 813 K

p
2

p3 V3
200 0.03
=
= 0.025715 kg
R T3
0.287 813
Q1 = 0.025715 0.718 (813 543) kJ = 4.985 kJ

Here m =

V
pdV = m R T3 ln 4
3
V3
pV = mRT = C
3
V
W1 2 = pdV = m RT1 ln 1
1
V2
p=

4
T=C
1

Heat addition Q1 = Q2 3 = m c v (T3 T2)

W3 4 =

T=C

mRT
V

V
m(RT3 RT1 ) ln 1
V2 =
=
4.985

Page 227 of 265

Q2

Gas Power Cycles

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 13

0.025715 0.287 (813 543) ln 2

100%= 27.7%
4.985
Work done = 1.3812 kJ = 53.71 kJ/kg
For ideal regeneration
543
= 1
= 33.21%
813
Q13.2

An Ericsson cycle operating with an ideal regenerator works between

1100 K and 288 K. The pressure at the beginning of isothermal
compression is 1.013 bar. Determine (a) the compressor and turbine work
per kg of air, and (b) the cycle efficiency.
(Ans. (a) wT = 465 kJ/kg, wC = 121.8 kJ/kg (b) 0.738)

Solution:

Given T1 = T2 = 288 K
T3 = T4 = 1100 K
p1 = 1.013 bar = 101.3 kPa
RT1
= 0.81595 m3/kg

V1 =
p1

Q1
2
p

T=C
1

T=C
Q2

V
V
WC = RT1 ln 1
V2

V
WT = R T3 ln 4
V3

p3 = p 2 ; p1 = p 4
= 1

288
= 73.82%
1100

W = Q1 = CP (T1 T2)

p1 V1 p2 V2
=
T1
T2

V1
T p p
= 1 2 = 2
V2
T2 p1 p1

= 0.7382 1.005 (1100 288) kJ/kg = 602.4 kJ/kg

Q2 3 = CP (T3T2) = Cv (T3 T2) +

Q13.5

p 2 (V3 V2)

An engine equipped with a cylinder having a bore of 15 cm and a stroke

of 45 cm operates on an Otto cycle. If the clearance volume is 2000 cm3 ,
compute the air standard efficiency.
(Ans.47.4%)

Page 228 of 265

Gas Power Cycles

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 13

Solution:
V2 = 2000 cm3 = 0.002 m3
V1 = V2 + S.V.

= 0.002 +

0.152
0.45 = 0.009952 m3
4

V1
= 4.9761
V2
1
air std = 1 1 = 47.4%
rc
rc =

Q13.10

1
V1

V2
SV

VCL

Two engines are to operate on Otto and Diesel cycles with the following
data: Maximum temperature 1400 K, exhaust temperature 700 K. State of
air at the beginning of compression 0.1 MPa, 300 K.
Estimate the compression ratios, the maximum pressures, efficiencies,
and rate of work outputs (for 1 kg/min of air) of the respective cycles.
(Ans. Otto-- rk = 5.656, p max = 2.64 MPa, W = 2872 kJ/kg, = 50%
Diesel- rk , = 7.456, p max = 1.665 MPa, W = 446.45 kJ/kg, = 60.8%)
T3 = 1400 K
T4 = 700 K
p1 = 100 kPa

Solution:

T1 = 300 K
RT1
= 0.861 m3/kg
v1 =
p1

p
T3
= 3
T4
p4

v
= 4
v3

V=C

3
3

V=C
T

Q1

2
4

Q2
1

1
S

1400 v1
700 = v

v2 =

v1
1
1

0.861
1

2 0.9
2
= 0.1522 m3/kg

v
T
2 = 1
T1
v2

= (5.657)0.4 300 = 600 K

Page 229 of 265

Gas Power Cycles

By: S K Mondal
1

v
p2
= 1 P2 = 1131.5 kPa
p1
v2
T
1400
p3 = 3 p2 =
1131.5 kPa = 2.64 MPa
600
T2

v
rc = 1 = 2 1 = 5.657
v2

p3
p
= 2
T3
T2

Diesel

Chapter 13

= Q1 Q2 = Cv (T3 T2) Cv (T4 T1)

= 0.718 [(1400 600) (700 300)] kJ/kg = 287.2 kJ/kg.
Q1 Q2
287.2
= 0.5 50%
=
0.718 (1400 600)
Q1

T3 = 1400 K
T4 = 700 K
T1 = 300 K

v1 = 0.861 m3/kg

p1 = 100 kPa
T3 v 4
=
T4 v 3

0.4

1400 v1

=
700
v2
1
v
1 = 2 0.4 = 22.5
v3
v1
v3 = 3.5
= 0.1522 m3/kg
2
RT3
0.287 1400
= 2639.9 kPa
p3 =
=
0.1522
V3

