1O2

Electricat Pouser System Analgsis

It is clear that as the angle 6 : (6p - 6n) gets smaller and smaller, the cosihe function appror
because
1.0. The berter approximation of th6 sine of a small angle is the angle itself in radian
now
we
Thus
itself'
angle
to
the
equal
is
approximately
very small angle, ihe sine of an angle

*r: Llr,llu,lBe, (6p - 6q)

't=l

q,

: ilu,llvnlc n,,r
r!=l

2.U2.3 Approxlmate the Product of the Voltages to

1'O

V,l. are very ck

In the per-unit system, the numerical values of voltage magnitudes l-V, l. and I
its product is
1.0. Typical range under most operating conditions is 0.95 to 1.05. Fuithermore,
much closer to 1.0.
system
Given the discussed practical approximations, the power flow in the transmission
approximated using the following equation.

pr: IBeq
q

(6e

-6q)

=l

used in the optimal power

our point of interest is the f
Since
power
systems.
(OpF) and economic dispatch problerns in the
power'
flow, we omit the power flow equation for reactive

It is the called the DC power flow equation. It is commonly

SOLVED PROBLEMS
problem 2.1. The power system network is shown inFig. 2.11 bus I is considered as a
MVA
of vohage 1.00 20" p.u. Thi line impedance are indicated in the network on lN
neglect the line shunt admittance(100 + j50) MVA

(120 + j30) MVA

2
0.02 + j0.04

6.912 + j0.02

g.s1 + j0.02

3
(30 +

Fig.

j50) MVA

2.tI

l-oad

Fla:u.r

Studres

1O3

By using Gauss-Seidet metlnd at the end of first iteration, determine the magnitude of voltage and
angles at buses 2 and i.

l1
ln= fi :
r

t5

002 +j004

:20 -

o.ol + jo.o2

lo -Zoj

i4O

ht= ffi:22'0588 - j36'7647

Yrr : ln * ln: 10 - 2Oj + 20 - 40j : (30 -j60)
y;;: y), + yi = l0 - zoj + 223s88 - j36.7647 :32.0585 -is6.7647
Yr; = yt, + ytz:2O- j40 +

Yr2: -!0: -

ybu.

22.0588 - j36.7647

:42.0588 -i76.7647

10 +.120

I tro-ioo) (-lo+i2o)

(-20+

i4o)

- is6:647) (- 22.0s88 + i3616a7)l

(42.0588 - i76:647\ )
Lt- ,o + i40) (- 22.0s88 + i36.7647)

t-

ro

izo)

Assuming initial bus vltages, Vro

(32.0588

Vro

I p.u.

Yoltage at bus p is

vj*'

: *-$r*vf *'- frroul

q=p+t
(v;) o;,,

or=*,rorp:2,3
4.
- -z:
A2=

43:

,* :

.l

Pz

-,lQz

Yrr.

(Pcz

- j0.2)
32Os88 - i56.7647
0.3 +

42.0588

*,
Y.,

B.,:3=

Y,,

j0.s)

j76.7647

for p

l-r

(Qoz

- Q,z)

Y,

(-02
(-

Prr)

2,

(0.001162 - j0.004179)

= (-

3and

q : 1,2,

- l0 +j20
32.0588

0.006656 -

= (- js6.76n

3; p

0.000261)

q.

0.3425 + j0.0173)

104

Electrical Power System Analysis

-22.0588+j36i647
32.0s88

8,,

832

: Y,,

V]

Y,,

A2
-.-----=

22.0588 +36.7647

42.0s88

= (-

j56.7647

(- 20 +.i40\
42.0s88 - j76.7647

Y,,

(vi

j76.7647

0.6574 -

0.0173)

(- 0.5105 +JO.01919)

(- 0.4894 -j0.019193)

-BI Vl -B23 Vro

0.001162

j0.004t79

- (- o.342s +j

0.0173) (1.04)

- (- 0.6s74 - j0.0173)l

r.014762 - j0.004871
1.01477 z- 0.275" p.u.

+(vi)

.,1
.J

(-

- B,, vl - 8,, vj

0.006656

j0.000261)

- (- 0.5105 + J0.01919)

(1.04)

- (- 0.4894 -70.
(r.01476

:
:

j0.

1.02096 -7O.0032186
1.02096

Z- 0.18'

p.u.

Problem 2.2.The power system network shown inFig. 2.12. Each line has a series
0.A2 + j0.08) p.u. and a total slrunt admittance of j0.02 p.u. The specified quantities of
are given in tlrc.ligure. A controllable reactive power source is available at bus 3, with the
0 S Qc: S 1.5 p.u. Using the Gauss-Seidel method, ftnd the voltage at bus '2' and '3' afier
iteration.
= (0.6

Y,r= 1.0210 P.u.

I
Qos

Brg. 2.L2

56

+p.3) p.u.

= (1.5 +p.6)p.u.

lVrl=1.Mp.u.

Lmd Flou Studies lOs

Sol.

Let

bus (1) is blackbus

bus (2) is load bus

bus (3) is PV bus

Using the nominal

model for the transmission lines, the elements of Yru. are computed as

Series admittance of each line

o.o2+iooT

Q'g4t -i:t'764)P'u'

The elements of Ysu* are given by self admittances.

