TESTS OF CORRELATION
Correlation vs Regression
The two most common methods to describe
the relationship between two quantitative
variables ( x and y) are linear correlation and
linear regression
Linear correlation is a statistic that
measures the STRENGTH of a bivariate
association while linear regression is a
prediction equation that estimates the value
of y for any given x
Questions that can be answered
by Correlation:
Is there a relationship between IQ and
Grade point average?
Is there a relationship between the size of
the family and educational attainment of the
father?
Questions that can be answered
by Regression:
What change will occur in ones blood
pressure after one reduces salt intake?
What would be an infants predicted birth
weight for a mother possessing a known
prepregnancy weight?
What would be the predicted grade of
student in college algebra given her/his grade
in Highschool math?
Test of Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis (Ho) : There is no
relationship between/among variables
Alternative Hypothesis (Ha) : There is
relationship between/among variables
When we accept Ho
It means that the difference is due to
* Sampling Fluctuations
* Chance Occurrence
* Correlation obtained is applicable only on
the sample and not be concluded/applied on
the population
When we reject Ho
We say that the sample results are
significant. The correlation obtained can be
applied to the actual population
The result obtained is NOT by mere chance
or sampling variation
Interpretation of alpha () and p-value
Level of significance of .05 means that in repeated
sampling from a given population of interest, the
probability of obtaining sample results similar to the one
presently observed is 95% and the probability of
obtaining different sample results is 5%
Significance of a certain level alpha means that the
results due to plain chance or sampling error is equal or
less than alpha
A p-value of .005 means that the probability of
committing the error of rejecting a true null hypothesis
is 0.5% and the the probability that the said error is not
committed by the researcher is 99.5%
1. PHI COEFFICIENT
Determines the degree of relationship
between two variables which are both
nominal dichotomous
2x2 table
Example. Finding the correlation between the hypothetical
data on voters' sex (male=1, female=0) and preference for
president (male prex=1, female prex=0)
Voters
Gender
Result
Test of Hypothesis
Ho: there is no relationship between gender and preference
for president
Ha: there is relationship between gender and preference for
president
Computed:2.58 tabulated: 1.96
Decision: Reject Ho
Conclusion: At 5% level of sig, it can be concluded that
there is relationship between gender and preference for
president. A female voter is most likely to prefer a male
president, and a male voter is most likely to prefer a female
president.
r=-0.81, remarks = very strong relationship
Coefficient of determination = 0.67 or 67% of the
preference for president can be attributed to ones gender
PHI-CORRELATION (At the back of Page 90)
Determine correlation of
a. gender and watching basketball A and K)
b. Draw a 2x2 table at the back of page 90,
write summarized values
c. conduct test of hypothesis
Ho: There is no relationship between gender and likeness
to watch basketball
Ha: There is relationship between gender
and likeness to watch basketball
computed:
tabulated:
decision:
conclusion:
r=
interpretation=
r 2=
interpretation=
3. Pearson Product-Moment
Commonly used test of correlation
Pearson moment correlation ( r )
Coefficient of Determination ( r2 ), determines
the variation of the variables attributed by the
other variable
PEARSON PRODUCT (Page 103)
Determine correlation of the ff:
1. math grade and english grade (H and I)
2. Height and arm span ( D and E)
3. Neck circumference and waist line (F and G)
Conduct test of hypothesis
Ho:
Ha:
Computed:
Tabulated:
Conclusion:
r=
remarks:
r2 =
interpretation:
Decision:
2. POINT-BISERIAL CORRELATION
Dichotomous measure will be in the form of
arbitrary code nos. like 1 and 0
Used for 2 variables- interval/ratio and
nominal dichotomous
Point biserial correlation ( r ), Coefficient of
Determination ( r2 ), determines the variation
of the variables attributed by the other
variable
POINT BISERIAL (Page 105)
Determine correlation between
1. Gender and Height (A and D)
2. Cup of rice and Weight (B and C)
3. Gender and Math grade (A and I)
Conduct test of hypothesis
Ho:
Ha:
Computed:
Tabulated:
Conclusion:
r=
remarks:
r2 =
interpretation:
Decision:
4. SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION
This method can be used on predicting values of the
dependent variable
The variable that is used to make the prediction is called the
predictor variable; the variable about which the prediction
is made is called the criterion variable
Only when a correlation of 0.50 or higher is obtained can
individual predictions that are reasonable accurate for most
purposes be made
LINEAR REGRESSION (Page 113)
Determine regression equation of :
1.math grade (y) and hrs. of study (x)
2. english grade (y) and hrs. of study (x)
Result of Pearson Moment Correlation
Result of Linear Regression:
y = 6.77 + 3.907 x