4
1

p 2 = p3

T2 p2
=
T1 p1

V
1

v
= 1
v2

T2 = 764 K
1

p
v
2639.9 1.4
rc = 1 = 2 =
= 10.36
v 2 p1
100

p1 = p3 = 2.64 MPa
Q1 = Q2 3 = CP (T3 T2) = 1.005 (1400 764) kJ/kg
= 638.84 kJ/kg
Page 230 of 265

Gas Power Cycles

By: S K Mondal

Q2 = Q4 1 = Cv (T4 T1) = 0.718 (700 300) = 287.2 kJ/kg

W = Q1 Q2 = 351.64 kJ/kg

=
Q13.11

Chapter 13

W
351.64
=
= 55%
638.84
Q1

An air standard limited pressure cycle has a compression ratio of 15 and

compression begins at 0.1 MPa, 40C. The maximum pressure is limited
to 6 MPa and the heat added is 1.675 MJ/kg. Compute (a) the heat
supplied at constant volume per kg of air, (b) the heat supplied at
constant pressure per kg of air, (c) the work done per kg of air, (d) the
cycle efficiency, (e) the temperature at the end of the constant volume
heating process, (f) the cut-off ratio, and (g) the m.e.p. of the cycle.

(Ans. (a) 235 kJ/kg, (b) 1440 kJ/kg, (c) 1014 kJ/kg,
(d) 60.5%, (e) 1252 K, (f) 2.144 (g) 1.21 MPa)
Solution:

rc =

v1
= 15
v2

p1 = 100 kPa
v1 =

T1 = 40C = 313 K

3
p

RT1
= 0.89831 m3/kg
p1

4
Q34
Q23

1
V

p3 = p 4 = 6000 kPa
Q2 4 = 1675 kJ/kg

v
T2
= 1
T1
v2

= (15)1.4 1 T2 = 924.7 K

v
p2
= 1 = 151.4 p 2 = 4431 kPa
p1
v2

p V
p
p2 V2
6000
924.7 = 1252 K
= 3 3 T3 = 3 T2 =
p2
4431
T2
T3
Q2 4 = Cv (T3 T2) + CP (T4 T3) = 1675
T4 = T3 + 1432.8 k = 2684.8 K
Page 231 of 265

Gas Power Cycles

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 13

RT4
= 0.12842 m3/kg.
p4

v4 =

v
T4
= 5
T5
v4

v
= 1
v4

T4
= 2.1773 T5 = 1233 K
T5

(a) Heat supplied at constant volume = Cv (T3 T2) = 235 kJ/kg

(b) Heat supplied at constant Pressure = (1675 235) = 1440 kJ/kg
(c) Work done = Q1 Q2 = 1675 Cv (T5 T1) = 1014.44 kJ/kg
Q1 Q2
1014.44
100% = 60. 56%
=
1675
Q1
(e) Temperature at the end of the heating (T3) = 1252 K
(d) Efficiency =

(f) Cut-off ratio () =

v4
0.12842
=
= 2.1444
0.05988
v3

[ v3 =
(g) m. e. p.

pm

(V1

pm =

Q13.13

V2 ) = W

RT3
= 0.059887]
p3

1014.44
= 1209.9 kPa = 1.2099 MPa
v
v1 1
15

Show that the air standard efficiency for a cycle comprising two
constant pressure processes and two isothermal processes (all
reversible) is given by

(T1 T2 ) ln ( rp )

( 1) /

( 1) /

T1 1 + ln ( rp )
T2

Where T1 and T2 are the maximum and minimum temperatures of the

cycle, and

rp is the pressure ratio.

Page 232 of 265

Gas Power Cycles

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 13

Solution:

1
T

2
Q1

Q1

Q2

T=C
T=C

3
3

Q2

V
S
2 dV
p
p
V
W1 2 = pdV = RT1
rP = 4 = 1
= RT1 ln 2 = RT1 ln rP
1 V
p3
p2
V1
Q1 2 = 0 + W1 2
4
V
V
W3 4 = pdV = RT3 ln 4 = RT3 ln 3 = RT3 ln rP .
3
V4
V3
V

Wnet = W1 2 + W3 4 = R(T1 T3 ) ln 2
V1
= R (T1 T2) ln rP .
Constant pressure heat addition = CP (T1 T4)
R
(T1 T4 )
T1 = Tmax
=
2
R
(T1 T2 )
=
T2 = Tmin.
1
Total heat addition (Q1)

Multiply

= Q12 + const Pr.

