Schlumberger

ANSWERS FOR
WORK SESSIONS

(05/96)

Introduction to Openhole Logging

(05/96)

Schlumberger

SECTION B:
1a. Given Rmf = 2.5 ohm-m at 10oC, find Rmf at 52oC, using Chart Gen-9 (Figure B2).
Rmf =

1.1 ohm-m

b. What is NaCl concentration of the mud filtrate in ppm?

3000 ppm
2a. Given a solution salinity of 80,000 ppm, find the solution resistivity at 121oC.
Rm =

0.028

b. Given a solution salinity of 10,000 ppm at 20oC, find the solution resistivity at 50oC.
Rm =

0.36

3. Given Rm = 0.74 at 20oC, what does Rm equal at BHT if the total depth is 2400 m and the
geothermal gradient is 2oC/100 m (surface temperature is 20oC) ?

Rm =

0.34

at

68

BHT= 20 + (2/100 2400) = 68oC

(05/96) Answers 1

Introduction to Openhole Logging

4. From the SP in Figure B30, calculate Rw.

Formation temperature is 63oC.
Rmf = 0.79 at 20oC.

SP(MV )
-150.0

0.0

15
-|---|+

a)
CP 32.6

FILE

01-APR-1941 17:28

Rmf = 0.33 (Gen 9, Figure B2)

b) SP = -100 mV

INPUT FILE(S) CREATION DATE

1
05-JUN-1992 08:34

c)
1/240

Rmfe = 0.26 (SP 2m, Figure B12)

d) Rwe = 0.018 (SP 1, Figure B11)

2150

e)

Rw = 0.034 (SP 2m, Figure B12)

f)

Rw = 0.06 (Gen 9, Figure B2)

g)

Formation NaCl concentration

= 140 ppm (Gen 9)

Note:

Use charts SP-1 and SP-2m (Figures

B11 and B12)

SSP= 6.75 Div 15 mv/div

= -100 mv
SP---

2175

Figure B30

(05/96) Answers 2

Schlumberger

GR(GAPI)
30.000

5.

130.00
SP(MV )

-150.0

0.0

15
-|---|+

CP 32.6

FILE 3

Rw = 0.45

01-APR-1941 18:05

INPUT FILE(S) CREATION DATE

1
05-JUN-1992 08:38
1/240

Calculate Rw for the zone from 2326 to 2340 m

in Figure B31.
Rmf = 0.110 at 20oC
Formation temperature = 58.9oC
at25oC

a) Rmf = 0.052 at 58.9 at formation temperature

b) SP = +50 mV
c) Rmfe = 0.057 at formation temperature
d) Rwe = 0.21 at formation temperature
e) Rw = 0.25 at formation temperature
Rw = 0.45 at 25oC
3.3 div 15/div = +49.5 mV

2325

6.

Using the log examples in Figure B32 calculate

a)

Depth of invasion at A and B

and
b) Rt (ILD corrected) at A and B
a. Point A - 1.0 m
Point B - 1.2 m

---GR
SP---

b. Point A - 0.55 ohm-m

Point B - 9.8 ohm-m
7.

2350

Calculate Rw for the example of the dual induction SFL in Figure B15.
Given:
Rm
= 3.05 at 17oC
R mf
= 2.60 at 17oC
BHT = 23oC

a) Rmf =
b) SP =
c) Rmfe =
d) Rwe =
e) Rw =

2.25 at 23oC
-90 mV
1.1
0.053
0.08 at 23oC

Figure B31

(05/96) Answers 3

Introduction to Openhole Logging

RILD = 0.55
RILM = 0.65
RSFL = 1.4
RIM
______ = 1.18
RID
RSFL
____
= 2.54
RID
di = 1 m
Rt
____
=1m
RID

ILM(OHMM)
.20000

2000.0

GR(GAPI)
0.0

ILD(OHMM)
150.00

.20000

2000.0

SP(MV )
-150.0

SFL(OHMM)
0.0

CP 32.6

FILE 8

.20000

2000.0

09-JUN-1992 14:42

INPUT FILE(S) CREATION DATE

1
09-JUN-1992 14:09
1/240

1800

therefore Rt = 0.55
NOTE:

