Interface DAC to a PC
Engineering 4862 Microprocessors
Lecture 22
DAC (Digital-to-Analog Converter)
Device used to convert digital pulses to analog
signals
Two methods of making the DAC
Binary weighted
R / 2R ladder
The vast majority of IC use R / 2R since it can
achieve a much high degree of precision
Cheng Li
EN-4012
[email protected]
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
Control Word of 8255
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
Group B
Port C Lower PC3-PC0
1 = input, 0 = output
Port B
1 = input, 0 = output
Mode Selection
0 = Mode0, 1 = Mode1
Group A
Port C Upper PC7-PC4
1 = input, 0 = output
Port A
1 = input, 0 = output
Mode Selection
00 = Mode0, 01 = Mode1
1x = Mode 2
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1 = I / O Mode
0 = BSR Mode
8255 Design Example
D0
D0
D7
D7
A2
System
Address
Bus
IOW
IOR
WR
RD
A0
A1
A0
A1
CS
A7
B
CL
CH
Criterion for Judging a DAC: Resolution
Resolution is a function of the number of binary
inputs. common ones are 8, 10, 12 pins
The number of analog output levels is equal to
2n, where n is the number of data inputs
8-input DAC (MC1408)
gives 256 discrete voltage/current levels of output
12-input DAC 4096 voltage/current levels
16-input DAC 65,536 voltage/current levels
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
MC1480 DAC (or DAC 808)
In MC1480, the digital inputs are converted to
current (Iout) and by connecting a resister to the
Iout pin, we convert the result to voltage.
The current provided by Iout is a function of binary
numbers at D0-D7 and the reference current.
Iref is generally set to 2.0 mA.
Iout = Iref . (D7/2 + D6/4 + D5/8 + D4/16 + D3/32 +
D2/64 + D1/128 + D0/256).
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
Interface AD558 to 8088
8-bit DAC Voltage Output
Interface DAC to PC
Example1
Interface MC1480 to Microprocessor through
PPI 8255
Example2
Interface AD558 directly to Microprocessor
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
Interface MC1480 to
Microprocessor through PPI 8255
Interface ADC and Sensors to a PC
AD558 is configured as write only
VCC range +4.5V ~ + 16.5 V, normally +5V
Vout Range: 0 ~ 2.56 V, or 0 ~ 10 V
Digital Input Code
Output Voltage
Binary Hex
00000000 00
00000001 01
00001111 0F
11111111 FF
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
MOV AL, 80H
OUT PCtrl, AL
MOV AL, 0
Cont: OUT PA, AL
INC AL
CMP AL, 0
JZ Stop
MOV CX, 0FFFFH
Here: LOOP Here
JMP Cont
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
Stop: INT 6
Decimal
0
1
15
255
2.56V
0
0.010V
0.150V
2.55V
10V
0
0.039V
0.586V
9.961V
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
Address Bus
20 - bit
20 - bit
Address
Select
8088
Vout
AD 558
IOSEL5
CS
CE
IOW
DB0 ~ DB7
8 - bit
Data Bus
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
Data Conversion Procedure
Steps for data conversion by the AD804 chip
0 ~ 10 V Range
(LSB) DB0
16
Vout
DB1
15
Vout (Sense)
DB2
14
Vout (Select)
DB3
13
GND
DB4
12
GND
DB5
11
+VCC
DB6
10
CS
(MSB) DB7
CE
AD 558
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
Make CS = 0 and send a low-to-high pulse to the
WR pin to start the conversion
Keep monitoring the INTR pin. If INTR is low, the
conversion is finished and we can go to the next step.