R
(T1 T2 )
= RT1 ln rP +
1

R (T1 T2 ) ln rP

R (T1 ln rP +
(T1 T2 )
1

1
,D ,N

1)
(T1 T2 ) ln rp

=
1
(T1 T2 ) +
T1 ln rp

(T1 T2 ) ln rp
1

T1 [1 + ln r

] T2

Page 233 of 265

Gas Power Cycles

By: S K Mondal
Q13.14

Chapter 13

Obtain an expression for the specific work done by an engine working

on the Otto cycle in terms of the maximum and minimum

Temperatures of the cycle, the compression ratio k , and constants of the

working fluid (assumed to be an ideal gas).
Hence show that the compression ratio for maximum specific work
output is given by
1 / 2(1 )

T
rk = min
Tmax

Solution:

Tmin = T1
Tmax = T3
Q1 = Cv (T3 T2)
Q2 = Cv (T4 T1)

W = Q1 Q2
= Cv [(T3 T2) (T4 T1)]

v
T
Hence 2 = 1
T1
v2
1
T2 = T1 rc
v
T
And 4 = 3
T3
v4
=x

T4 = T3 . rc( r 1)
Then

v
= 2
v1

= rc 1

= rc( 1) Let rc 1

T
= 3
x

W = Cv T3 T1x 3 + T1
x

dW
For maximum W,
=0
dx
T

Cv 0 T1 + 32 + 0 = 0
x

T
x2 = 3
T1
rc 1 =

T3
=
T1

Q1

4
Q2

2
1

Tmax
Tmin
1

T 2(1 )
T 2( 1)
Proved.
= min
rc = max
Tmin
Tmax
Q13.15
A dual combustion cycle operates with a volumetric compression ratio rk
= 12, and with a cut-off ratio 1.615. The maximum pressure is given by
pmax = 54 p1 ' where p1 is the pressure before compression. Assuming

Page 234 of 265

Gas Power Cycles

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 13

indices of compression and expansion of 1.35, show that the m.e.p. of the
cycle
pm = 10 p1
Hence evaluate (a) temperatures at cardinal points with T1 = 335 K, and (b
Cycle efficiency.

(Ans. (a) T2 = 805 K, p2 = 29.2 p1 ' T3 = 1490 K,

T4 = 2410 K, T5 = 1200 K, (b) = 0.67)

Solution:

Here

v1
= rc = 12
v2
v4
= = 1.615
v3

pv1.35 = C, n = 1.35

p max = p3 = p 4 = 54 p1
4

3
T

1
V

And

v
T2
= 1
T1
v2

v
p2
= 1
p1
v2
p
p2
= 3
T3
T2

n 1

T2 = T1 (12 )

(1.35

1)

= 2.3862 T1

p2 = p1 (12)1.35 = 28.635 p1
T3 =

p3
54p1
T2 =
2.3862 T1 = 4.5 T1
T2
28.635p1

v3 = v 2 = 1
12

1.615
v1 = 0.13458 v1
12
Pv
p4 v 4
p3 = p 4
= 3 3
T3
T4
v
T4 = T3 4 = 1.615 T3 = 1.615 4.5 T1 = 7.2675 T1
v3

v 4 = v3 =

n 1

n 1

v
v
T5
= 4
= 4
T4
v1
v5
T5 = 3.6019 T1
W = [Cv (T3 T2) + CP (T4 T3) Cv (T5 T1) = 2.4308 T1 kJ/kg.
Page 235 of 265

Gas Power Cycles

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 13
p m (v1 v2) = W

2.4308 p1
2.4308 T1
= 9.25 p1
=
v
11
R
v1 1
12
12
2.4308 T1
100 % = 56.54%
(b) =
4.299 T1
(a)
T1 = 335 K, T2 = 799.4 K, T3 = 1507.5 K, T4 = 2434.6 K,
T5 = 1206.6 K.

pm =

Q13.16

Recalculate (a) the temperatures at the cardinal points, (b) the m.e.p.,
and (c) the cycle efficiency when the cycle of Problem 13.15 is a Diesel
cycle with the same compression ratio and a cut-off ratio such as to give
an expansion curve coincident with the lower part of that of the dual
cycle of Problem 13.15.
(Ans. (a) T2 = 805 K, T3 = 1970 K, T4 = 1142 K

(b) 6.82 p1 , (c) = 0.513)

Solution:
v
Given 1 = 12 = rc
v2
v3
= = 1.615
v2

T3 =
Then

v3
T2 = 1.615 799.4 = 1291 K
v2

v
T2
= 1
T1
v2

p
4

n 1

T2 = T1 (12 )

1.35 1

1
1=

799.4 K

v
p
But 2 = 1
p1
v2
Continue to try..
Q13.19

Solution:

In a gas turbine plant working on the Brayton cycle the air at the inlet is
at 27C, 0.1 MPa. The pressure ratio is 6.25 and the maximum
temperature is 800C. The turbi- ne and compressor efficiencies are each
80%. Find (a) the compressor work per kg of air, (b) the turbine work per
kg of air, (c) the heat supplied per kg of air, (d) the cycle efficiency, and
(e) the turbine exhaust temperature.
(Ans. (a) 259.4 kJ/kg, (b) 351.68 kJ/kg, (c) 569.43 kJ/kg,
(d) 16.2%, (e) 723 K)
Maximum Temperature
T1 = 800 C = 1073 K
p3 = 100 kPa