Yrr = Yzz

: Y33 :

ZIZ.S+1- j1.764.

ryz.l
2)

= 5.8E2 - j23.508 p.u.

Mutual admittances
Yr-2

Assume

= Y2r= Y3r = Yr3 = Yzt=Y3z: GZ.g4l + jll.764)p.u.

Yz:

1.0 Z:0"

= 1.0 +,/0

md

6r = 0o.

Bus voltages are calculated as

At Bus (2)

vl,,:
-

l-t

*l'r{u;y,',
,r#- i,",,z'tu,j,,i
,
j
Yr,

=#3508tm_{(z.slt*jll.76a)xl.a2+(-2.g4l+jll.7tA)x,*}]
: (1.0368 - j0.0272)p.u.
For Bui (3)

Q!')

:- rm [{vior}{Y,, v, +Y,2 vl',) *v,, v{"}]

: - Im tt .04 {(- 2.941 + jtt.764\ x 1.02 Zo"

+ (-2.94t + jtt.764) (1.0368 _ jo.0272) +

0.179 p.u.

:0'179 + ati
"' Qcr

0.179 + 0.6

0.779 p.u.

Qf) = Qc., Qr. :0.179P.u.

(5.E82 _i23.508) (1.04

z|")ll

lOG

Electrtcal Power Sgstem Analysis

or Qc,

0.179

QL3

.'. Qo, = 0.179 + 0.6

0.779 P.u.

i.e., within specified limits. Therefore, bus (3)

rs acting as a generator bus

and Q!') satisfies the constraint

Hence,

^
-.^.)
:
- {",,
I
!;{a#'
, y,,L[ui?]..]r,, v,
=l

l-

vl,,

: ---l-

.'.

t,'; r9=l'

t\
t.O4Z0o- {(: 1.0179 Z- 4.04 p.u.

5.882-i23.508 [L

vj" :
:

Y,,
J-

z.o+r +

,,**}l

jr r.7

64')

xt.oz + (- z.s+r

in. 764X1 .0368 - j0.

v3rr". .26!)
1.04

l-

4.04" p.u.

Problem 2.3. Repeat the problem 2.2, if the reactive power constraint on generator 3 is 0 S
< 0"5.
Sol. Since

Qc,

calculated in problem 2.2 corresponding to initial specified voltage

is 0.779 p.u., which is greater than the maximum specified

i.r., Qc, :

Vr

: l.M

limit. Hence Qc, is set equal to

0.5 p.u.

Bus 3, therefore, becomes a PQ bus from a PV bus. Therefore, I V3 [ can no longer remain
at 1-04 p.u. The value of V3 at the end of the first iteration is calculated as follows :

Note. V-,0

uj

: I + 70 by virtue of a flat start

+ t"*-[v,, v,.\, v,]]

: =-- L -_.f -t'l-rqtzs -{lz.s+r+

t\ -'- '
5.882-i23.508'L l-i6
: l.02136 - j0.0756
: l.O2416 Z- 4.24" p.u.

jfi.764)xl.oz+(-z.s4t+
jt].7A)x(1.0368'" '''--'-- ' \ -'-

Load Flou: Studres

fiV

Problem 2.4. The power system shown in Fig. 2.13 each line has sgries impedance of (0.03 +
j0.07) p.u. emd shunt admittance of j0.01 p.u. The specified quantities at buses are also shown.
Determine the element of Jacobian mntrix by rectangular co-ordinate formulation of N-R method.
S., = (0.6 +p.3) p.u.

Vr = 1.02 Z 0" P.u.

Fig. 2.13

lVr I :1.04P.u.

Sol.

bus. Vr :
Bus (2) : PQ bus, Pz -/Qz :

1'02 Z0 P.u.
- 0.6 + i0.3

Bus (1) : Swing

Bus (3) : PV bus,

v: I : 1'04 P'u'
P::-1'5P'u'

Step 1. Formation of Ysu,

Self admittance,

Yr,

:,-'Lo03*J'007-t
+ i -o'oll
[-=*=
z

(10.34s - j24.128) p.a.

And mutual admittances , Y r,

0.03 + 70.07

--5.172+it2.O69
Y8,,,

Grr

:
:

-jB

Gzz:

- i24.128 - 5.172 + j12.069

I to.:+s
1034s j24.r28
5.5172 +

=llG33

i12.069

s.sttz + ir2.o6e

10.345 P,u.

5.172 + j12.069

-5.172

+ itz.M9f

- s172 + izalel
10.345

i24:28 )

108

Electrical Pouer System Analgsis

Bzz

Gt2:

G2r

Brr

Step 2. Assume

Now,

B33

24.128p.u.

G6:

= Gtr:

G32: Gzl = 5.172p.u.

Brz = Bzr : B3l : Brr = Brz: B23: - 12.069p.u.
that. V, : 1.0 + j0.0 = ez + jfz and 62 - 0'
Vr : 1.02 + j0.0 p.u. (specified)
V::1.04 +70.0p.u.: et+ jfi

Step 3. For the power system the performance equation in matrix form is

?P.
de,
JP.

APz

AP:

)P.

6".

I
I

AVr

lot,
lao,l -

or

dt

[r,

l,

aez

Let

DP.

