Chapter 1
THE WORLD THROUGH OUR SENSES
is the
Responses in Man
Epidermis
are the detection of
which are
whose structure is
made up of the
Stimuli
Skin
which contains
the receptors for
Dermis
by
Light
Sound
Chemicals
Touch
Heat
Cold
Pain
is the
Fatty tissue
consisting of the
Sensory organs
Outer layer of the skin
transmitted to the
as the sensory organ for
Nose
Smell
Touch
Pain
Heat
Cold
Pressure
which sensitivity
depends on
Thickness of the epidermis
Number of receptors
Layer for insulation and storage of nutrients
which detects
Chemicals in the air
Brain
which produces a
Tongue
as the sensory organ for
Taste
which detects
Chemicals in food
Response
Eyes
called
Responses in Plants
called
positive
phototropism by
Water
called
negative
phototropism by
Root
Hydrotropism
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
Cornea
Eye lens
Suspensory ligament
Ciliary body
Pupil
Aqueous humour
Vitreous humour
Long-sightedness
Gravity
caused by
caused by
Eye lens too thin
Eyeball too short
Eye lens too thick
Eyeball too long
corrected with
Touch
Travels in a straight line
Is reflected off smooth and
shiny surfaces
Is refracted when travelling
through medium of different
densities
corrected with
Concave lens
Cylindrical lens
positive
hydrotropism by
called
Root
Light
which
Short-sightedness
Convex lens
Root
which detects
which can develop
Phototropism
Shoot
Sight
whose structure is made up of
Tropism
include the detection of
Light
as the sensory organ for
Astigmatism
Geotropism
positive
geotropism by
called
corrected with
negative
geotropism by
Shoot
as the sensory organ for
whose structure is made up of
Thigmotropism
Shoot, tendrils
positive
thigmotropism by
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Ears
Pinna
Auditory canal
Ear drum
Ossicles
Cochlea
Semi-circular canals
Auditory nerve
Eustachian tube
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Hearing
caused by
which detects
Uneven thickness of the cornea
Sound
which
Is vibration of matter
Is reflected off flat and hard
surfaces causing echoes
Science Form 2
Chapter 2
NUTRITION
Starch
tested using
Iodine solution
which include
based on
Consumption of each of the food groups
in the correct amount and proportions
provides
Carbohydrates
which is the
Age
Body size
Sex
Type of job
Climate
State of health
needed for
Proteins
Balanced diet
by taking a
Glucose
Growth and repair damaged cells
needed for
Fats
tested using
tested using
Warmth and energy
tested using
Benedicts solution
Millons reagent
Alcohol emulsion test
Healthy body
the intake of which is important for
is digested by
Food
needed for
Vitamins
Maintaining a healthy body
is classified into seven classes
needed for
Minerals
Digestive system
Energy
Growth and proper functioning of the body
made up of the
Food is broken down
physically and
chemically into smaller
molecules with the help
of enzymes
needed for
Fibres
where
Proper bowel movement
Water
Mouth
where
needed for
Food is broken down physically
and
Metabolic processes
Digestion of food
Blood flow
Regulating body temperature
Excretion
Chemical digestion of food begins
to allow
The absorption of the
smaller food molecules
through the walls of the
intestine
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Ileum
Duodenum
Jejunum
Colon
Rectum
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where
where
where
Food is brought to the stomach
by
Peristalsis
The food is stored and fed slowly into the small intestine
Final digestion of food occurs
and
and
The digestion of proteins begins
The absorption of the final products of digestion occurs
which are
Glucose (from carbohydrates)
Amino acids (from proteins)
Fatty acids and glycerol (from fats)
through
where
where
The walls of the intestine
where the
Water is reabsorbed
Undigested food is stored
and later
Expelled through the anus
Concept Maps
in a process called
Surface area is increased by the
presence of structures called villi
Defecation
Science Form 2
Chapter 3
BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity
is the
Diversity of living things in a habitat
which is made up of
Animals
Plants
which are classified into
which are classified into
Vertebrates
Invertebrates
which are further
classified into
Fish
Non-flowering
which have the
characteristics
Cold-blooded
Body covered with slimy scales
Breathe with gills
Carry out external fertilisation
Lay eggs without shells
Animals with
jointed legs
which can be grouped into
invertebrates that have
Three pairs of legs
which have the
characteristics
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
which have the
characteristics
which have the
characteristics
Cold-blooded
Body covered with moist skin
Breathe with lungs
Carry out external fertilisation
Lay eggs without shells
Cold-blooded
Body covered with dry scales
Breathe with lungs
Carry out internal fertilisation
Lay eggs with tough leathery
shells
Warm-blooded
Body covered with feathers
Breathe with lungs
Carry out internal fertilisation
Lay eggs with hard shells
Warm-blooded
Body covered with hair or fur
Breathe with lungs
Carry out internal fertilisation
Give birth to live young
Mammals
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which are further
classified into
Algae
which have the
characteristics
Four pairs of legs
More than four pairs
of legs
Monocotyledons
Have no stems, leaves and roots
Grows only in water
Reproduce by binary fission
Mosses
which have the
characteristics
Have stems and leaves
but no roots
Grow on wet and moist
surfaces
Reproduce by spores
which have the
characteristics
Seeds with one
