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Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation

Protein synthesis requires two main steps: transcription and translation. During transcription, an mRNA molecule is produced using DNA as a template. Translation then uses the mRNA to specify the order of amino acids in a polypeptide. It involves transfer RNA bringing amino acids to ribosomes based on complementary base pairing between the mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon. The order of codons in the mRNA determines the sequence of amino acids in the final polypeptide.

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100 views2 pages

Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation

Protein synthesis requires two main steps: transcription and translation. During transcription, an mRNA molecule is produced using DNA as a template. Translation then uses the mRNA to specify the order of amino acids in a polypeptide. It involves transfer RNA bringing amino acids to ribosomes based on complementary base pairing between the mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon. The order of codons in the mRNA determines the sequence of amino acids in the final polypeptide.

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Protein Synthesis

DNA not only serves as a template for its own replication, but
is also a template for RNA formation. Protein synthesis requires
two steps, called transcription and translation. During
transcription, an mRNA molecule is produced, and during
translation, this mRNA specifies the order of amino acids in
a particular polypeptide (Fig. 3.13). A gene (i.e., DNA) contains
coded information for the sequence of amino acids in a
particular polypeptide. The code is a triplet code: Every three
bases in DNA (and therefore in mRNA) stands for a particular
amino acid.

Transcription and Translation


During transcription, complementary RNA nucleotides from
an RNA nucleotide pool in the nucleus pair with the DNA nucleotides
of one strand. The RNA nucleotides are joined by an
enzyme called RNA polymerase, and an mRNA molecule
results. Therefore, when mRNA forms, it has a sequence of
bases complementary to DNA. A sequence of three bases that
are complementary to the DNA triplet code is a codon.
Translation requires several enzymes and two other types of
RNA: transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
molecules bring amino acids to the ribosomes, which are composed
of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein. There is at least
one tRNA molecule for each of the 20 amino acids found in
proteins. The amino acid binds to one end of the molecule, and
the entire complex is designated as tRNAamino acid.
At the other end of each tRNA molecule is a specific anticodon,
a group of three bases that is complementary to an
mRNA codon. A tRNA molecule comes to the ribosome, where

its anticodon pairs with an mRNA codon. For example, if the


codon is ACC, then the anticodon is UGG and the amino acid is
threonine. (The codes for each of the 20 amino acids are
known.) Notice that the order of the codons of the mRNA determines
the order that tRNAamino acids come to a ribosome,
and therefore the final sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.

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