The water treatment plant should produce continuous supply of safe drinking water regardless of raw water
Quality variation, the main part of the water purification is the filtration, so all pretreatment processes are to maximize
the efficiency of filtration
Unit
Design
parameter
Paramete
r setting
controlled
variable
disturbance
variable
Manipulated
variable
Rapid mixing
Velocity gradient
530s
Influent feed
rate
Dosing flow
rate
Mixing time
(40 sec-60sec)
Alum ,polymer
Chlorine
dosages
Velocity gradient
100S
fixed
fixed
Detention time
40minutes
Surface Over flow
speed,
(Surface loading rate)
1.2m/hr
Fixed
Weir overflow rate
10m/hr
Fixed
Retention time
>2.5 hour
flocculation
clarifier
fixed
Rapid sand filter
Filtration rate
11m/hr
fixed
Mid post
chlorine
Head loss
And turbidity
Disinfection
Residual free chlorine
(0.05-2 )mg/l
Residual free
chlorine
analyzer
Influent flow
rate
Dosing flow
rate
Automatic
Effluent flow
rate
Chlorine
dosage flow
rate
In rapid mixer after adding the Alum coagulant, mass balance on suspended solids leads to effluent particle
concentration, in flocculator section the size of particles will increase depends on the G parameter (velocity gradient)
In clarifier the ratio between the settling velocity of the particles to the surface over flow parameter will determine the
efficiency of the clarifier ,but the settling velocity depends on the sizes of particles generated during the flocculation
and this due the coagulants and chlorine addition in flash mixer ,so the pretreatment activity before the
Filtration, is optimized by quantity of chemical additions since the other parameters in the table above are fixed as
design values ,the turbidity measurement is high time delay process spatially when let the effluent filtered water
turbidity to be in closed loop with coagulants flow rate addition, so the flow rate corrections will be manual as in the
drawing (
Clarifier size and its diameter/height ratio is designed for one pump (30-P3A/B/C) to achieve low surface over flow
rate
The filtration is fully automatic process; variation of filtration rates can achieve high efficiency and low water turbidity
The filtered water rate is controlled indirectly(constant flow rate control-constant head) , Influent flow is splitted
by
means of an influent weir box above the maximum water level of filter @754.2m altitude and
minimum water level @752.07m altitude, so each filter receives an equal (or nearly equal) portion of
total flow
a level sensor in each filter sends a signal to the effluent control valve which opens or closes to
maintain constant head, When the filter is first placed in operation after backwashing valve to close,
As the filter head loss builds up the water level above the filter media will tend to rise, causing the
valve to open, until the effluent control valve is fully opened this is the time for filter back washing
At a minimum, both head loss and effluent turbidity should be monitored on each individual filter. Head loss is
monitored
by measuring the differential pressure between the effluent line(upstream of the control valve) and the top of the
filter media. The pressure signal will initiate an alarm on high level, and in automatic, initiate a filter backwash
cycle. On high-high level, the filter should shut down until the operator has investigated the
Cause of the high-high alarm and/or manually initiated a backwash. Turbidity should be monitored by an online
turbidity meter, for each filter. As with head loss, a high turbidity set point can initiate an alarm (and possible
backwash cycle), and a high-high turbidity set point should shutdown the filter to prevent poor quality water
reaching the clear well.
Back wash loop:
Control of the flow rate may be manual or automatic. Manual control may be used on
straight backwash systems (. Manual control requires adjustment to a throttling valve on the
backwash supply until the desired flowrate, as measured by the flow meter, is achieved. This
valve should be locked in this position and adjusted seasonally to compensate for water
temperature, Excessive and undesirable disturbance of the media can be caused by a
sudden rush of water on pump start-up or rapid valve opening. This is avoided by having
bypass valve
Backwash flow rate can be varied by using variable speed drive on the
backwash pump, using an in-line flow control valve, a flow transmitter on the
backwash supply will provide a signal to the local PLC. The PLC will use this
signal to control the pump speed/valve position.
This control is closed loop automatic control, the initiating of back wash can be
manual or automatic depends on many parameters such as effluent turbidity,
high water level above the filter
Media , max head loss, running time, number of filters in backwash ,
.