cotyledon
Fibrous roots
Leaf with parallel veins
Most have non-woody
stems
Dicotyledons
which have the
characteristics
Ferns
Animals without
jointed legs
which can be grouped into
invertebrates that are
Worm-like
Not worm-like
which have the
characteristics
Flowering
which are further
classified into
which are further
classified into
which have the
characteristics
Have stems, leaves and
roots
Grow on wet and moist
surfaces
Reproduce by spores
Seeds with two
cotyledons
Tap roots
Leaf with network
veins
Most have woody
stems
Conifers
which have the
characteristics
Have true roots, stems and needle-like leaves
Reproduce by seeds formed into a cone
Concept Maps
Science Form 2
Chapter 4
Ecosystem
is always in
INTERDEPENDENCE AMONG LIVING ORGANISMS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
can be represented by
Food Webs
Equilibrium
Pyramid of numbers
which shows
are made up of many
is made up of the
Non-living components
Living components
such as
which consist of the
containing
Community
Food chains
Air
Soil
Rocks
Water
Sunlight
Minerals
The number of
organisms at each
level
The flow of energy
The size of the
organism
where each of them has a
which is
Producer
Green plant
carries out
is eaten by
All the populations of
plants and animals living
together in a habitat
which is
Primary consumer
Herbivore
Photosynthesis
is made up of different
is a process
where
is eaten by
Populations
Secondary consumer
to create an
which are
Groups of organisms
of the same species
which can
which is
Carnivore
is eaten by
Tertiary consumer
Reproduce
Green plants synthesise
food
using
which is
Carnivore
Light energy from the
sun
to
Interaction among
Living Things
involves
Make food (glucose)
includes
Mutualism
where
from
Both organisms benefit
Water and carbon
dioxide
Living things of different
species compete with
each other
where
Competition
Prey-predator
Symbiosis
Commensalism
where
where
for
Food
Shelter
One organism benefits
and the other neither
gains or loses
and
Release oxygen
made up of
Living things of the same
species compete with
each other
for
Food
Shelter
Mates
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where
One species eats another
species as a source of
food
Parasitism
where
One organism benefits
and the other is harmed
which is used in
which is used in
Biological control
Biological control
Concept Maps
Science Form 2
Chapter 5
Are corrosive
Are bitter to the taste
Are slippery to the touch
Change red litmus paper blue
Have a pH more than 7
Are oxides or hydroxides of a
metal called base which
releases hydroxide ions
React with ammonium salts to
release ammonia gas
Are corrosive
Are sour to the taste
Change blue litmus paper red
Have a pH less than 7
Are compounds that
release hydrogen ions
React with active metals
to release hydrogen gas
React with carbonates to
release carbon dioxide gas
WATER AND SOLUTION
when dissolved in water
Coagulation of latex
Making fertilisers
Preserving food
Battery acids
used for
when dissolved in water
neutralise each other
Acids
used for
Alkalis
to form
Making soap
Manufacturing cement
Prevent the coagulation of latex
Making toothpaste
Antacid
Making cloth dye
Salt + water
Neutral
Colourless
Odourless
A poor conductor of heat
A poor conductor of electricity
is needed to show
the properties of
is
Water
can be chemically separated by
to separate
Electrolysis through
electric current
is purified through
Water molecules into
hydrogen gas and
oxygen gas in the
ratio of 2 : 1
has
Boiling point of 100 C
Freezing point of 0 C
Density of 1 g cm3
Water Purification
is the process
of removing
can be used to make
becomes steam during the process of
is treated
for human
use by
Solution
is a mixture of a
Evaporation
Boiling
is
Liquid (solvent)
dissolves the
Solid (solute)
where the rate of solubility is
affected by
State of the solute
Amount of solute
Amount of solvent
Temperature of solvent
Nature of solvent
Rate of stirring
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in which
A slow process
Occurs at any temperature
Occurs only at the surface
of a liquid
The process is fast
Occurs only at the boiling
point of the liquid
Coagulation
Sedimentation
Filtration
Chlorination
by
Boiling
Filtration
Chlorination
Distillation
is affected by
is affected by
Suspended particles
Dissolved minerals
Microorganisms
Surface area
Humidity
Air movement
Temperature
Air pressure
Concept Maps
Science Form 2
Chapter 6
AIR PRESSURE
Air Pressure
Kinetic theory of gas
where
Air pressure is caused by the
force exerted on a surface
which states that
Gases are made up of
tiny discrete particles
which are always moving
about at random
Put near heat sources
due to
Drinking straw
Syringe
Siphon
Spraying pump
A stuck drain pipe
Problem in pouring milk
from a tin
The collision of the gas particles
on the surface
is affected by
where the concept
is used to
where it must not be
Compress gas
Volume
in order to
because
The gas pressure will
increase further, causing an
explosion
used to
overcome
is applied in
appliances such as
can be explained using
Fill more gas into a
container, changing it into a
liquid under pressure
whereby
Air pressure increases when
volume decreases
because
Temperature
whereby
Air pressure increases when
temperature increases
because
which is found in
The gas particles move a
shorter distance
Liquefied Petroleum Gas
Spray paint cans
Hair sprays
Insecticide sprays
and
Strike a surface more often
The kinetic energy of the gas
particles increases
and
The particles move faster
to
Strike a surface with greater
force
Arah Pendidikan Sdn. Bhd.