T3 = 300 K

Page 236 of 265

Gas Power Cycles

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 13

rP = 6.25
p4
= 6.25
p3

4s

4s

2s

p 4 = 625 kPa

p 2 = 100 kPa

p1 = p 4

v3 =

2s

RT3
= 0.861
p3

v3 = 0.861
1

p
p4 v 3
v
= 4 = 3
p3 v 4
v3
p4

T3 = 300 K

p 4
v 4 = v3 3
p4

p 2 = p3

v
T4
= 3
T3
v4
p 4 = 625 kPa

T4 = T3 (3.70243)0.4

T4 s T3
T4 T3
T4s = 506.4 K

0.8 =

p
T1
= 1
T2s
p2

T4 = 558 K

v4s

= 0.23255

T4 = 558
T2s = 635.6 K
p
= 4
p3

= 1.68808
T2 = 723 K

T1 T2
T1 T2 = 350
T1 T2s
T2 = T1 350 = 723 K
=

(a) Compressor work (Wc) = (h4 h3) = Cp(T4 T3) = 259.3 kJ/kg

Page 237 of 265

Gas Power Cycles

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 13

(b) Turbine work ( WT ) = (h1 h2) = Cp(T1 T2) = 351.75 kJ/kg

(c) Heat supplied (Q1) = Cp(T1 T4) = 517.6 kJ/kg
WT WC
= 17.86%
Q1

(d) Cycle efficiency () =

(e) Turbine exhaust temperature (T2) = 723 K

Q13.27

A simple gas turbine plant operating on the Brayton cycle has air inlet
temperature 27C, pressure ratio 9, and maximum cycle temperature
727C. What will be the improvement in cycle efficiency and output if the
turbine process Is divided into two stages each of pressure ratio 3, with
intermediate reheating to 727C?
(Ans. - 18.3%, 30.6%)

Solution:

p2

1000 K
p1
T

562 K

4
300 K

1
(a)

For (a)

T1 = 300 K
p2
=9
p1
T3 = 1000 K
p
T2 = 2
p1

p
T4
= 4
T3
p3

533.8 K

p
= 1
p2

T1 = 562 k

1
=
9

T4 =

T3
9

Page 238 of 265

= 533.8 K

Gas Power Cycles

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 13
p2

pi
1000 K

1000K 3

562 K 2

5
730.6 K

p1

6730.6 K

300 K
S
(b)

p
T4
= i
For (b)
T3
p2
p
T6
= 1
T5
pi
For (a)

For (b)

1
T4 = T3
3
1
T6 = T5
3

= 730.6 K

= 730.6 K

W = (h3 h4) (h2 h1)

= Cp [T3 T4) (T2 T1)] = 205.22 kJ/kg
Q = h3 h2 = CP (T3 T2) = 440.19 kJ/kg
= 46.62 %
W = (h3 h4) + (h5 h6) (h2 h1)
= CP [(T3 T4) + (T5 T6) (T2 T1)] = 278.18 kJ/kg
Q = h3 h2 + h5 h4 = CP [(T3 T2) + (T5 T4)] = 710.94 kJ/kg

= 39.13 %

Efficiency change =

39.13 46.62
100% = 16.07 %
46.62

Work output change =

278.18 205.22
100 = 35.6%
205.22

Q13.28

Obtain an expression for the specific work output of a gas turbine unit
in terms of pressure ratio, isentropic efficiencies of the compressor and
turbine, and the maximum and minimum temperatures, T3 and T1
Hence show that the pressure ratio

T
rp = T C 3
T1

rp

for maximum power is given by

/ 2( 1)

Page 239 of 265

Gas Power Cycles

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 13

If T3 = 1073 K, T1 = 300 K, C = 0.8, T = 0.8 and = 1.4 compute the

optimum
Value of pressure ratio, the maximum net work output per kg of air, and
corresponding cycle efficiency.
(Ans. 4.263, 100 kJ/kg, 17.2%)
Solution:

T1 = Tmin

T3 = Tmax

p2

Hence
p2

p1

T2s = T1

2s

p1

2
4
4s

= T1 rP

1
S

Let

rp

=x

T2s = x T1
If isentropic efficiency and compressor is c

c =

T2s T1
T2 T1

T2 = T1 +

T2s T1
x 1
= T1 1 +

C
C

p
Similarly T4s = T3 4
p3

p
= T3 1
p2

If isentropic efficiency of turbine is T

Then T =

T3 T4
T3 + T4 = T (T4s T3)
T3 T4S

T4 = T3 + T 3 T3
x

= T3 1 + T 1
x

Page 240 of 265

T3
x

Gas Power Cycles

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 13

Specific work output

W = (h3 h4) (h2 h1)
= CP [(T3 T4) (T2 T1)]

