Chapter 6
The Basic Interactions between
Photons and Charged Particles
with Matter
Radiation Dosimetry I
Photon interactions
With energy deposition
Photoelectric effect
Compton scattering
Pair production (above the threshold of 1.02 MeV)
Photo-nuclear interactions for higher energies
(above 10 MeV)
Without energy deposition
Text: H.E Johns and J.R. Cunningham, The
physics of radiology, 4th ed.
Coherent scattering
http://www.utoledo.edu/med/depts/radther
Photoelectric effect
Photoelectric mass attenuation coefficients
of lead and soft tissue as a function of
photon energy. K and L-absorption edges
are shown for lead
Photoelectric effect
Collision between a photon and an
atom results in ejection of a bound
electron
The photon disappears and is replaced
by an electron ejected from the atom
with kinetic energy KE = h Eb
Highest probability if the photon
energy is just above the binding energy
of the electron (absorption edge)
Additional energy may be deposited
locally by Auger electrons and/or
fluorescence photons
Electron tends to be ejected
at 90o for low energy
photons, and approaching
0o with increase in energy
Kinetic energy given to
electron KE=hv-Eb,
independent of scattering
angle
Interaction probability ~Z3/(hv)3
No universal analytical expression for cross-section
Thomson scattering
(classical treatment)
Thomson scattering
(classical treatment)
Elastic scattering of photon on free electron
Electron is accelerated by EM wave and radiates a wave
No energy is given to the electron; wavelength of the scattered
photon does not change
Classical scattering coefficient per electron per unit solid angle:
No energy dependence, total 0 66.5 10 m electron
Works for low photon energies, << m0c2
Overestimates for photon energies > 0.01MeV (factor of 2
for 0.4MeV)
d 0 r02
1 cos2
d
2
max at
max at
r0
0, 180o
30
d 2 sin d
d 0 r02
1 cos2 2 sin
d
2
90o
e
m0 c 2
- classical radius of electron
Coherent scattering
Example 1
Photon is scattered by combined action of the whole atom
Photons do not lose energy, just get redirected through a
small angle
No charged particles receive energy, no excitation produced
Scattering coefficient (F - atomic form factor, tabulated):
A 5-keV photon undergoing coherent or
classical scatter would be most likely to lose
___% of its energy in the process.
d coh r02
1 cos2 F ( x, Z )2 2 sin
d
2
x sin / 2 /
Typical ratios of coherent to total attenuation coefficient
Compton scattering kinematics
Incoherent scattering energy is transferred
to electron (inelastic scattering)
Energy and momentum are conserved
1
hv hv' E hv' m0 c 2
1
2
2
1
v
/
c
m0 v
hv hv'
pII
cos
cos
c
c
1 v2 / c2
Electron is assumed free and
stationary
p 0
m0 v
hv'
sin
sin
c
1 v2 / c2
Compton scattering probability
Klein-Nishina coefficient: Compton scattering on free
electron, but includes Diracs quantum relativistic theory
r2
d d 0
FKN 0 1 cos2 FKN ,
d d
2
1
FKN
(
1
cos
where
2 (1 cos ) 2
1
1 (1 cos )(1 cos2 )
Factor FKN describes the deviation from classical scattering
FKN <1 for higher energies;
FKN =1 for small (low energy) or =0
A. 0
B. 10
C. 50
D. 90
E. 100
Compton scattering kinematics
Introducing parameter
hv / m0c 2
(1 cos )
Energy of electron
1 (1 cos )
1
Energy of scattered photon
hv' hv
1 (1 cos )
The maximum energy that electron can acquire in a direct hit
( = 180o ):
2
1
Emax hv
; photon energy : hv'min hv
0.255MeV
1 2
1 2
For high-energy photon
E hv
In a grazing hit ( ~ 0o) E=0, and for the scattered photon
hv' hv
Energy distribution of
Compton electrons
Lower energy and high
energy electrons are
more likely to be
produced
Higher energy photons
are more likely to
transfer more energy to
Compton electrons
Effect of binding energy
In real situation electrons
are bound and in motion
Additional factor S(x, Z)
is introduced
(bound
electron)
(free electron)
(free
electron)
d inc d
S ( x, Z )
d
d
x=sin(/2)/
Makes the scattering
coefficient Z-dependent
Example 3
In Compton scattering original photon has
energy 1.25 MeV, scattered at 30.
Calculate the energy of scattered photon.
A. 1.2 MeV
B. 1.1 MeV
C. 0.94 MeV
D. 0.83 MeV
hv
1.25
2.45
m0 c 2 0.511
1 (1 cos )
1
1.25
0.941M eV
1 2.45(1 cos 30)
hv' hv
Pair production
Probability of pair
production increases
with energy (this
trend is opposite
those of both
Compton and photoelectric interactions)
High Z dependence:
increases as Z2
Example 2
Compton scattered electrons can be emitted at:
A. Any angle.
B. 0o-90o with respect to the direction of the incident photon
C. 30o-120o with respect to the direction of the incident
photon.