t
_____

RILD
cannot exceed 1.00
---GR
---SP
---ILM
---ILD
---SFL

1700

---SP
---ILM
---ILD
SFL---

1725

Figure B32

(05/96) Answers 4

RILD = 10
RILM = 12
RSFL = 17
RIM
_____ = 1.2
RID
RSFL
_____ = 1.7
RID
di = 1.4 m
Rt
_____ = .95
RID
Rt = 9.5 ohm-m

Schlumberger

8. Calculate Rw for both zones in Figure B33

Rm
= 1.18 at 25oC
R mf
= 0.93 at 16oC
BHT
= 59oC

SP(MV )
-80.00

20.000

10
-|---|+

CP 32.6

FILE 4
01-APR-1941 18:13
INPUT FILE(S) CREATION DATE
1
05-JUN-1992 08:41

a. Top zone: 1685 m to 1695 m

1675

Rw =

0.12 ohm-m

at 59oC

Rw =

0.22 ohm-m

at 25oC

b. Bottom zone: 1695 m to 1717 m

Rw =

0.082 ohm-m

at 59oC

Rw =

0.145 ohm-m

at 25oC

c. What are possible reasons for the difference?

1700

---SP

a) SP = 4 10 = -40 mv
Rmf = 0.43 at 59oC
Rmfe = 0.3 ohm-m
Rwe = 0.099 ohm-m
Rw = 0.12 ohm-m

log
Gen 9 (Figure B2)
SP 2 (Figure B12)
SP 1 (Figure B11)
SP 2 (Figure B12)

b) SP = 5.2 10 = -52 mv
Rmf = 0.43 at 59oC
Rmfe = 0.3 ohm-m
Rwe = 0.068 SP 1
Rw = 0.082 SP 2

log
Gen 9
SP 2

c) 1. Zone not 100% clean.

2. Hydrocarbon and/or shale suppression.
3. Different Rw from different sand units.
1725

Figure B33

(05/96) Answers 5

Introduction to Openhole Logging

(05/96) Answers 6

Schlumberger

SECTION C:
1a. For the example logs of Figures C32 C34, calculate the following:

a. RILD

(Formation = Sandstone)
581m
600m
70
0.8

b. Rt

0.8

c. t

372

350

d. S

35

33

e. D

37.5

30

f. N

6.0

35

using field observation lines

(Raymer-Hunt) or 44 and 39
using Wyllie or 34 and 30.5
using Wyllie-compaction corrected

2. Using the sonic log of Figure C34, calculate the sonic porosity at 586 m.
tf = 620 sec/m
tma = 182 sec/m

s =

s =

t - tma

400 - 182
=

tf - tma

620 - 182

5(t - tma )

4 (400 - 182)
=
8 (400)

=
8t

50%

34%

b. Using Chart Por-3m (Figure C6)

s Wyllie Time Average =
s Field Observation =

50+
37.6

50% Porosity is not possible. We should use a compaction correction to the Wyllie
Time Average Equation:
ie., Bcp = 420 = 1.28
s = 38%
328

(05/96) Answers 7

Introduction to Openhole Logging

3a. On the CNT-LDT log on Figure C35, what effect is seen at 1941 m to 1946m?
Apparent gas effect
b. Using the Pe , what is the lithology in this same zone?
Pe = 1.8
therefore Lithology is Sandstone
c. Convert the log readings (n and d) to equivalent sandstone values.
d = 19% (SS matrix) Por 5
n = 19% (SS matrix) Por 13a

(Figure C14)
(Figure C21)

d. Explain the effect identified in question 3a.

The crossover effect results from the matrix selection for the porosity calculation, and
not the presence of gas.