T xT T1
= CP T T3 3 1
kJ/kg
x
C

1 Tmin
= CP T Tmax 1 1
C

rp

For maximum Sp. Work

rp 1 kJ/ kg

dW
=0
dx

T
T
dW
= CP T 2 3 1 = 0
dx
C
x

x2 = T C

x=

T3
TT1

T C

Tmax
Tmin

T 2( 1)
Proved.
= T C max
Tmin

rP

If T3 = 1073 K, T1 = 300K, 1 = 0.8, 7 = 0.8, = 1.4 then

1.4

2(1.4 1)
= 4.26
( rp )opt. = 0.8 0.8 1073

300
1

(rp )opt = x = 1.513

1 T (x 1)

Wmax = Cp T T3 1 1

x
c

1 300

= 1.005 0.8 1073 1

(1.513 1) kJ/kg

1.513 0.08

= 99.18 kJ/kg
x 1

Heat input Q1 = h3 h2 = Cp (T3 T2)

T2 = T1 1 +
c

= 1.005 (1073 492.4)

= 583.5 kJ/kg

= 492.4 K
Page 241 of 265

Gas Power Cycles

By: S K Mondal
=

Chapter 13

99.18
100% = 17%
583.5

Q13.29

A gas turbine plant draws in air at 1.013 bar, 10C and has a pressure
ratio of 5.5. The maximum temperature in the cycle is limited to 750C.
Compression is conducted in an uncooled rotary compressor having an
isentropic efficiency of 82%, and expansion takes place in a turbine with
an isentropic efficiency of 85%. A heat exchanger with an efficiency of
70% is fitted between the compressor outlet and combustion chamber.
For an air flow of 40 kg/s, find (a) the overall cycle efficiency, (b) the
turbine output, and (c) the air-fuel ratio if the calorific value of the fuel
used is 45.22 MJ/kg.
(Ans. (a) 30.4%, (b) 4272 kW, (c) 115)

Solution:

p1 = 101.3 kPa
T1 = 283 K
p2
= 5.5 kPa
p1
T4 = 750C = 1023 K
1

T
p
2s = 2 T2s = 460.6 K
T1
p1
T T
T T
c = 2s 1 T2 = T1 + 2s 1
T2 T1
c
= 499.6K
T
p
5s = 5
T4
p4

p
= 1
p2

1
=

5.5

p2
4 1023 K
+m
(1

g
)k

T
2s
K
6
0.
46 1 kg

(1 + m) kg

2
499.6 K

p1

687.7 K

5s
628.6 K

283 K 1

1
T5s = T4

5.5

T =

1.4 1
1.4

= 628.6K

T4 T5
T4 T5 = T (T4 T5s) = 335.3 K
T4 T5s
Page 242 of 265

Gas Power Cycles

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 13

T5 = 687.K

Maximum possible heat from heat exchanger = Cp (T5 T2)

Actual heat from = 0.7Cp (T5 T2) = 132.33 kJ/kg of air
Cp (T3 T2) = (1 + m) 132.33 and
CpT3 = 132.33 +132.33 m + CpT2 = 634.43 +132.33 m
Heat addition (Q1) = Cp (T4 T3) = CpT4 CpT3
= 393.7 132.33m = m 45.22103

m = 8.68 103 kJ/kg of air

Q1 = 392.6 kJ/kg of air

WT = (1 + m) (h4 h5) = (1 + m) Cp (T4 T5)
= 1.00868 1.005 (1023 687.7) kJ/kg of air 340 kJ/kg
Wc = (h2 h1) = Cp (T2 T1) = 1.005 (499.6 283)
= 217.7 kJ/kg of air

Wnet = WT - Wc = 122.32 kJ/kg

122.32
100% = 31.16%
(a)
=
392.6
(b) Turbine output = (WT) = 122.32 kJ/kg of air
= 4893 kW
1 kg air
= 115.2 kg of air/kg of fuel
0.00868 kg of fuel
A gas turbine for use as an automotive engine is shown in Fig. 13.43. In
the first turbine, the gas expands to just a low enough pressure p5 , for
(c) Air fuel ratio =

Q13.30

the turbine to drive the compressor. The gas is then expanded through a
second turbine connected to the drive wheels. Consider air as the
working fluid, and assume that all processes are ideal. Determine (a)
pressure p5 (b) the net work per kg and mass flow rate, (c) temperature

T3 and cycle thermal efficiency, and (d) the T S diagram for the cycle.

Page 243 of 265

Gas Power Cycles

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 13

Solution :

Try please.

Q13.31

Repeat Problem 13.30 assuming that the compressor has an efficiency of

80%, both the turbines have efficiencies of 85%, and the regenerator has
an efficiency of 72%.
Try please.