EE

aE6 I*
Lfz

--_

L^v;j
where

EE

AA

?P,

.)Qr aQ: -ra;--;0;

de. d",
EV, aV. -?\ -- iL
14 1;
dlz dft

4a,

IaPr

dP,
dfz
?P,

dP,

.0u,

Lr. i:l

I#]

, Jz, lt, Jo, J5 and J6 are Jacobian matrices

Off-diagonal elements of J,,

J1

OP,

dro
DP,

Ae,

0P.

d",

= pGpq-frGrn

4*p

: 2Gtt-ItGzt
:

3 G3z-

x - 5.172 -g = -5.172p.u.
fzGzz

= 1.04x-5.172 -Q = -5.379p.u.
Diagonal elements of

f,
aP_

i;

erBno+frGrr+ d,

#:ezB2z+f2Gzz+dz

Ioad, Flotu Studres 109

I x24.128 + 0 +

erBrr+f3G33+ dj

1.04 x24.128

0.73414

= 24.862

+ 0 - 0.71374 :24.379

Oft'-diagonal elements of J,
aP_
#:J.r :

erBp, * foBoo, Q*P

= erB,rt|zBzt
+?
dtt
:1.0x(-

12.069)

* 0:

-12.069

qBrr*hBzz

#:

:1.04x(-

12.069)

+ 0: -12.55176

Diagonal elements of J,

Pop :

enB* * foGrr-

do

zBzz

1.0 x24.128+ 0 -

pG*

t frB* + fro
,l;,

Cz:

zGzz

* f'G22:

d2

0.734 L4

:23.374

From equation (2.49)

cp

fzB,2

: 1 x 10.345
: - 0.309

from equation

elGzr

etGzs

fiBzr *.fzBzs

(': P :1 is a slack bus)

+ 0 + 1.02x5.172x 1.04 x-5.172 + 0 + 0

e1G1 * ezGtz +/r B:r * fzBy

1.04x 10.345 + 0 + l.O2x- 5.172 * 1 x - 5.172 + 0 + 0

C3: tGlr

o oo + fq Bpn

+/3 By

(2.50)
,t

dp:frGw-eoBr, + I (foG*-roBrn)t
g=l
*p

110

Electricol Power

Analysls
dz

: fz Gzz - ezBzz : (fi Gx * fi Gzt - erB21 - qBp)

: 0 - 1 x24.128 + 0 + 0 - 1.02 x - t2.06g- 1.04 x :0.73414

dt

: ft Gn - es Bll +./r Gy + fzGsz - erB31 - e2 e,

:0- 1.04x24.128 + 0 + 0- 1.02x- 12.069- 1x- I

: - 0.71374.

Now Diagonal elements of J, are

aP..

u;:nGr,'-frBoo+co

+:
dt
dP,

d",

etGzz-f.B2z+Cz

Ix

e.,

10.35

Gr, +

-0 + (-0.309) :

C.,

:
:

11.07016

pBprt + fnGon'

2823

1.04

10.345

0.31136

Off-diagonal elements of J,
DQp

dt,
EQz

0r,
Diagonal elements of

Q*P

+.fzGzt
12.069

: -

12.069p.u.

Jo

Dep

dfp

a!a :
dfz

fpBpp- eoGo, + C,

IzBzz- e2G22

C2

:0- 1.0x 10.128 + (-0.309)

: - 10.437
Off-diagonal elements of

*:

Jo

-ep.Gw+fecpq,q*p

10.041

l
Load" Flow Studlles 111
3Qz

- -2Gx+I2G23

dft

:-1x-5.t72:5.172p.a.
Diagonal elements of Jt

{u dr,

2ro

alv, I
=2xr.o4=2.08
dr,
Off-diagonal elemEnts of

J5

av_
J:O
dro
Diagonal elements of

J6

DY,:o
df ,,
Off-diagonal elements of

Ju

Dvp:o
Efq
Jacobian

matrix
l-

-:r

'

|I

10.041 - 5.172 i

- s^tzs

11.07016

24562

- 12069'l
-rzsstt6 2$7s I

--l-------------------- - - - -

ttz

j_ __:l9fr7:_rl_:yl2_
_'_ ---0
l?1II
---------b-----T----0
z.os

[-

problem 2.5. For the problem 2.4, determine the Jacobian matrix and the unknown values at the
cnd of first iteration using polar co-ordinate method'
Sol. Bus (1) is a swing bus Vr : 1.02 ZO p'u'
Bus (2) P-Q, bus Pz - iQz: (- 0.6 + 70'3) p'u'
Bus (3) P-V bus

with

v, I :

P3

: - l '5 P'u'

1'04 P'u'
The elements of Ysu. are
I

Yl :
Ytz :
0l'P :

=Ytt:26'252 l'66'8" P'u'

Yzt : Yt3 = Y3l : Y23 = Y3z: L3'13 Zll32o p'u'

Yzz

66'8o

and0"

: - ll3'2o

:7i2, eirit*at

power Sgstem Analgsis

Let us assuming,

Vz

1.0

Z0'

p.u.

i.e..

I Vz I = 1.0;62 = 0", 63 = 0"

From equations (2.75) and [2'80(a)] the real and reactive powers
at the buses are given by

P:

G:z I u:
+ 6r _ 63)ll:

+ I Vz I t I yzr I I vr I cos (0,, *

10.345x 12 + l.o t13.13xr.a}eos

cos(- 1t3.2 + 0_0)l
= _ 0.31 p.u.

