MODERN OPERATING SYSTEMS

Chapter 1
Introduction

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

What Is An Operating System?

Lots of hardware !!

One or more processors

Main memory
Disks
Printers
Various input/output devices

Managing all these components requires a layer of

software the operating system
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Where is the software?

Where the operating system fits in.

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The Operating System as an Extended

Machine

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The Operating System as a Resource

Manager

Allow multiple programs to run at the same time

Manage and protect memory, I/O devices, and
other resources
Multiplexes (shares) resources in two different
ways:
In time
In space

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History of Operating Systems

Generations:

(194555) Vacuum Tubes

(195565) Transistors and Batch Systems
(19651980) ICs and Multiprogramming
(1980Present) Personal Computers, Tablets, Phones

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

Transistors and Batch Systems (1)

Figure 1-3. An early batch system.

(a) Programmers bring cards to 1401.
(b)1401 reads batch of jobs onto tape.
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Transistors and Batch Systems (2)

Figure 1-3. (c) Operator carries input tape to 7094.

(d) 7094 does computing. (e) Operator carries output tape to
1401. (f) 1401 prints output.
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Transistors and Batch Systems (4)

Figure 1-4. Structure of a typical FMS job.

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ICs and Multiprogramming

Figure 1-5. A multiprogramming system

with three jobs in memory.
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More third generation

Time Sharing (CTSS)

Multics
Unix
Linux

.
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Fourth generation

PCs
Network Operating Systems
Distributed Operating Systems

.
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Computer Hardware Review

Some of the components

of a simple personal computer.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

CPU Pipelining

Figure 1-7. (a) A three-stage pipeline. (b) A superscalar CPU.

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Memory Hierarchy

A typical memory hierarchy.

The numbers are very rough approximations.
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Caches

Main memory is divided into cache lines (64

bytes)
0-63 in line 1, 64-127 in line 2
When program reads a word-cache hardware
checks to see if in cache.
If so, then have a cache hit (2 cycles).
Otherwise, make request of main memory over
the bus (expensive)
Cache is expensive and is therefore limited in
size
Can have cache hierarchies
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The 4 Cache Questions

When to put a new item into the cache? (on a

cache miss)
Which cache line to put the new item in? (memory
word determines which line)
Which item to remove from the cache when a slot
is needed? (same line new data goes into)
Where to put a newly evicted item in main
memory? (memory address determines this)

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Multithreaded and Multicore Chips

(a) A quad-core chip with a shared L2 cache.

(b) A quad-core chip with separate L2 caches.
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Main Memory

RAM
ROM-cant be changed. Fast, cheap

eg.-keeps bootstrap OS loader

EEPROM (Electrically Erasable PROM) Can be re-written, but
slowly

E.g.-serves as films in digital cameras, as disk in portable

music players

.
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Disks

Tracks are divided into sectors (512 bytes)

Multiple tracks form a cylinder.
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I/O Devices

Controller runs a device-accepts commands

from the OS and executes them
Complicated business

Eg. Gets command to read sector x on disk y. Must convert to

(cylinder, sector, head) address, move arm to correct cylinder, wait
for sector to rotate under the head, read and store bits coming off
the drive, compute checksum, store bits as words in memory

Controller contains a computer to run its

device

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Device Driver

OS software that talks to controller-gives

commands, accepts responses
Each controller manufacturer supplies a driver
for each OS
Driver runs in kernel mode
Controller has registers which are used to
communicate with the driver
Three modes of communication

Tanenb

Polling
Interrupts
DMA

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I/O by polling device

Driver issues command to controller

Driver polls device until it is ready
Eg Send character to printer controller and poll
until it is ready to accept the next character
Big use of CPU
Called programmed I/O-not really used any
more

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I/O by Interrupts

Generate an interrupt when I/O is finished.

Eg When character is finished being printed, interrupt CPU. Allows
CPU to do something else while character is being printed
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I/O by DMA

Special (controller) chip

Avoids using the CPU as part of the transfer
to/from memory
CPU tells chip to set up transfer and take care
of it
Chip does as it it told and interrupts CPU when
it is finished

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The bus hierarchy

In the beginning there was one bus-couldnt

handle the traffic when cpu and memories got
faster and bigger
Create a hierarchy of faster buses (PCI) and
specialized buses (SCSI, USB)

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Pentium System Buses

The structure of a large Pentium system

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The Operating System Zoo

Mainframe operating systems

Big-thousands of disks.
Lots of jobs with lots of I/O
Services-batch (payroll) transactions (airline
reservations, timesharing (query database)
Elderly-Unix, Linux replacing them

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

The Operating System Zoo

Server operating systems

Workstations
File, print, web servers
BSD, Linux, Windows

Multiprocessor operating systems

Use multiple cores

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

The Operating System Zoo

PC operating systems-Linux, Mac, Windows

Smart phone operating systems- Android,
iPhone, Blackberry
No hard disk
Palm, Symbian popular OSs