Solution:
Q13.32

An ideal air cycle consists of isentropic compression, constant volume

heat transfer, isothermal expansion to the original pressure, and
constant pressure heat transfer to the original temperature. Deduce an
expression for the cycle efficiency in terms of volumetric compression
ratio rk , and isothermal expansion ratio, rk In such a cycle, the pressure
and temperature at the start of compression are 1 bar and 40C, the
compression ratio is 8, and the maximum pressure is 100 bar. Determine
the cycle efficiency and the m.e.p.
(Ans. 51.5%, 3.45 bar)

Solution:
V=C

3
Q1
2

T=C

Q1
2

T=C

Q2
S=C

pV = C
1

Q2 4

p=C

Q1

Q1

Compression ratio, rc =

V1
V2

V4
V
= 4
V3
V2
Heat addition Q1 = Q1 + Q1
= constant volume heat addition
(Q1 + constant temperature heat addition Q1)
Heat rejection, Q2 = Cp (T4 T1)

Expansion ratio, re =

T2 T1 . rc 1

T3 = T4
p1 v3
p v

= 4 4
T3
T4
p3 = p1 . re

v
= rc 1
= 1
v
2
v
and v2 = 1 and p 2 = p1 rc
rc

T
p
Hence 2 = 2
T1
p1

p
p
v4
= 3 = 3 = re
p4
p1
v3

Page 244 of 265

Gas Power Cycles

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 13

p
p2
= 3
T2
T3

or

= 1

p3
r
r
T2 = e T1 . rc - 1 = T1 e = T4
p2
rc
rc
Cp (T4 T1 )

T3 =

Q2
= 1
Cv (T3 T2 ) + RT3 In re
Q1

Cp T1 . e T1
rc

= 1
re
r

Cv T1 . T1 rc 1 + R .T1 e In re
rc
rc

e 1
r
c

= 1
r
re
e
1
r rc + ( 1) r In re
c
c

(re rc )
= 1

(re rc ) + ( 1) re l n re

= 1

[re rc ]
(re r ) + ( 1) re l n re

Given p1 = 1 bar = 100 kPa

T1 = 40C = 313 K

rc =8 and p3 = 100 bar = 10000 kPa

p3
= 100
p1
1.4 (100 8)
= 1
1.4
(100 8 ) + (1.4 1 In 100
128.8
= 1
265.83
= 0.51548 = 51.548 %
p3 = p1 . re re =

T3 = T1

re
313 100
=
= 3912.5 K
8
rc

T2 = T1 rc 1 = 719 K
Heat addition, Q = Cv ( T3 T2) + R T3 In re

= 0.718 (3912.5 719) + 0.287 3912.5 ln 100

= 7464 kJ/kg
Work, W = Q = 3847.5 kJ/kg
p m (V4 V2) = W

v 4 = 100 v 2

p m (100 1) v 2 = W
pm (99)

v1
=W
8
Page 245 of 265

v2 =

v1
rc

Gas Power Cycles

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 13

8W
= 346.1 kPa
99 v1
= 3.461 bar
( v 4 V3) = 40 58

pm =
pm

pm =

Q13.37

v1 =

RT1
= 0.89831 kJ/kg
p1

4058
= 365 bar
v4
v4
100

Show that the mean effective pressure, pm ' for the Otto cycle is
Given by

(p

pM =

1
p1 rk 1 -1
rk
( 1)( rk 1)

Where p3 = pmax ' p1 = pmin and rk is the compression ratio.

Solution:
Intake p1 , v1 , T1
-1

T
p
v
2 = 2
= 1
T1
p1
v2
1
T2 = T1 . rc

= rc 1

3
p

PV = C
Q1

pv = C

pv = C

v2 =

v1
rc

p3
p
= 2
T3
T2
T3 = T2

p3
p
r 1 p3
T p
= T2 3 = T1 c
= 1 3

rc p1
p2
p1 rc
p1 rc
1

T3
v
v
= 4 = 1 = rc 1
T4
v2
v3
T
T1 p3
T p
= 1 3
T4 = 3 1 =
-1
rc
rc p1 rc
rc p1
W = Q1 Q2
= Cv (T3 T2) Cv (T4 T1)
pm (V1 V2) =W

pm =

p2 = p1 rc

Cv [(T3 T2 ) (T4 T1 )]
V1 V2

Page 246 of 265

Q2
1

Gas Power Cycles

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 13

T p
T p

cv 1 3 T1 rc - 1 1 3 + T1
rc p1
rc p1

=
v1
v1
rc
p

p3 p1 rc 3 1 + p1 rc
cV T1
rc

=
V1 p1
(rc 1)

cV = 1

p1 V1 = RT1
RT1
=
V1 p1

p3
+ ( p3 p1 rc )]
rc 1
( 1) (rc 1)

[( p3 p1 rc )

( p3 p1 rc ) 1 1
rc

Proved
=
( 1)(rc 1)
Q13.38

A gas turbine plant operates on the Bray ton cycle using an optimum
pressure ratio for maximum net work output and a regenerator of 100%
effectiveness. Derive expressions for net work output per kg of air and
corresponding efficiency of the cycle in terms of the maximum and the
minimum temperatures.
If the maximum and minimum temperatures are 800C and 30C
respectively, compute the optimum value of pressure ratio, the
maximum net work output per kg and the corresponding cycle
efficiency.
2
T
(Ans. (Wnet )max = C p Tmax Tmin
(cycle )max = 1 Tmin , ( rp )opt = 9.14
max