Concept Maps
Science Form 2
Chapter 7
DYNAMICS
Magnitude
involves
Push or pull
measured by
Extension of a spring
which is
has
Force
Directly proportional to the
magnitude of the force
and the unit is
which causes
Newton (N)
Direction
A stationery object to
move
A change in the speed of
a moving object
A moving object to stop
A moving object to
change direction
A change in the shape of
an object
A change in the size of
an object
is applied to do
relates to
Work
is done when
A force moves an object
is classified into
calculated using
the formula
Force (N) Distance moved (m)
and the unit is
Electromagnetic force
Electrical force
Newton-metre (Nm)
Gravitational force
or
Electrostatic force
Magnetic force
Frictional force
Joule (J)
Power
is the
Amount of work done in
one second
calculated using
the formula
Work done (J)
Time taken (s)
and the unit is
Joules per second (J s1)
or
Watt (W)
which
and its magnitude depends on
Nature of the surface area
in contact
which increases with a
Rougher surface
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Opposes motion
Mass of the moving
object
which increases with a
Heavier mass
Concept Maps
Science Form 2
Chapter 8
SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT
Animals
are classified into
Vertebrates
Invertebrates
are further classified into
which have an
which have
Endoskeleton
Terrestrial vertebrates
Aquatic vertebrates
Exoskeleton
Hydrostatic skeleton
made up of
which have
made up of
which have
which uses
Calcium carbonate
which
Large pectoral and pelvic
girdles
Fluid pressure
Small pectoral and pelvic
girdles
Cuticle
Calcium carbonate
which
Supports the body weight
Protects important organs
Provides attachment of
muscles
Allows movement of limbs
mainly supported by
Supports the body weight
Shapes the organisms
Allows movements
Water buoyancy
Plants
are classified into
Aquatic plants
Terrestrial plants
are further classified into
supported by
Water buoyancy
due to
Woody plants
supported by
Air spaces in the stems or
leaves
Secondary xylem tissue
which contains
Lignin (wood)
Arah Pendidikan Sdn. Bhd.
Concept Maps
Herbaceous plants
may be supported by
special structures like
Twining stems
Tendrils
Thorns
Clasping roots
supported by
Cell turgidity
due to
Fluid pressure
Science Form 2
Chapter 9
STABILITY
Stability
is dependent on the
which is also the
Centre of gravity
Equilibrium point
which is determined by the
where
Base area of an object
Height of an object
whereby
whereby
An object becomes more stable
when the base area is increased
An object becomes more stable
when the height is decreased
and
Stays horizontal when supported
at this point
because
because
The centre of gravity is lower
The centre of gravity is over
a wider base area
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The weight of an object acts
Concept Maps
Science Form 2
Chapter 10
SIMPLE MACHINES
Simple Machines
are
A rigid bar
A turning point (fulcrum)
Machines that simplify work
Turning effect of a force
which include
which is the
made up of
Levers
based on
where
The clockwise moment
depends on
The moment of force
is equal to
The anti-clockwise moment
The magnitude of the force
The perpendicular distance of
the line of force to the fulcrum
which use a
calculated by
Small effort to overcome a
large load
Small movement of the
effort to produce a large
movement of the load
Product of the magnitude of
force with the perpendicular
distance of the force from
the fulcrum
as found in
as found in
First-class levers
Second-class levers
where the middle
of the bar is the
where the middle
of the bar is the
Fulcrum
used in
Scissors
Pliers
See-saw
Lever balance
Arah Pendidikan Sdn. Bhd.
where the middle
of the bar is the
Load
Effort
and the ends of
the bar are the
and the ends of
the bar are the
Effort and load
Third-class levers
and the ends of
the bar are the
Effort and fulcrum
Fulcrum and load
used in
used in
Wheelbarrow
Stapler
Bottle opener
Nutcracker
10
Concept Maps
Door
Fishing rod
Ice tongs
Broom
Science Form 2