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The Operating System Zoo

Embedded operating systems-TV sets, cars,

DVDs, MP3s
Everything is in ROM (no apps can run on
it)
QNx, Vxworks
Real time operating systems
Hard (eg. factory) deadline
Soft (eg. multi-media) deadline
Smart card OS (eg border crossing cards)
Java in ROM
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

Operating System Concepts

Processes
Address spaces
Files
Input/Output
Protection
The shell

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

Processes

Program in execution
Lives in address space
Process table

Keeps info about process

Used to re-start process

Shell (command interpreter) reads commands

from terminal

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A Process Tree

Process creates child processes

Tree structure

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Process

Can communicate with one another

Have UIDs and group IDs (GID)
Can communicate with one another (IPC)

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File directory

The directory is organized as a tree

Root directory at the top. Path proceeds from the root (e.g. faculty/prof brown/
courses)
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Mounting Files in UNIX

A CD-ROM is mounted on directory b.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

Special files

Special files-can use same calls for I/O as for

files. OS treats them as files.
Block special files (disks)
Character special files (line printers, modems)
Kept in /dev directory, e.g. /dev/lp is line
printer

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

Unix Pipe
Processes communicate by writing into/reading from
a file in Unix

A and B write into the pipe and read from the pipe.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

I/O, Protection/Shell

I/O-big part of OS
Protection-UNIX uses rwx bits for each file

3 bits for owner, 3 for group, 3 for everyone else

Shell (command interpreter)

UNIX
Has lots of flavors-sh,bash,csh,ssh..
Sort<file1>file2
Cat file 1 file 2 file3 | sort > /dev/lp

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

System Calls

Interface between user programs and OS

Varies from OS to OS
System call issued by user program
Call uses a library call of the same name
Library routine puts machine into kernel modes
(by issuing a special instruction)
Finds actual routine for system call in a table
Does the work involved in the call
Returns to user program

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

Unix Read System Call

Count=read(fd, buffer, nbytes)

fd is a file descriptor. When a file is opened, permissions are

checked. If access is allowed, a number (fd) is returned. Then
file can be read/written

nbytes is number of bytes in file

buffer is where read deposits the bytes

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

System Calls

read(fd, buffer, nbytes).

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

Look at System Calls

Start with process management

See how they are used in shell
Then you write a shell
Then do a brief summary of calls for
File management
Other useful calls

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

System Calls for Process Management

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

Memory Layout
Processes have three segments:
text, data, and stack.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

Shell

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

Fork

Pid=fork( )
Duplicates parent process completely
Everything duplicated -data,registers,fds
Fork returns a value (pid)
Zero in child
Childs PID in parent
Used to differentiate child from parent

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

Execve

Replaces process core image by the file named

in its invocation
Execve(name,arg,environp) has 3 parameters
Name of file (e.g. cp command)
Arg-pointer to argument array
Environp-pointer to environment array

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

Excve (example)

Cp f1 f2 is located by execve and parameters

are passed to it by execve

Main(argc, argv, envp) is main prog in cp

Argc is #items on command line (=3 in cp)

Argv points to array (arg[0] points to cp, arg[1] points to f1,
Envp points to environment, an array of name=value with
info like terminal type

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System Calls for File Management

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

File mode

System keeps track of it

Regular, special
Date of creation
Size

Access status of file via stat command

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

System Calls for Directory and File

Management

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

Linking

o
o

In Unix, each file is identified by an i-number

i-number indexes into i-node table
o Link creates a new directory entry with same i-number
o Has a new name (note instead of memo)

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

Mount System Call

mount(/dev/fd0, /mnt, 0) is system call

File comes from drive 0 and is mounted on binary
file /mnt.
Third parameter tells if it is read or read-write
Result is that file on drive zero can be accessed
from a directory
Saw this example before with CD-same
mechanism for memory sticks and portions of hard
drives

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

Other System Calls

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

Windows Win32 API

The Win32 API calls that roughly correspond

to the UNIX calls
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

Operating Systems Structure

Monolithic systems

A main program that invokes the requested

service procedure.
A set of service procedures that carry out the
system calls.
A set of utility procedures that help the service
procedures.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

Monolithic Systems

A simple structuring model for a monolithic system.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

Layered Systems-THE operating system

Dijkstras the author

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Microkernels

Small number of processes are allowed in the

kernel
Minimizes effects of bugs

Dont want bug in driver to crash system

Put mechanism in kernel and policy outside the
kernel
Mechanism- schedule processes by priority
scheduling algorithm
Policy-assign process priorities in user space
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

Microkernels

Structure of the MINIX 3 system.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

Client-Server Model

The client-server model over a network.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

Virtual Machines (1)

The structure of VM/370 with CMS.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

Virtual Machines (2)

(a) A type 1 hypervisor. (b) A type 2 hypervisor.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

The World According to C

The C language
Header files
Large programming projects
The model of run time

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

The Model of Run Time

he process of compiling C and header files to make an

executable.

Assignment 1 -OS

1.
2.

What are the functions of OS?

Compare and contract 2 different OS in
term of its speed, cost, RAM required.