(Wnet )max = 236.97 kJ/kg;cycle = 0.469 )

T1 = Tmin

Solution:

T4 = Tmax

T2
p
= 2
T1
p1
T2 = T1 x

= rp = x (say)
1

T5 p5
1
p
= = 1
=
x
T4 p4
p2
T

T5 = 4
x
For regeneration 100% effective number
Cp (T5 T2) = Cp (T3 T2)
T

T3 = T5 = 4
x
WT = h4 h5 = Cp (T4 T5)
Page 247 of 265

Gas Power Cycles

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 13
T

= Cp T4 4

x
p2

4
Q1
3
T

p1

2
5
Q2

And

= Cp T4 1

Wc = h2 h1
= Cp (T2 T1)
= Cp T1 (x 1)

1
Wnet = WT WC = Cp T4 1 T1 (x 1)
x

For Maximum Net work done

Wnet
1
= 0 T4 2 T1 = 0
x
x
T
T

x2 = 4 = max
Tmin
T1

x=

Tmax
Tmin

T 2( 1)
Heat addition ( rp ) opt. = max
Tmin
T

Q1 = h4 h3 = Cp (T4 T3) = Cp T4 4

x
1

= Cp T4 1

T1
= Cp T4 1

T4

T4 1 T1 (x 1)
Wnet
x

opt. =
=
1
Q1

T4 1
x

= 1

T
T4
T1
x = 1 1
= 1
T4
T4
T1

Page 248 of 265

Tmin
Tmax

Gas Power Cycles

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 13

Wopt. = Cp [T4 T1T4 T1T4 + T1 ]

= Cp [ T4 T1 ]2 = Cp [ Tmax Tmin ]2
If Tmax = 800C = 1073 K;

1073
rp,opt =

303
opt. = 1

Tmin = 30C = 303K

1.4
2(1.41)

= 9.14

Tmin
= 46.9%
Tmax

Wopt. = 1.005 ( 1073 303)2 = 236.8 kJ/kg

Q13.40

Show that for the Sterling cycle with all the processes occurring
reversibly but where the heat rejected is not used for regenerative
heating, the efficiency is giver: by
T1

1 + ( 1) ln r

=1 2
T1

T1
1 + ( 1) ln r
T2
T2

Where r is the compression ratio and T1 / T2 the maximum to minimum

temperature ratio.
Determine the efficiency of this cycle using hydrogen (R = 4.307 kJ/kg K,
c p =. 14.50 kJ/kg K) with a pressure and temperature prior to isothermal.

Compression of 1 bar and 300 K respectively, a maximum pressure of2.55

MPa and heat supplied during the constant volume heating of 9300
kJ/kg. If the heat rejected during the constant volume cooling can be
utilized to provide the constant volume heating, what will be the cycle
efficiency? Without altering the temperature ratio, can the efficiency be
further improved in the cycle?
Solution:

Minimum temperature
(T2) = Tmin

Maximum temperature
(T1) = Tmax

p Q
1

T=C
1

Compression ratio
v
v
( rc ) = 2 = 1
v3
v4

Q2
T=C

T1 T4

and
T3 = T2
v
WT = RT1 ln 1 = RT1 ln rc
v4

Q2

v
WC = RT2 ln 2 = RT2 ln rc
v3
Wnet =R ln ( rc ) [T1 T2]

Page 249 of 265

Gas Power Cycles

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 13

Constant volume Heat addition (Q1) = Cv (T1 T2)

R
(T1 T2 )
=
1
Constant temperature heat addition Q2 = RT2 ln rc
(T T2 )

Total heat addition Q = Q1 + Q2 = R T1 ln rc 1

( 1)

( 1) ln rc (T1 T2 )
W
ln rc [T1 T2 ]
=
1 +1
= net =
T2 T1
( 1) T1 ln rc (T2 T1 )
Q

T1 ln rc r 1

( 1) ln rc (T1 T2 )

= 1 1
( 1) ln rc (T2 T1 )

( 1) T1 ln rc (T2 T1 ) ( 1) ln rc T1 + ( 1) T2 ln rc
= 1
( 1) ln rc (T2 T1 )
= 1

(T1 T2 ) + ( 1) T2 ln rc
(T1 T2 ) + ( 1) T1 ln rc

T1

T 1 + ( 1) ln rc

= 1 2
Proved
T1
T1

T 1 + ( 1) T ln rc
2
2

Q13.41

Helium is used as the working fluid in an ideal Brayton cycle. Gas enters
the compressor at 27 C and 20 bar and is discharged at 60 bar. The gas is
heated to l000 C before entering the turbine. The cooler returns the hot
turbine exhaust to the temperature of the compressor inlet. Determine:
(a) the temperatures at the end of compression and expansion, (b) the
heat supplied, the heat rejected and the net work per kg of He, and (c) the
cycle efficiency and the heat rate. Take c p = 5.1926 kJ/kg K.
(Ans. (a) 4 65.5, 820.2 K, (b) 4192.5, 2701.2, 1491.3 kJ/kg,
(c) 0.3557, 10,121kJ/kWh)
T2
p
= 2
T1
p1