(05/96) Answers 8

Schlumberger

SECTION D:
1. Using the logs of Figures D4 to D6, follow the overlay technique outlined on pages D1
and D2.
2. Given tma = 182 sec/m tabulate the values and do an Rwa analysis of the example using
Figures D4 to D6. First find Sw from s only and then do the calculation again using T
from the CNT/Litho-Density log to get Sw. Compare the two results.
Depth
_____

t
__

S
__

Rt
__

Rwa
__

Sw
__

T
__

Rwa
__

Sw
__

605

360

34

0.90

0.104

91

33.0

0.098

89

600

350

33

0.80

0.087

100

31.0

0.077

100

595

355

33.5

0.90

0.101

93

32.0

0.092

91

592.5

355

33.5

1.00

0.112

88

31.0

0.096

90

590

372

35.2

13.0

1.610

23

33.0

1.420

23

587.5

400

37.5

17.0

2.391

19

31.0

1.630

22

585

395

37

38.0

5.202

13

25.5

2.500

18

580

375

35.5

50.0

6.301

12

24.5

3.000

16

S uses Raymer-Hunt Transform on Chart POR-3m (Figure C6).

Rwa from Rwa = T2 Rt for CNL-FDC
Sw from
Rwa min
Rwa
Rwa min is at 600 m for both Sonic and CNL-FDC (T).
NOTE: Results for Sw are similar for both calculations in spite of different inputs.
Rwa varies because:
None of the (Porosity) measurements are corrected for gas effects.

(05/96) Answers 9

Introduction to Openhole Logging

3.Use Chart Sw -1 (Figure D2) to calculate Sw for depths 1943 m and 1945 m on Figures D7 and
D8. (Rw = 0.06 at formation tempurature.)
Depth RID
(m)
_____ __

Pe

Ro

RT

Sw

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

1943

60

20

19

1.9

19.5

1.2

60

14%

273

1945

40

18

16

2.15

17

1.6

40

19%

304

a. What can be said about the lithology from the Pe curve?

Sandstone

b. What can be said about permeability from the caliper and gamma ray?
Good permeability exhibited; especially from the caliper

(05/96) Answers 10

Schlumberger

4. Interpret the logs in Figures D9 and D10 using the direct method of calculating water saturation in clean zones. Rmf = 2.35 at formation temperature (24 oC); a = 1; m = 2
i.e., Sw2 = Rw
T2 R t
a. Zone 303 to 325 m:
SP
Rmf
Rmfe
Rwe
Rw

=8
= 43
= 25
= 70

c. Zone 309 to 317 m:

N
D
T
Rt

= 27
= 37
= 32
=6

d. Zone 317 to 325 m:

N
D
T
Rt

0.30

at formation temperature

= -50 mv
= 2.35 at formation temperature
= 1.15 at formation temperature
= 0.20 at formation temperature
= 0.23 at formation temperature

b. Zone 303 to 308 m:

N
D
T
Rt

Rw =

= 33
= 34
= 33.5
= 4.5

Sw =

Sw =

23

0.23
(0.25)2 x 70

Sw =

Sw =

61

0.23
(0.32)2 x 6

Sw =

Sw =

67

0.23
(0.335)2 x 4.5

(05/96) Answers 11

Introduction to Openhole Logging

(05/96) Answers 12

Schlumberger

SECTION F:
1. Shaly Sand Problem (Figures F10 F13)
Given:

BHT = 24oC
Rmf = 3.08 at 14.4oC
Rm = 2.86 at 18.8oC
Rmf = 2.435 at 24oC
Gel Chem Mud; Mud Weight = 1090 kg/m3
Viscosity = 585
pH = 8.5
Fluid loss = 7.0 cm3
a. Find hydrocarbon zones.
b.Rw - Calculate Rw for this interval.
c. e - Determine effective porosity.
d. t - Determine total porosity.
e. SWT - From SWT 2 =

0.62 Rw
t 2.15 Rt

Note: When e has been determined, Rt must also be corrected for effect of shale to properly
calculate Swe . This is discussed in the next section.
a) 407 - 409.5 and 416 - 422 m
b)From SP at 407 - 409
1. Rmf = 2.435 at 24oC
2. Rmfe = 1.10 at 24oC
3. SP = -68
4. Rwe = 0.12 at 24oC
5. Rw = 0.125 at 25oC