(-

rr3.2

6z

- 6r) + I yzr I I v, I cos (

+0-0) + 13.13 x 1.04x

Similarly.

pr:
:

G$

lV: l, + iVs lly:r

cos(-113.2+0-0)l
= 10.345 x 1.0816 + 1.04 t-

Qz

0.323 p.u.

Bzr

6l_61) + y23V2cos(ozl +5:_e)l

10.345x(1.04)2 + r.04x [r3.l3x r.02 cos (- rr3.z +0-0) +
13.13 x l
Vrcos(013

l0.448l

lv, l'+

vrly2rv,sin(ozr *62-6r) r yzrvrsin(ozl +E_Ul

24.128x 12 + 1.0 [l3.13x 1.02 sin(- I 13.2 +0-0) + t3.13x 1.04sin(_
1l
+0_0)j

= 24.128 + (- 24.8605)

0.733 p.u.

Similarly,

e:

B$ I Vl 12 + Vr [y3r V, sin(0l3 * 0z _6r) * yrzV,sin(02:

:24.128x 1.042 + 1.04t13.13x 1.02sin(- 113.2) + 13.13x

= 26.0968 - 25.353
= 0.743g p.u.

* St_L)]
l xsin(_

113

Therefore. the change in real and reactive powers are

so

laprl [-o.o-(-o3l)l
loo,

f-o.2et

l:l-rj-0323'l:l-1.8231

Loo,j L-o.r-(-0.733)l

The elements of the Jacobean are calculated as follows

aP"

Q2

Bzz

I Yz

12

o.orrl

: o.733 + 24.128x t2

:24-861
?P,
E6,

-Q3 +

B, I Yrl' :

-0.7438

+ 24.t2gxt.O42:25.353

Load Flow Shrdres 113

Yzr vz V3 sin (ozr

13.13

Yu vr v, sin (0,, +

13.13

1.0

6'?

1.04 sin

1.04

1 sin

- s,)

(-

6s

113.2)

: - 12.551

6z)

(- 113.2\: -

12.551

ap- =Gzz I vz I + P, =10.34sx1*f_g'l =10.035.

( 1"0 )- Lv'vJJ'
u,
titl
= vs Yrz

#;l

-Gzzl

cos (032

6s

- L)

1'o+

13.13 cos (113.2)

5.3794

vi I + P2:

-10.345x

12

+ (-0'31) = -

: - | vz I I Yx I I vr I cos(023 +L-6r)

: - 1.0 x 13.13 x 1.04 cos (113.2) :

;ffi

= 4z lvz I +

5.3794

: 24'128x 1 + !-ffi : 23'3e5

The corrections vector is given by

[aa!'l f z4.s6t -tz.sst 10.03s-I'f-oee'l

I ao!" | : I - 12.ssr zs.3s3 - s.37s4l l- r.szl
Loui"l [- ro.oss s.37s4 23.3es] | o.+lll

[-

o.oos+l

: l-o.tosal r"o
[0.0,,,0]

i.

10.655'

The new values at the end of first iteration are

6t) =

:
I V, l(,) :
6!)

= O.0684

610)

661tr

610)

46trt = 0.1034rad

Vjo)

- A Vjt)

rad

0.98t86 p.u.

Problem

2.6.

solve the probrem 2.4 by decoupled andfast decoupted methods.

SoI. Decoupled Method

The performance equation by using decoupled method is

|--o-o-l

L^aj

AP

[Lj-9]

Ltil,;j

[-16r

L^vl

= Jl A6and

AQ: JaAV
From the solution of problem 2.5, the

J1 and Jo elements are

z+.aa
I oI
: Il-rz.ssr-n.sst
2s.3s3 i o
I

L-- o--------o----i zrio5l

_l2.s5ll laarl
: [ 24.861
Lap,l l_- rz.ssr zs.rss.j Loa,.J

lorrl

[i3:]

:
:

AQz

[-?i
[-

lll j3ii]l ' [--,:;:]

o.oorql

l-o.,rrr_J

t"o

[23.3951 LVz

' : $=
23.395

AV1

:0.0185

The new values are

6!"

- (- 0.0639)

0.0639 rad

: 0 - (- 0.1035) : - 0.1035 rad

vj" | : l.o- 0.0185 : 0.9815 p.u.
6!"

and

Fast Decoupled Method :

The performance equation by using fast decoupled method is

tiil:
fx:; x:: ll[;:
Loo,J lo o 6llav,j

Inad,
From the equarions (z.tOZ\ and (2.103), Hzz,Hzt, Hrr,

ilr,

tuw

Shrdres 115

andL22are

Hzz: hz : Bzz I V, l? : 24.l2}x t2 :24.12E

H33 : Bl: I Vt 12 : 24.128x I .042 : 26.097

H2t=H32=BztlVzllV:l
= I2.M9x I x 1.04 -

- tZ.S52

laprl= | 24.128 -tz.ss2f l-as.l

Loo,l l-o.ssz 26.w7) L^u,J
24:28 -t2.ssz1-t [_o2el
laorl _
-[

l-n.ssz

Loa,J

And

AV2

z6.os7) l_r.szll

I-- 0.064s1

L -o.rorl

ff"|

: mx

'ud

u,

: o'018 P'u'

l'0

The new estimated values are

5f) = 0 + (-0.0645)
st') = o + (- o.lol)

lrj I :

1.0 + 0.018

-0.0645 rad

- o.lot

l.0l8p.u.