Solution:

60
20

Cp = 5.1926, R = 2.0786
c v = c p R = 3.114

cp
cv

5.1926
= 1.6675
3.114

1
= 0.4

Page 250 of 265

Gas Power Cycles

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 13
p2

1273 K
Q1

T
2

465.7 K

p1
4

820 K

Q2
1 300 K

60
T2 = T1
20

= 465.7 K

T
p
4 = 4
T3
p3

20
=
60

T4 = T3

1
1 = 820 K
3

(a)

End of compressor temperature T2 = 465.7K

End of expansion temperature T4 = 820K

(b)

Heat supplied (Q1) = h3 h2 = CP (T3 T2) = 4192 kJ/kg

Heat rejected (Q2) = h4 h1 = CP (T4 T1) = 2700 kJ/kg
Work,
W = Q1 Q2 = 1492 kJ/kg

W
1492
100% = 35.6%
=
Q1
4192
3600
3600
Heat rate =
=
= 10112 kJ/kWh
0.356

(c)

Q13.42

Solution:

An air standard cycle for a gas turbine jet propulsion unit, the pressure
and temperature entering the compressor are 100 kPa and 290 K,
respectively. The pressure ratio across the compressor is 6 to 1 and the
temperature at the turbine inlet is 1400 K. On leaving the turbine the air
enters the nozzle and expands to 100 kPa. Assuming that the efficiency
of the compressor and turbine are both 85% and that the nozzle
efficiency is 95%, determine the pressure at the nozzle inlet and the
velocity of the air leaving the nozzle.
(Ans. 285 kPa, 760 m / s)
p2
=6
p2 = 600 kPa
p1

Page 251 of 265

Gas Power Cycles

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 13

p2

pi

5
T

2s

4s

p1

1
290 K, 100 kPa

S
1

1.4 1
T2s
p
= 2
= 6 1.4
T1
p1
T2s = 483.9 K

T2s T1
T2 T1
T T1
= 228 K
T2 T1 = 2s
c
T2 = 518 K
T3 = 1400 K
WC = CP (T2 T1) = 1.005 (518 290) = 229.14 kJ/kg

C =

T4 s
p
= i
T3
p2
W

WT = C = 269.9 kJ/kg = CP (T3 T4s)

T
T3 T4s = 268.24

T4s = 1131.8 K
1.4

p
1131.8 1.4 1
= i

p2
1400
1.4

pi = p2

1131.8 1.4 1

= 285 kPa

1400

h = h5 h6 = CP (T5 T6)
T3 T5
= T
T3 T4 s
T5
p
= 5
T6
p6

T3 T5 = 227.97
1

285
=

100

1.4 1
1.4

T5 = 1172 K

T6 = T5 = 868.9 K

h = CP (1172 868.9) = 304.6 kJ/kg

Page 252 of 265

Gas Power Cycles

By: S K Mondal

Q13.43

V=

Chapter 13

2000 h =

2000 0.95 304.6 m/s = 760.8 m/s

A stationary gas turbine power plant operates on the Brayton cycle and
delivers 20 MW to an electric generator. The maximum temperature is
1200 K and the minimum temperature is 290 K. The minimum pressure is
95 kPa and the maximum pressure is 380 kPa. If the isentropic
efficiencies of the turbine and compressor are 0.85 and 0.80 respectively,
find (a) the mass flow rate of air to the compressor, (b) the volume flow
rate of air to the compressor, (c) the fraction of the turbine work output
needed to drive the compressor, (d) the cycle efficiency.
If a regenerator of 75% effectiveness is added to the plant, what would be
the changes in the cycle efficiency and the net work output?
(Ans. (a) 126.37 kg/s, (b) 110.71 m3 /s, (c) 0.528,
(d) 0.2146, = 0.148 Wnet = 0)
T2
p
= 2
T1
p1

Solution:

T4 p4
=
T3 p3

T2 = 431K
p
= 1
p2

; T4 = 807.5 K

Wnet = (h3 h4) (h2 h1)

= CP [(T3 T4) (T2 T1)]
= 252.76 kJ/kg
20000

= 79.13 kg/s
Mass flow rate (m) =
252.76

p2
380 kPa
1200 K

431 K
T

p1

2
4

807.5 K

1 95 kPa, 290 K

(a) Turbine output (WT) = m cP (T3 T4) = 31.234 MW

(b) =

WC
T T1
= 0.3592
= 2
T3 T4
WT
Page 253 of 265

Gas Power Cycles

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 13

(c) (m) = 79.13 kg/s

(d) v1 =

RT1
= 0.8761 m3/kg
p1

V = mv1 = 69.33 m3/s

Page 254 of 265