(05/96) Answers 13

Introduction to Openhole Logging

From the logs:

DSH = 18
GRSH = 105

NSH = 49
GRCL = 30

RSH = 2.1

RT
__

N
__

D
__

GR
__

(c)
VSH
__

Zone 1
422 - 423 2.3

39

25

75

40

19.0

32

Zone 2
418 - 420 5.5

31

34

75

40

20.5

34

Zone 3
407 - 409.5 7.5

21

39

40

29.0

32

Depth
_____

(e)
Zone 1.

SW = 62%

Zone 2.

SW = 38%

Zone 3.

SW = 34.6%

(05/96) Answers 14

(d)
e
__

T
__

Schlumberger

SECTION G:
1. Calculate SWE on the shaly sand example (Figures F10 F13).
RO =
T2

1
1-VSH
RWF

Need RWB

RWB = T2 RT in Shale
RWB = (0.335)2 2.1
= 0.23

therefore:

2) RO =

1 - 0.40
0.12

1
(0.34)2

SWT =

RO
RT

1) RO =

1
(0.32)2

SWT =

1.45
2.3

3) RO =

1
(0.32)2

SWT =

1
VSH
RWB

1.21
7.5

1
+

0.4
0.23

1.28
5.5

1 - 0.40
0.12

= 48%

0.4
0.23

0.06
0.23

1
+

= 1.28

= 1.45

= 79%

1 - 0.06
0.12

1
+

= 1.21

= 40.1%

(05/96) Answers 15

Introduction to Openhole Logging

SWE =

SWT - SWB
1 - SWB

Calculate SWT from SW =

RO
RT

1. SWE =

0.48 - 0.40
1 - 0.40

= 0.133 or 13.3%

2. SWE =

0.79 - 0.40
1 - 0.40

= 0.65 or 65%

3. SWE =

0.401 - 0.06
1 - 0.06

= 0.36 or 36%

(05/96) Answers 16

Schlumberger

SECTION H:
1. Using the complex lithology example logs (Figures H10 H12) determine
a. Lithology and at 1377 m.
Anhydrite

0%

b. Lithology and from 1360-1370 m.

Dolomite
c. Lithology and at 1342-1349 m.
Limestone
d. Is there any secondary in any of the zones?
N S = N-D
2a. Find the cross plot porosities for points A and B.
A.
= ____0___%
B. = ____0___%
b. What is the lithology in these zones?
Limestone

(05/96) Answers 17

Introduction to Openhole Logging

3a. Crossplot Pe and DPHI for both points A and B (use chart CP-16, Figure H15).
A. =___8.5___%
B. =____0___%
b.What is the lithology at points A and B?
A. _Dolomite__
B. _Limestone_
c. What effect is occurring at point A?
Gas Effect
d. Apply proper correction for point a to find correct cross plot porosity.
A. =___8.5___%

(05/96) Answers 18

Schlumberger

SECTION I:
1. Calculate BVW for the shaly sand example (Figures F10 F13). What predictions can be
made for the production of this zone?
a. Type of fluid or gas?
b. Absolute open flow (AOF) production rates?

1. From the N - D x plots and shale corrections, Zones 1 and 3 would produce gas and
Zone 2 would produce water.
SWT T

2. Total BVW

1. 0.48 x 0.34 = 0.1632

2. 0.79 x 0.32 = 0.2528
3. 0.40 x 0.32 = 0.1280
Use SW = 40% as SWIRR
Then:

K1/2 =

79 T3
SWIRR

K=

79 (0.32)3
0.4

Qgas =

0.11 2.54 2 (3337)2

___________________________________

= 2.54

103

273 + 24
=

20 951 366 m3/day or 739 mcf/day

(05/96) Answers 19

Introduction to Openhole Logging

(05/96) Answers 20