I
i

rad

hoblem 2.7. For the system shown in Fig. 2.14 with bus I as slack
bus, obtain
Jurion using G-s methoi after the end rffTrtiirr;;;;'."* ' ^

Fig.2.r4

the power

flow

116

Elecf'rcal Pouter System Analgsris

Line Impedance in p.u.

Bus Code

Half line charging admittance

i0.1

ja.2
j0.2

Bus loading data

Bus code

lvl

load

Generation

1.0
5

3.5

sor.

Slack bus

1.1

YBu.:

0.s

-j101

Assume,

Since bus (2) is

P-v

Vz

= 1.1 10" p.u.

1.0 10" p.u.

0".,lJ";"'r;0,"'3rl[,,

ef)

rm

[vjolt",

- Im [.]
= - [m [l.]
Qf) =
6f)

u,+y,

vr(o)

*"rr r,]]

UlO x 1.0 (-ils) x 1.1 +75

x (/10 -j16.5 + J5)]

x 1.0]l

1.65 p.u. and this is within specified limits

Angle or

(vj'))

: Ansre"r[+{V,"-Yz,
: Ansre,t
:

Ansle

15.4o

"r

{4.s4s

v,

-",, ul',}]

- jro x r -i5 x 1}]

[* {#
[*

P-V bus
PQ- bus

ji: fl
ll;
,t js

Vr

Type

Q^*

Qnin

limil

of bus

PA

PA
2

Reactive power

jl6i}]

Lood. Ftaus Studres

117

The voltage of bus (2) is

vj')

1.1 /-15.4" p.u.

The voltage of bus (3) is

1r(r)

'r

- Y,I

-l
r-P, 'n
l -iQ, _ E,
-r'tv, - v,
'52' vj',
'2
)
L vj''

[- a.s - j0.5 - 7 5 x I - / 5 x l.l zl5.4f

=70.1 [- 3.5 -70.5 - j5 + 1.4606 -y5.3025)

= 7o.1

:70.1 (-

:
:

2.0394 - j10.8025)
1.08025 - j0.2A394
1.09933 2-1O.69" p.u.

Problem 2.8. Solve the problem 2.7 after first iteration in polar coordinate form of N-R method.
Sol.

ftsz-w" tozgo"

5zw"

ybu,:|rcaso" rsz-go" srgo

L5l9o" 5z9o".toz-90'l
Vr

Vz

= 1.1 10" P.n.

l
I

1.0 ZOo P.tt.

Vr:

1.0 Z0o P.u.

Since bus (2) is P-V bus, P2, P, and Q3 are to be calculated from the following expressions

*r: Ll uo ,o Yr, lcos (or, * 6, - sr)

tl=l
a,

: il
q=|

:
Pr :
Qr :
Pz

v, v, Yr, lsin (oon *sl

sr)

* 6z - 6,) + V, YzYzzcos 022 + V2 V3 Yzg cos (}zt + 6z- L)"'

Vl Vr Y:, cos(0r, t 6:-6,) + V, YzYtzcos(0r, + 6r- 6, + V3 V: Ysrcos 0r3
Vr Vr Yrr sin(031 t 6r- 6,) + V, V, sin(0lz t 6t- 6) + V3 V3Y33 sin033

Vz Vr Yz, cos (02,

From above formulae

Pjo)

:0

Pju)

:0

Q!o)

5 sin

(- 90') + 5.5

sin

(- 90') + 10 : - 0.5 p'u.

118

Elrct'fral Pouer Sgstem

The power mismatches are

AP2

P21.pe",

P31rp..;

Pjo)

-0 :

5 p.u.

: - 3.5 -0 - - 3.5p.u.
AQ: : Q:(,p..) - Q!o) : - 0.5 - (- 0.5) : 0p.u.
AP3

Pjo)

The perfbrmance equation in matrix form is

lap,l
lror

ap, ap, ap. I

a6l a6l [aa,l

a6-;

06, ?6r

l lffi ffi ffill*;l

DP,

av3

- - (- l1 - 5.5) :
aP.

a6;
AP^

v' v,

V: Yzlcos(0'3

aP.
:
#
ddz

aP.

fr
#

= - [vz vr yzr sin (02,

45,

ffi

+ 6z - 6r) : -

sin (ozr

-[V:Vr

Y3,

- El) + v2 vsyzt

sin

(04 + 6' -

63)]

16.5

V3 V" Y.2 sin (032

6z

0z-6r)

0t

5'5

:0

- 6J

5.5

sin(gir + 5r-6,) + VrV,Yrrsin(0lz +

: - [- 5.0 - 5.5] :

L-6)]

10.5

= Vr yrr cos (01r + 6: - 6r) + Vr yrrcos

(0rz

+ 6l-

6z)

2[3y3rcos0r,

-0

Vr Vz Yucos (orz + 6s - 0r)

:Q
dQr
06.

