A.
C CIRCUITS
RESONANCE IN A.C
THEORY
SERIES RESONANCE
A Circuit containing reactance is said to be in resonance if
the voltage across the circuit is in phase with the current through
it. At resonance, the circuit thus behaves as a pure resistance
and the net reactance is zero.
Consider the series R-L-C circuit as shown in Fig. 3.76.
The impedance of the circuit is
= R + jXL jXC
= R + jL
= R+j
i)
1
C
1
C
At resonance, Z must be resistive. Therefore the condition
for resonance is
L
1
C
=0
= 0 =
f = f0 =
1
LC
1
2 LC
where f0 is called the resonant frequency of the circuit.
1
A.C CIRCUITS
ii)
RESONANCE IN A.C
THEORY
Power factor
Power factor = cos =
But at resonance
Power factor =
R 2 + L C
L
1
C
1
C
=0
=1
iii) Current: Since impedance is minimum, the current is
maximum at resonance. Thus, the circuit accepts more current
and as such, an R-L-C circuit under resonance is called an
acceptor circuit.
I0 =
iv) Voltage: At resonance,
0 L =
0 L I0 =
VL 0 =
1
0 C
1
0 C
I0
VC 0
Thus, potential difference across inductance equal to
potential difference across capacitance being equal and opposite
A.C CIRCUITS
RESONANCE IN A.C
THEORY
cancel each other. Also, since I0 is maximum VL 0 and VL 0 will also
be maximum. Thus, voltage magnification takes place during
resonance. Hence, it is also referened to as voltage magnification
circuit.
v) Behaviour of R, L and C with change in frequency Resistance
remains constant with the change in frequencies. Inductive
reactance XL is directly proportional to frequency f. It can be
drawn as a straight line passing through the origin. Capacitive
reactance Xc is inversely proportional to the frequency f. It can
be drawn as a rectangular hyperbola in the fourth quadrant.
Total impedance
Z = R + j (XL - XC)
A.C CIRCUITS
RESONANCE IN A.C
THEORY
a) When f < f0 impedance is capacitive and decreases up to fo.
The power factor is leading in nature.
b) At f = f0, impedance is resistive. Power factor is unity.
c) When f > f0, impedance is inductive and goes on increasing
beyond f0. Power factor is lagging in nature.
vi) Bandwidth: For the series R-L-C circuit, bandwidth is defined
as the range of frequencies for which the power delivered to R
is greater than or equal to
0
2
where 0 is the power delivered to
R at resonance. From the shape of the resonance curve, it is
clear that there are two frequencies for which the power
derived to R is half the power at resonance. For this reason,
these frequencies are referred as those corresponding to the
half-power points. The magnitude of the current at each halfpower point is the same.
Hence,
I12 R =
1
2
I12 R = I12 R
A.C CIRCUITS
RESONANCE IN A.C
THEORY
Where the subscript 1 denotes the lower half point and the
subscript 2, the higher half point. If follows then that
I1 = I2 =
I0
2
= 0.707 I0
Accordingly, the bandwidth may be identified on the resonance
curve as the range of frequencies over which the magnitude of
the current ids equal to or greater than 0.707 of the current at
r e s o n a n c e . I n f i g t h e b a n d w i d t h i s 2 1.
Expression For Bandwidth
Generally, at any frequency ,
I=
V
Z
V
R 2 +(X L X C )2
R 2 + L C
At half-power points,
I=
But
I0
2
V
I0 =
I=
R
V
2R
From Eqs (3.1) and (3.2) we get
1
1
R 2 + L C
V
2R
A.C CIRCUITS
RESONANCE IN A.C
1
1 2
C
2R
R 2 + L
squaring both sides we get,
R2 + L
R=0
= 2R2
= R2
LC
2L
R2
4L
LC
2 +
R2
For low values of R, the term
comparison with the term
=0
4L 2
can be neglected in
1
LC
Then is given by.
2L
LC
2L
1
LC
The resonant freqency for this circuit is given by
f0 =
1
2 LC
0 =
=
1
LC
2L
1 = 0
+ 0
2L
6
THEORY
A.C CIRCUITS
and
RESONANCE IN A.C
2 = 0
2L
Bandwidth = 2 = 1
or
THEORY
Bandwidth = f2 f1 =
rad/s
c/s
2L
viii)
Quality factor Q0 of the R-L-C circuit It is the ratio of the
resonant frequency to the bandwidth. It is measure of the
selectivity or sharpness of tuning of the series R-L-C circuit.
Q0
Q0
Q0
0
Bandwidth
0
R/L
1/ LC
R/L
L0
R
X 0L
R
1
u 0 RC
Where VL 0 and VC 0 are both measured at resonance. Hence is
also called voltage magnification factor.
A.C CIRCUITS
RESONANCE IN A.C
THEORY
PARALLEL RESONANCE
Consider a parallel circuit consisting of a coil and a capacitor
as shown in Fig. 3.82. The impedance of two branches are
= R + jXL
= - jXC
=
=
1
Z1
1
R+jX L
R jX L
R 2 + X 2L
1
Z2
1
jX C
Admittance of the circuit
=
=
R jX L
R 2 + X 2L
R
R 2 + X 2L
+j
+j
XC
1 + 2
=
1
XC
XL
2
R + X 2L
1
XC
A.C CIRCUITS
RESONANCE IN A.C
THEORY
At resonance, the circuit is purely resistive. Therefore the
condition for resonance is
XL
R 2 + X 2L
XL
2
R + X 2L
XL . XC
0 L .
1
0 L
=0
XC
1
XC
= R2 + X L2
= R2 + 20 L2
20 L2
20
f0
L
C
R2
1
LC
LC
R2 =
1
LC
R2
L2
R2
L2
R2
L2
where f0 is called the resonant frequency of the circuit.
If R is very small as compared to L, then
f0
L
2 LC
A.C CIRCUITS
RESONANCE IN A.C
THEORY
Dynamic impedance of parallel circuit At resonance, the circuit
is purely resistive. The real part of admittance is
R
R 2 X 2L
.Hence
the dynamic impedance at resonance is given by
Z
R 2 X 2L
At resonance,
R2 X L2
Z
= XL.XC =
L
C
CR
Comparison of Series and Parallel Resonant Circuits:
Parameter
Series Circuit
Parallel Circuit
Current at resonance I = V and is maximum
I=
R
Impedance at resonance
z = R and is maximum
Z=
Power factor at
Unity
V
(L/CR )
L
CR
and is minimum
and is maximum
Unity
resonance
Resonant frequency 0
V
2 LC
10
0 =
LC
R2
L2
A.C CIRCUITS
It magnifies
RESONANCE IN A.C
Voltage
across
and C
11
THEORY
LCurrent through L and C
