Partial Differential Equations and Image Processing
Eshed Ohn-Bar
OBJECTIVES
In this presentation you will
1) Learn what partial differential equations are
and where do they arise
2) Learn how to discretize and numerically approximate
solutions of a particular PDE, the heat equation,
using MATLAB
3) Learn how energy minimization of the
total variation norm can be used to de-noise an image
OBJECTIVES
Warm Up Solving an Ordinary Differential Equation
I.V.P:
SEPERABLE!
INTEGRATE
USE INITIAL
CONDITIONS
x depends on t only.
What if we have more than one variable involved?
1st objective: Learn what partial differential equations are and where do they arise
Definitions
ODE: One independent variable
PDE: Several independent variables, relationship of
functions and their partial derivatives.
Notation:
Gradient (2D):
Laplacian (2D):
1st objective: Learn what partial differential equations are and where do they arise
Discrete derivative
Finite difference:
First derivative using a forward difference
fx = f(x+1,y) f(x,y)
In MATLAB: n = length(f); f_x = [f(2:n) f(n)] -f(1:n)
Second Derivative using a 2nd order central difference:
In MATLAB: f_xx = f(:,[2:n,n])-2*f +f(:,[1,1:n-1]);
1st objective: Learn what partial differential equations are and where do they arise
The Heat Equation and Diffusion
In 1D:
In 2D:
temperature function, at point x and time t
Need initial conditions!
initial temperature at each point
Also boundary conditions, when x=0 and x=L
To the next objective of discretizing the Heat Equation
and the beautiful connection between PDEs and image
processing
1st objective: Learn what partial differential equations are and where do they arise
Code Discrete Heat Equation Ut = U
dt = 0.1;
T = 10;
[m,n]=size(u);
for t = 0:dt:T
u_xx = u(:,[2:n,n])-2*u +u(:,[1,1:n-1]);
u_yy = u([2:m,m],:) - 2*u + u([1,1:m-1],:);
L = uxx + uyy;
u = u + dt*L;
Ut
end
2nd objective: Learn how to discretize the heat equation
Uxx
Uyy
Heat Equation on an Image
What would happen if we evolve the heat equation on an
image? dt = 0.2
(a) Original Image
(b) Time = 5
(c) Time = 10
(d) Time = 30
2nd objective: Learn how to discretize the heat equation
Heat Equation on an Image
Applying the heat equation causes blurring. Why?
Graphical interpretation of the heat equation
U concave down
Ut < 0
U decreasing
U concave up
Ut > 0
U increasing
2nd objective: Learn how to discretize the heat equation
Heat Equation on an Image
Whats going to happen as t-> ?
Diffusion of heat smoothes the temperature function
Equivalent to minimizing the L-2 norm of the gradient:
Problem: Isotropic diffusion, uniform, doesnt
consider shapes and edges.
2nd objective: Learn how to discretize the heat equation
Anisotropic Diffusion
Slows down diffusion at the edges
3rd objective: Learn how energy minimization of total variation can de-noise an image
Anisotropic Diffusion
(a) Original Image
(b) Time = 5
(c) Time = 10
(d) Time = 30
3rd objective: Learn how energy minimization of total variation can de-noise an image
Anisotropic Diffusion
(a) Original Image
(b) Time = 5
(c) Time = 10
(d) Time = 30
3rd objective: Learn how energy minimization of total variation can de-noise an image
Anisotropic Diffusion Total Variation (TV)[1]
Goal: remove noise without blurring object boundaries.
We add a regularization term to change the steady state solution.
Minimize the total variation energy:
Using the Euler Lagrange equation
[1] Rudin, L. I.; Osher, S. J.; Fatemi, E. Nonlinear total variation based noise removal algorithms. Phys. D 60
(1992), 259268
3rd objective: Learn how energy minimization of total variation can de-noise an image
TV - Code
T = 100;
dt = 0.2;
epsilon = 0.01;
for t = 0:dt:T
u_x = (u(:,[2:n,n]) - u(:,[1,1:n-1]))/2;
u_y = (u([2:m,m],:) - u([1,1:m-1],:))/2;
u_xx = u(:,[2:n,n]) - 2*u + u(:,[1,1:n-1]);
u_yy = u([2:m,m],:) - 2*u + u([1,1:m-1],:);
u_xy = ( u([2:m,m],[2:n,n]) + u([1,1:m-1],[1,1:n-1]) u([1,1:m-1],[2:n,n]) - u([2:m,m],[1,1:n-1]) ) / 4;
Numer = u_xx.*u_y.^2 - 2*u_x.*u_y.*u_xy + u_yy.*u_x.^2;
Deno = (u_x.^2 + u_y.^2).^(3/2) + epsilon;
u = u + dt*( Numer./Deno)- 2*lambda*(u-u0(:,:,1));
Ut
3rd objective: Learn how energy minimization of total variation can de-noise an image
TV Denoising
Lambda = 0.01
Original Image
Gaussian Noise
Time = 70
Time = 200
3rd objective: Learn how energy minimization of total variation can de-noise an image
TV Denoising
Original
lambda = 0.1
Time = 5
Time = 10
3rd objective: Learn how energy minimization of total variation can de-noise an image
How to choose Lambda?
There are various optimization and ad-hoc methods,
beyond the scope of this project.
In this project, the value is determined by pleasing
results.
Lambda too large -> may not remove all the noise in the
image.
Lambda too small -> it may distort important features
from the image.
3rd objective: Learn how energy minimization of total variation can de-noise an image
Original
How to choose Lambda?
MSE for Varying Lambda on lena with salt&pepper noise
190
180
Salt & Pepper Noise
170
160
MSE
150
140
130
120
De-noised
110
100
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
lambda
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.01
Summary
Energy minimization problems can be translated to a PDE
and applied to de-noise images
We can use the magnitude of the gradient to produce
anisotropic diffusion that preserves edges
TV energy minimization uses the L1-norm of the gradient,
which produces nicer results on images than the L2-norm