Vl Vr Y,

cos

(0tr

* 6: - 6r) + V3 V2 y, cos (0, + 6, _ 5r)

-Q
Ao#ov3 :

vr Yrrsin(031

ri:-6r)

=-5-5.5 +20=9.5

+ v2y32sin(ore + 6s_L) +2y3y33sin033

Load. Ftoto

[-i] :ll::i

Lol

Lo

Studies 119

q,l[^t]

lffil l':: 'ij ,ll [{]

o.ott+ 0.03846
I

o.ns4

:lo.ora+o

I o

laorl l-o.ztzsz1

o I l-

5l

ll-l.sl

o.roszo]l

oJ

loo, l=l-o.ztrs+l.ua

Lou,J

Lo

: 0.23252rud : 13.32"
6!' : E!u) + A6, = 0-0.21154 : -O.2n54rad : - t2.l2o
v3(r) - vj') + AV3: t.o + o: l.op.u.
6!')

6!u'

AD2

o + o.23zs2

hoblenr Z.9.-singte line diagram of a simple power systemwith generators at buses I and 3 as
wn in Fig- 2.15. The magnitude of voltage at bus t is 1.05 p.u. Vottage magnitude at bus 3 is
I at 1.04, p.u. with active power generation of 200 MW. A load coisisting of a00 MW and
MVAR is takenfrom bus 2.

Line impedance are markcd itt p.u. on

100

MVA base and the line charging susceptances are

Determine the fottowing using Giuss-seidel method at the end of

first iteration.
fr) Voltage at buses 2 and 3

fr)

Slack bus power

Direction of line flows and line losses

o
0.0125 + j0.025

lvrl=t'o+

Ps = 200 MW

Fig. 2.r5

12O

Electricat Power System

Sol. The line admittances are

Yrr:
Yrr
YBu*

!Ltz :

l0-j2o

- i32
I zo-7so -to+jlo -to+j3ol

10 -730 and

Yy

16

: l-to+7zo 36- j52 -16+ fi21

f- ro+7ro -16+ j32 26- j6z )

- (400+ j2s0)
Sz = Pz -"/Q2 :
= - 4 - j2.5 p.u. (since load bus)
100

2'0 P'u'
Bus I istakenastheslackbus. Startingfromaninitialvoltageof
Pr

V! ! t +j.0, V! =

T1
vi*, =
ul

+ 16j." -fr,,v,.,- ,>;-r,7

:+[h132

1.04

l-+-

Y''vi
jz.s

is2l-5

(0.97462

-""-u']

_,_
- (- + i20)x

jO.Ot423O7)

10

1.05

- (- 16 + jaz) x t.o+l

p.u.

Bus 3 is a regulated bus where voltage magnitude and active power are specified. For
control bus, first reactive power is computed as

e! : -,o, [{r,'). (v, vi +\, vj *v,, r,')]

: _!mtl_._Qa(.10.+ j30)x 1.05 + (- t6 + j32)x(0.e7462- jo.o4naT +
:
The value of

uj

(26- j62) x l.0a)l

1.16 p.u.

Q! is used for

the computation of voltage at-bus 3.

:+[t--Y''vi -"""j]
: *+t%*

:
Since I

V:

1.03783 - j0.00517

- (- r0 +i30) x 1.05 - (-

ro

1.03783 2-0.2854p.u.

lrp.. is held constant at 1.04 p.u. and 63 can obtain only

V:' :
:

t.04

Z-

0.2854 p.u.

1.039987 -7O.00517 p.u.

i3z) (0.s7462

io.o4

load

Flow

Studies 121

Slack bus power can be calculated

Sr,

: v; fvoorvn

P, -JQp

q=l

Sr

Pr

1.05 t(20-i50)x 1.05

(1.039987 - 70.00s17)l
2.1842 + jI.4085 p.u.

:
Th

: Vi [Yrr Vr + Yrz V2 + Yr3 V3 ]

-,lQr

+ (-

complex power flows can be calculated

Spq: Pp, f

:
s21 :

s12

S13

10

+ j20)x[0.97462-jo.042307) + (- l0

as

= YrIh = V, (Vj -Vi\ y.r,

v1(vi - vllyl' : Q67 .97 + jl13.88) MVA
v2(Vi - vi)y; : (- 160.51 -j98.94) MVA

('.'

./Qp,/

(26.8 +

+7'30)

Charging admittance is zero)

j26.ll) MVA

= (- 26.67 - j25.73) MVA

Sz:: (- 224.06 -i136.51) MVA
s32:233.13 + j154.58) MVA
Srr

Ib

line losses are

Slorrp4

hilarly,

Plorrp, *JQ,o.rrs

(7.47 + j14.94) MVA

Sloos 13 : (0.13 + 7O.38) MVA
Sross23

lb

= Spn * S*

9.06 + jl8.08) MVA

power flow diagram is shown in Fig. 2.16, where the active power direction is indicated by
thb reactive power direction indicated

140.852

1-

I
I

by ..>

{zta.nt
167.97

160.51

------+
-->

,*t

'3

I 116
I
I

Fig. 2.16

122

Elbctrical Pouer System Analysis

Problem 2.10. The transmission line is a 230 kV, 200 km long having
rnatrix Jbr the two bus sltstem. Express

the following data, find

all values in p.u. on 230 kV and 300 MVA base.

0.074 ohm/km, cttL

0.457 ohm/km

Sol.

ac
Base kV
Base MVA

:230

: 300
Total resistance,
R : 0.074 x 200 : 14.8 f)
X. : joll- : j4.457 x 200 :

j91.4 O

x.:4:-jo.zllxto6x2oo
(DU
: - jSS.4 x 106e
_ Base kVA . _ 300 x 103 :r^
rBase
{3 ,-(B^. kv)

,!-3

7
zBase

V."..
I"r."