If the INTR is high, keep polling until it goes low
After INTR become low, we make CS = 0 and send
a high-to-low pulse to the RD pin to get the data out
of the AD804 chip
Example1: AD804,
Example2: AD7574
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
Interface ADC and Sensors to a PC
ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter)
Most widely used device for data acquisition
ADC converts the analog input to its binary
equivalent and holds it in an internal register
Transducers: device that convert physical quantity
to electrical signals, also called sensors
For ADC, in additional to resolution, conversion
time (the time it takes the ADC to convert the
analog input to a digital number), is another major
factor in judging an ADC
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
Pin Description
8253 / 8254 Timer
RD: active low input signal
RD is used to get the converted data out of the chip
When CS = 0, if a high-to-low pulse is applied to the
RD pin, the 8-bit digital output shows up at the D0
D7 data pins
Thus, RD is also referred to as output enable
WR: active low input signal Start Conversion
If CS = 0, when WR makes a low-to-high transition,
the ADC 804 starts converting the analog input value
to an 8-bit digit number
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
A.k.a. PIT (programmable Interval Timer), used
to bring down the frequency to the desired level
Three counters inside 8253/8254. Each works
independently and is programmed separately to
divide the input frequency by a number from 1
to 65536
There are 4 port address needed for a single
8253/8254, given by A0, A1, and CS
CS A1 A0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
Select
Counter 0
Counter 1
Counter 2
Control Reg.
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
8253 / 8254 Timer
Each of the three counter has 3 pins associated
CLK: input clock frequency
A square wave of 33% duty cycle
8253: 0 ~ 2 MHz, 8254: 0 ~ 8 MHz
OUT: can be square wave, or one shot
GATE: Enable (high) or disable (low) the counter
Data Pins: (D0 ~ D7)
Allow the CPU to access various registers inside the
8253/54 for both read and write operations. RD and
WR are connected to IOR and IOW of control bus.
8253 / 8254 Timer
Task1: program counter 0 for binary counter for
mode 3 to divide CLK0 by number 4282 (BCD)
MOV AL, 0011 0111B
OUT 97H, AL
MOV AX, 4282H (BCD needs H)
OUT 94H, AL (Low Byte)
MOV AL, AH
OUT 94H, AL (High Byte)
OUT0 = CLK0 / 4282
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
8253 / 8254 Timer
Shape of the 8253/54 Output
Each of the three counters must be programmed
separately
Control byte must be first written into the
control register. The 8253/54 must be initialized
before use
The programmer can not only write the value of
the divisor into the 8253/54, but read the content
of the counter at any given time as well
All counters are down counters.
Given CLK = 1.193 MHz, the clock period of
input frequency is 838 ns
If the number N loaded into the counter is even,
both high and low pulse are the same length,
which is N/2 * 838 ns
If the number N loaded into the counter is odd,
the high pulse is (N+1)/2 * 838 ns and the low
pulse is (N1)/2 * 838 ns
If N is odd, the high portion of the output
square wave is slightly wider than the low portion
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
8253 / 8254 Timer
8253/54 Operation Modes
To program a given counter to divide the CLK
input frequency, one must send the divisor to
that specific counters register.
Although all three counters share the same
control register, the divisor registers are separate
for each counter
Example: given the port addresses for 8253/54:
Counter 0: 94H
Counter 1: 95H
Counter 2: 96H
Control Reg: 97H
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
Mode 0: Interrupt on terminal count
The output is initially low, and remain low for the
duration of the count if GATE=1. When the terminal
count is reached, the output will go high and remain
high until a new control word or new count number
is loaded
Width of low pulse = N * T, where T is clock period
Example:
GATE=1 and CLK = 1 MHz
Clock count N = 1000
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
8253/54 Operation Modes
Mode 0: Interrupt on terminal count
If GATE becomes low at the middle of the count, the
count will stop and the output will be low. The count
resumes when the GATE becomes high again This
in effect adds to the total time the output is low.
Mode 1: HW triggered / programmable one shot
The triggering must be done through the GATE input
by sending a 0-to-1 pulse to it.
Steps: 1) Load the count register
2) A 0-to-1 pulse must be sent to the GATE
input to trigger the count
8253/54 Operation Modes
Mode 5: Hardware triggered strobe
Similar to Mode4, except that the triggering must be
done with the GATE input
The count starts only when a 0-to-1 pulse is sent to the
GATE input
If GATE retriggered during the counting, it will
restart the down counting
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
8253/54 Operation Modes
Instruction and Machine Code
Mode 1: HW triggered / programmable one shot
In Mode 1, after sending the 0-to-1 pulse to GATE,
OUT becomes low and stays low for a duration of
N*T, then becomes high and stays high until the
GATE is triggered again
If during the activation, a retriggered happened, then
restart the down counting
Typical 8086/8088 Machine Instruction Format
Mode 2: Rate Generator (Divide-by-N counter)
In Mode2, if GATE=1, OUT will be high for N*T,
goes low only for one clock pulse, then counter is
reloaded automatically, and the process continues
indefinitely. Whole period: (N+1) * T
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
8253/54 Operation Modes
Mode 3: Square wave rate generator
Most commonly used
Mode 4: Software triggered strobe
Similar to Mode2, except that the counter is not
reloaded automatically
In Mode4, if GATE=1, the output will go high when
loading the count, it will stay high for duration N*T.