D. 90o-180o with respect to the direction of the incident
photon.
Pair production
Photon is absorbed giving rise to
electron and positron
Occurs in Coulomb force field usually near atomic nucleus;
threshold energy 1.022 MeV
Sometimes occurs in a field of atomic electron (triplet
production); threshold energy 2.044 MeV
For 10-MeV photons in soft tissue, for example, about 10%
The ratio of triplet to pair production increases with E of
incident photons and decreases with Z
Pair production
Energy in excess of 1.02 MeV is released as kinetic energy
of the electron and positron
hv 2m0c 2 T T 1.022 MeV T T
Differential cross section:
d Z 2 r02 2 4
m0 c Fpair
d 137 2
Fpair is a function of
momentum, energy and
angle of positron projection
Charged particle interactions
All charged particles lose kinetic energy through
Coulomb field interactions with charged particles
(electrons or nuclei) of the medium
In each interaction typically only a small amount of
particles kinetic energy is lost (continuous
slowing-down approximation CSDA)
Typically undergo very large number of interactions,
therefore can be roughly characterized by a common
path length in a specific medium (range)
Heavy charged particle
interactions
Energy transferred to the electron of the medium
E
Parameters:
E kinetic energy of the particle; ze- its charge; M
mass
b is the impact parameter
Slower moving particle (lower KE) transfers more
energy
Stopping power
Mass stopping power energy loss per unit track
length in producing ionization in the absorbing
medium
Sion
z 2 m0c 2
1 dE
2
...
4r0 N e
2
dx
Parameters: Ne number of electrons per gram; []
is a slowly increasing function of the particle energy
For electrons [] term is more complex
This is mass collision stopping power
z 2 r02 m0c 4 M
b2
E
Stopping power
When a charged particle moves close to a nucleus
it experiences electrostatic force
Radiation stopping power energy loss due to
bremsstrahlung (breaking radiation)
Important for electrons (low mass)
for electrons
Stopping power
S rad
1 dE
2 N ZE
4r0 e ...
137
dx
Range of electrons
Half-value depth
Practical range
Charge particles are characterized
by a range a finite distance
Can be calculated from stopping
power in continuous slowing
down approximation (CSDA)
E0
dE
S (E)
0
Energy loss by radiation increases with atomic
number and energy
Rule of thumb: for electron
energies > 0.5 MeV, the range
in unit density material ( in
g/cm3) is, in cm, about half the
energy in MeV
Example 4
Example 5
A 6 MeV electron beam passes through 2 cm of
tissue, overlying lung (density 0.25 g/cm3). The
approximate range in the patient is ___cm.
Rtissue ~3 cm
Rtissue+lung ~2 cm (=1) + 1 cm (=0.25)
=2 cm + 4 cm = 6 cm
A. 1
B. 3
C. 6
D. 9
E. 12
If electron beam is not monoenergetic need to
average over all electron energies
S ( Ei )
dF( E )
Sion ( E )dE
dE
E1
A. 7
B. 4
C. 1.5
D. 0.7
E. 0.4
lead=11 g/cm3
Rlead ~0.5x12/11=0.55 cm
RCerrobend~0.55x(1+0.2)= 0.66 cm
Restricted stopping power
Mean stopping power
E1
A Cerrobend cutout for a 12 MeV electron beam
should be approximately ___cm thick, to stop all
the electrons and transmit only the
bremsstrahlung. (Hint: Cerrobend requires 20%
more thickness than lead.)
In slowing down an electron may suffer a large energy loss in
producing delta-ray: introduce a cutoff energy allowing to
not account for escaping delta-rays
Restricted stopping power (or LET linear energy transfer)
L - only energy exchanges less than are accounted for
dF( E )
dE
dE
Similarly, if electrons are produced by
polyenergetic photon beam with fluence F(E)
Example 7
Example 6
A 6 MeV electron travels through 3 m of
air. By how much is its average energy
reduced?
Need to remember air~0.001
Rair~0.5xE/10-3=3x103 cm=30 m
Assuming linear decrease in energy:
LET=6MeV/30 m=0.2 MeV/m
0.2MeV/m x 3m=0.6 MeV
g/cm3
A. 0.6 MeV
B. 1 MeV
C. 2 MeV
D. 3 MeV
A 6 MeV alpha particle produces 20,000 ion pairs
per cm. What is the range of the alpha particle?
A. 0.01 mm
B. 0.1 mm
C. 1.0 mm
D. 10.0 mm
E. 100.0 mm
In air the energy to produce one ion
pair is W~34 eV/pair
LET 2 104
pair
eV
eV
34
6 105
cm
pair
cm
Since heavy particles move along a
straight-line path
R
E
6MeV
10 cm 100 mm
LET 0.6 MeV
cm
Bragg peak
Never observed
Slower moving charged particle (lower KE) transfers more energy,
resulting in Bragg peak at the end of its track
Never observed for electrons: due to their low mass, electrons constantly
change direction as they slow down