Rp.u.

:
+-*
zr^r,= *+
305.4

XLp.u.

j9t '4
305.4

Xc p.u. =

230

103

**

753.06
t 't
A

= r05.4Q

753.06

0.04845 p.u.

= i0.299 n.u.

,##

-ir81.4 x

ro3 p.u.

Line charging admittance,

Mutual admittance,

!rc: !zo:

-l't::/zt:

-rz
L

:
Self admittance.

Rp.u

j5.5r3x lo-6 p.u.

+,/iX,/p

= (0.s28

- j3.26)p.u.

Yu:

0.528 -.i3.2s
l-rz * -Yro):-0.
:
Y!: !!r * )zo):=0.
0.s28 - j3.2s
I o.szs --jj0.3
.325 -0.528
I'
l&ts -

[-*rt + j3.3.2s
-

0.s28

+ j3.2s1

- josls)

Y1

Inod

FW[b

Shrdtes 123

the poruer system shoutn in Fig. 2. t7 is given in the fotlowing

is
to
be maintained at 1 .03 p.u. and reactive power 0 < Q2 < 35 .
tables . The voltage magnitude at bus 2
Obtain the voltage at bus 3 using G.S. method after first iteration.

Problem 2.11,. The load Jtow data for

Trble

2.2 Line data

Impedance

Bus code

p-q

and

0.8 + j0.24
0.a + j0.06

2-3

0.06 + .i0.18

Assumed

I-

bus voltage

name

+j0
t.0 +j0
1.0 +j0

1.05

Slack

-PV
2_PQ

pq{nn.)

t-2
t-3
Table
Bus code

2.3 Bus data

Generation
MW MVAR
0
20
0

Load

MW

00
50
60

0
0
0

MVAR

20
25

Big.2.L7
(November 2004)
Sol. Let base MVA

100

Then p.u. values:

vL :

pc2

2i'!,
100

= g.2,ecz = o, Po: = 0.5, Qo,

0.2

= 0, Qcl = 0, Por = 0.6, Qp3 : 0.25

Pz : 0.2- 0.5 : - 0.3, 0< Q2 < 0.35

PG3

P3:-0.6,Q::-0.25
f{utual admittances

ry-rr:
Lt
tL ryrr

: +==-. !- =r.25- j3.7s

Zr, 0.08 + 70.24

124

Electrical Pouer System Ana.lysris

Ir.r:):r

+=5-,/1.5
Ltl

lzt=ln:l-667-i5
Selfadmittances Yrr: Orz *)rJ = 1.25-i3.75 + 5-il.5:6.25-i5.25
Y?2: 2.917 - i8.75
Similarly
Yr3:6'667 - j6'5
I a.zs - js.zs *1.25 + j3.75 *5 + 71.5
yB,. =
l-r.zs + j3.7s z.gr7 - js.75 -r.667 + i5
yr.s -1.667 + i5 6.GG7 - i6.s
i6.s)
[ -s **;r.s
Q2 car
"ur

=-

r-

{(vr',*" ){(vrt,*"

vr']]
i]

* Y* U
+
["r, v,' + E, vl.o..
-'i.r* "r,

j8.75)x1.03
(-t.ooz + jr){
x 1.03 +
+(-r.oot.
+(z.ott*
(z.ott * j8.75)
.25 + 13.75)x 1.05 +
rm
7s)
= --rm{r.o:[(-r
{t.o: [(-t .25+13.75)x1.05

: - IIn (0.0257 -- j0.07725)

j0.07725)
: 0.07725 p.u.
p.u.
r

limits

Bus 2 acted as generated bus since Q2..1 is within specified limits

ni:*Ltr-Y,,vr

-r,",]

: : ::; 1 :; ;; [(-o.g {o_.ozzzs) _ (_r.zs

j3.7s)x 1.05 _ (_t.oot + i
1.03 \ +
2.e17 - i8.7s L

-_

: 1sn
=-J2.917

ie'ol2si

fz.aatz+- j9.o12sl

-j8.75'

1.01915 'rnlz'oatz+-.i0.0325 1.0196 Z-1.828" p.u.

vj : vl.*" z6\=t.o3l-1.828"

=(1.02947

- j0.0329)p.u.

vl, : +[q-+-Y,,
yr..L(q), r,vi, -",,r.uj-l.)
r
[-0.6+j0.25 - (-s + 7l's) x 1'0s - (-1' 667 + i S\x(t'os) z
6.66:t - i.'{==:
:

(0.96627 -70.03696) p.u.

Problem 2.12. The loatl.flow data for the system shown in Fig. 2.18 given below in th
:itbles.

Load. Flotu Studres 125

Table

2.4

Load data
knpedance

Bus code

p-q
1-2

j0.0s

1-3

j0.r

2-3

i0.05

Z pq(po)

Table

2.5

Bus data

bus voltage

j0
1+ j0
t + j0

1.03 +

2
?

Load

Generation

Assumed

Bus code

MW

MVAR

MW

0
0
0

10

fl
0

MVAR

Fig. 2.18

lVzl = 1.0 p.u., m&tcimum and minimum reactive power limits are given at bus 2 are 50 and
- l0 MVAR's respectively. lJsing G.S. method, find the load flow solution upto first iteration.
(November 2007)
Sol. Assume base MVA

100 p.u. values

p,

"

: 1#
100

p,, :

yr,.