After the count reaches zero, it becomes low for one
clock pulse, then goes high again and stays high until
a new command word or new count is loaded
To repeat the strobe, the count must be reloaded
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
Encoding (Instruction Machine Code)
E.g1.
MOV CL, [BX + 39A2H]
Book P. 3-121
(1)Memory/Register Operand to/from Register Operand
(2)
100010dw
mod reg r/m
d = 1: SRC = EA, DEST = REG
d = 0: SRC = REG, DEST = EA d = 1
(3)Byte operation: w = 0
Book P. 6-55, Table 6-20
(4) MOD = 10: memory mode, 16-bit disp follows
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Encoding (Instruction Machine Code)
E.g1 (contd) MOV CL, [BX + 39A2H]
Decoding (Machine Code Instruction)
(5) Format: __ __ A2 39
(6) w = 1, CL REG = 001
(7) MOD = 10, (BX + Disp) R/M = 111
Therefore, the final code is
10001010 10001111 A2 39 8A 8F A2 39
E.g3. 88 95 00 02
Book P. 6-61, Table 6-23
(1) 88 MOV Reg8 / Mem8, Reg8
10001000 Mod Reg R/M Disp_Lo Disp_Hi
d = 0: SRC = Reg, DEST = EA (P. 3-121)
w = 0: byte operation
Displacement: 0200 H
Mod Reg R/M = 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
Book P. 6-55
(2) Reg: 010 DL, R/M: 101 (DI) + D16
Therefore, MOV BYTE PTR [DI + 0200H], DL
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Engr 4862 Microprocessors
Encoding (Instruction Machine Code)
E.g2. ADD WORD PTR ES: [BX + SI + 1053H], AX
Decoding (Machine Code Instruction)
(1)Override operation: we need to put a overrode prefix
before the machine code
Book P. 6-61
(2) 0 0 1 reg 1 1 0 SEGMENT = override prefix
Book P. 6-56
(3) ES: 00
CS: 01
SS: 10 DS:11
Book P. 6-61
(4) Therefore the prefix is: 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 (26H)
E.g4.
36 81 8C 8E 00 F4 00
Book P. 6-61, Table 6-23
(1) 36 Segment override prefix: SS
(2) 81 many choices: ADD, OR, ADC, SBB,
xxx Reg16/Mem16, Immed16
(3) 8C help to explain:
10 001 100
Mod Reg R/M:
Reg: 001 OR Reg16/Mem16, Immed16
10000001 mod 001 r/m Disp-Lo Disp-Hi Data-Lo Data-Hi
10
110
Disp (008E)
Data (00F4H)
P. 6-55:
mod: 10, r/m: 110 (BP) + D16
Therefore,
OR WORD PTR [BP + 008EH], 00F4H
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
Encoding (Instruction Machine Code)
E.g2. ADD WORD PTR ES: [BX + SI + 1053H], AX
Book P. 3-64
(5) Memory/register Operand with Register Operand
000000dw
mod reg r/m
d = 1: LSRC=REG, RSRC=EA, DEST=REG
d = 0: LSRC=EA, RSRC=REG, DEST=EA d = 0
(6) Word operation w = 1
Book P. 6-55, Table 6-18
(7) 16-bit Disp mod = 10
(8) Reg: AX Reg = 000, R/M = 000
Therefore, 00100110 00000001 10000000 53 10
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
Decoding (Machine Code Instruction)
Practice Question:
C7 C7 A9 12 3B 47 F4
MOV DI, 12A9H
CMP AX, [BX - 12]
B8 00 02 8E D8 B9 08 00 E2 FE
MOV AX, 0200H
MOV DS, AX
MOV CX, 0008
here: LOOP here
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
About Test2
Friday 9:00 9:50, EN 1040
Bring the Intel 8086/88 Users Manual
Format:
1. Analysis
2. Design
3. Address encoding and decoding
4. Timing
Memory and Memory Interfacing
Speed
The speed of a memory chip is commonly referred to as its
access time, varied from a few ns to hundreds of us.
