What is
geography
Its the study of natural environment and how it influence social and cultural
development
Geography is a social science that focuses on the spatial interaction of human
beings with each other and with their physical environment.
What is
Demography ?
A scientific study of human population .
Demography is the study of number and characteristics of a population.
It is not concerned not only the number of people in an area but also factors that
may be causing their number to increase or decrease. These include matters
such as the state of health care and sanitation , in the extent of which birth
control is practiced.
What are the
elements of Demography
Fertility Rate
Mortality /Death rate
Infant mortality rate
Life expectancy
Growth Rate the difference between birth and death rate
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The difference between immigrant and emigrant
Migration voluntary economic push
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Involuntary there are forced due to social conflict
There are two theories for world Polulation
Malthusian Theory
Demographic transition theory
Malthusian Theory
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Malthusian theory is the theory relating human
population to the means of human substance.
human
population would increase Geometrically
whereas food production would increase
arithmetically because even though there was a
According to Malthusian, he states thats the growth of
growth in the agricultural technology , the farmland
was limited. Malthusian advocated that the population would
close the gap between rising in population and food supply .
He believed that the only solution was to postponed marriage. However ,
impact of the industrial
revolution and expansion of new Lands, and
Anticipation of fertility rate. He was also criticised for
his theory failed because of the
ignoring social inequality in world abundance and famine.
Demographic Transition Theory
Demographic transition theory refers to a mathematical model which
explains the change in demographic trends as countries move from
preindustrial to industrialized economies.
Stage One
The first stage of the demographic transition corresponds to pre-industrialized, or pre-modern,
societies. In such societies, both birth and death rates are high. Children are valuable economic actors
in society, often performing many household tasks as well as contributing to the agricultural or craft
labor that sustains the household. When they reach adulthood, children in premodern societies support
their parents, as there is no social safety net and no organized retirement savings. In addition, the lack
of medical care and sanitation technology means that disease is rampant and death in childbirth is
likely. Famines and epidemics periodically cause marked population declines. Because children are so
valuable in premodern societies yet simultaneously so unlikely to survive, people have many children.
Yet because of the high death rate, additions t
o and subtractions from the population tend to even out. In fact, until the Middle Ages, world
population growth averaged less than 0.05% a year and it took between one thousand and five
thousand years for the population to double.
Stage Two
In the second stage, the population begins to increase at a much faster rate. This is caused by a decline in death
rates while birth rates remain high. The decline in death rates occurs for two primary reasons. First of all,
improvements in agricultural production, such as those initiated during the Agricultural Revolution in eighteenth
century Europe, lead to a more stable and productive food supply. A stable and productive food supply reduces
deaths that are a consequence of famine. Second, there are significant advances in public health technology,
particularly sanitation, hygiene, and food handling. For instance, cities built sewerage systems that reduced
contamination of drinking water supplies and indoor plumbing began to make regular bathing a possibility.
Death rates fall because of greater food supplies and scientific medicine.
But birth rates remain high, resulting in rapid population growth.
It was during Europes stage 2 that Malthus formulated his ideas, which explains
his pessimistic view of the future.
Stage Three
In the third stage of the demographic transition, the population becomes more stable and eventually begins to decline. This
decline occurs through the reduction of birth rates, leading to a changed population structure in which there are fewer young
people and more old people. However, before the population of old people rises, there is a period of economic opportunity
and expansion as more individuals are of working age and fewer are either in childhood or old age.Demographers and other
social scientists debate which factors are most important in producing the changes observed in the third stage.
Stage Four
The fourth stage of the demographic transition occurs when both birth and death rates are low. In such societies,
the population has become quite large, but its size remains stable over time. This occurs when the fertility rate
falls below replacement levels, or about 2.1 children per woman. It is important to note that not all societies
transition from the third stage to the fourth stage.