Q!",r

= 0.3

p.u., - o.l < Q, s o.z

\p=-0.2p.u.,
100

er =-0.2p.u.

izo i10 I
: [-rlo
| ;zo -j4o j2o
L ,,ro izo -i301

= -rm{(vi,o*). ["r,vJ *vr,]vf.ro +",,

:
:

-Im {r.o [;zo x 1.03 -

* 0.6 p.u.

740 x 1.0 + 720 x

q]

l]]

126 Elbctical

Power

Q2.u1 violates the specified

limits and it acts as load bus and fix Qz

Qz:-0.1P.u.

1.e.,

y;

: +L=t
:
:

Problems 2.13.
first iteration.

R.u.

+]ry-7r0xr.03(1.01 t667

&s Q2 ,nin

- i2ox1.o3 -izo xr]

(r.orzs + j7.5 x ro-3)

vl :

"ar

1.6667

The power system networlcs shown

izo(r.orzs+ jT.srro*)]

10-3) p.u.

in Fig. 2.19 obtain

V3

using N - R method

Fig. 2.19
Bus code

Asswned
bus voltages

MW

MUAR

MW

1.05 + j0
1.0 + j0
1.0 + j0

0
0
0

il
fr

Itg.ioq z-71.6"
Sol.

3.9528 Zt0g.4

rBus

LMd

Generation

3.9528 2108.4

Its.sr t4 ztor.4

Pp-jQp:

Iui

9.2233

t-71.6

5.27046 2108.4

Yoyo,

q=l
The real power at bus 3 is

Pr: Ilu,
q=l

u, yr, l"or(er, *6, -6r)

MUAR
0

n
25

l5.8l14 tto8.4" 1
s.27M6 ztOS.4 l
2l.o8le z-71.6)

Load. fr1ow Studres 127

Y31 cos (0lr
Vr Yr3 cos 033)

= Y,{ {Y t

+ 6: - 6r) +

V2 Y32 cos (032

1.0 [15.8114x 1.05 cos (108.4o)1G 5.27046x

+ 21.0819 x I x cos (- 71.6')

63

- 62)

I xcos (108'4")

= - 0.25 p.u.
And reactive power is

Vr tVr Yrr sin(031 t 6r-6r) + v2Y32sin(0rz + q-6, + v3

Y3 sin0rr)
= 1.0 [15.8114x 1.05 sin (108.4') + 5.29046 x 1 x sin (108'4") +
21.0819 x I x sin (- 71.6")l

Qr

= 0.75 p.u.
Specified values,

Pr=0:60=-60MW

Ql:0-25:-25MW
Taking base

MVA =

53inp.u.
Power mismatches are

100

-(n-; : -0.6 -i0.25

: J!ff.

: - 0.6 - (-0.25) : - 0.35 P.u.

AQr : - 0.25 - (0.75) : - 1.0 P.u.
AP:

Ep, aPr I

a%l
l^P, l_lao,
Laq,l laq, ae,

LaE

a",j

Total Jaccobian matrix elements are

1.0[1.05x 15 + I x5]

:
N: 9+
av3
:

v3[Vr Y31sin(0, + 6r-&) +v2Y32srn(gsz +

1.05

[Vr Ytrcos(03,

x (- 5) + I x

e2-Ul

20.75

6r-63) + V2Y32cos(0p + E-S,

(- l-667)

+ 2V3 Yr3 cos 0331

+ 2x 1x6.667 :6.417

I : ?9' = V3 [Vr Y31 cos (0rr + 6r - 6l) + V2 Y32 cos (032 *

=

1.05

(- 5) + t (- 1.667) : -

6.917

02

: * :
aV1

- [Vr Y,sin(0rr + 6, -6r) + YzYnsin (0r, *

6z

+ 2Y, Y33 sin

t,

:-[1.05x15 + 1x5 +zxlx(-20) :

[-o.rsl

_l zo.ts 6.4t71[oo,l

19.25

L r ol l-e.en D.zs)Lav,l
ioa,l _ [-o.ozso+'l

Lav,l
AVr

I o.o+rze -]

O.O4l2g

Voltage at bus 3 after first iteration,

sHoRT
1.

V: = 1 -

0.04129

= 0.9587

p.u.

QUESTTONS AND ANSWERS

What are the diagonal elements of Ynr" known

as?

fuis: The diagonal elements of You, are known as the short circuited driving point admittances.
, At a particular bus in a power system, the load complex power aggregates to (100+ j50) MVA and
generator complex power to (150 power?

Ans:

Bus complex'power

:
=

75) MVA. How is this power classified? What is the bus

(generator complex power)
(150 -j75)- (100+js0)

(load complex power)

(50 _j25) MVA

3.

How long transmission line represents in load flow studies?

Ans: As positive sequence equivalent r model circuit.

4. How is a fixed tap setting transformer represented for load flow studies
Ans: Represented as an equivalent n model circuit is shown in Fig.2.20

Fig.2.2O
The admittances given by

YA
where

Y,

Y.""=*(l:-r)r-

and

y6

=(,-*)".

is the series positive sequence admittance of the transformer referred to bus '4'side and

is the turns ratio.