Characteristics
Capacity, Organization, Speed
Examples
256 K memory chip with 8 data pins
Organization: 32K * 8 / Address: 15pins
A memory chip has 13 address lines and 4 data lines
Organization: 213 * 4 = 8K * 4 = 32Kbits
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
Memory and Memory Interfacing
Memory and Memory Interfacing
Memory Fundamentals
In all computer designs, semiconductor memories are
used as primary storage for code and data
Requirement of primary memory Fast in
responding to CPU
Types: RAM and ROM
Memory capacity
The capacity of a memory IC chip is always given in bits
Chip capacity: the number of bits that a chip can store: Kbits, Mbits
The capacity of a computer is given in bytes
Example: A 4M chip 4M bits, A 4M computer 4M bytes
Summary
Each memory chip contains 2x locations, x is the number of
address pins on the chip
Each location contains y bits, y is the number of data pins
The entire chip will contain 2x * y bits
Memory Types
ROM (non-volatile)
PROM (Programmable ROM), OTP, need burner or programmer
EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM), UV-radiation to erase
EEPROM (Electrically erasable programmable ROM)
Advantage: 1. Much quicker, 2. One can select byte to be
erased, 3. One can program/erase while still on board
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Engr 4862 Microprocessors
Memory and Memory Interfacing
Memory and Memory Interfacing
Memory organization
Memory Types
Memory chips are organized into a number of locations
within the IC
The number of bits that each location can hold is always
equal to the number of data pins on the chip
How many locations exist inside a memory map?
That depends on the number of address pins
Given x the number of address pins 2x locations
The total number of bits that a memory chip can store is
equal to the number of locations times the number of data
bits per location
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
ROM (non-volatile)
Flash Memory EPROM
Since 1990s
Advantage: the process of erasure of the entire content takes
less than a second, erasure method is electrical
Widely used as a way to upgrade the BIOS ROM of the PC
Mask ROM
The kind of ROM whose contents are programmed by the IC
manufacturer Low cost
RAM (volatile)
Three types: SRAM, DRAM, NV-RAM
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
Memory and Memory Interfacing
Memory Chip
Ex1: Find the organization and chip capacity for ROM
Memory Types
RAM (volatile)
SRAM (Static RAM)
Storage cells in SRAM are made of flip-flops and therefore do
not require refreshing in order to keep their data
The problem is that each cell requires at least 6 transistors to
build and the cell holds only one bit data
The capacity of SRAM is far below DRAM
SRAM is widely used for cache memory
DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
The use of a capacitor as a means to store data
Cuts down the number of transistors needed to build cell
However, it requires constant refreshing due to leakage
14 Address pins, 8 data pins
12 Address pins, 8 data pins
Ex2: Find the organization and chip capacity for RAM
17 address pins, 8 data pins, SRAM
9 address pins, 4 data pins, DRAM
Ex3: Find the capacity and # of address/data pins for
the following memory chip
256K 4 SRAM
32K 8 EPROM
1M 1 DRAM
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
Memory and Memory Interfacing
ALE Timing in 8088 Based System
Memory Types
RAM (volatile)
DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
Advantage:
1. High density (capacity)
2. Cheaper cost per bit
3. Lower power consumption per bit
Disadvantage:
1. Must be refreshed periodically
2. While it is being refreshed, the data can not be accessed
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
Memory and Memory Interfacing
Memory Read Bus Timing in 8088
Packaging in DRAM
To reduce the number of pins needed for address, multiplex /
demultiplexing is used
Method is to split the address into half and send in each half
of the address through the same pins requires fewer pins
Internally, DRAM is divided into a square of rows and
columns, the first half of the address is called the row and
the second half is called the column
Organization of DRAM
Most DRAM are x 1 and x 4
NV-RAM (Non-volatile RAM)
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
Engr 4862 Microprocessors
