Interpolation with unequal intervals
Newton
backward
and
forward
interpolation is applicable only when x0,
x1,,xn are equally spaced.
Now we use two interpolation formulae
for unequally spaced values of x.
f ( x) =
(x x1 ) (x x 2 )...(x x n )
f (x 0 )
(x 0 x1 ) (x 0 x 2 )...(x 0 x n )
(x x 0 ) (x x 2 ) (x x 3 )...(x x n )
f ( x1 )
(x1 x 0 ) (x1 x 2 ) (x1 x 3 )...( x1 x n )
(x x 0 ) (x x1 ) (x x3 )...(x x n )
f (x 2 )
(x 2 x 0 ) (x 2 x1 ) (x 2 x3 )...(x 2 x n )
i) Lagranges formula for unequal
intervals:
If y = f(x) takes the values
y0, y1, y2,.,yn corresponding to
x = x0, x1, x2,,xn then
is known as the Lagrange's interpolation
formula.
Ex.1. Find u5 by Lagranges Method if
u0 =1, u3 = 19, u4 = 49, u6 = 181.
Solution:
x
u
+....
+
( x x 0 ) (x x1 ) ( x x 2 )...(x x n 1 )
f (x n )
(x n x 0 ) ( x n x1 ) ( x n x 2 )...(x n x n 1 )
(5 3) (5-4)(5-6)
( 1)
(0-3)(0-4)(0-6)
(5-0)(5-4)(5-6)
+
(19)
(3 0)(3 4)(3 6)
(5-0)(5-3)(5-6)
+
( 49)
(4 0)(4 3)(4 6)
(5-0)(5-3)(5-4)
+
(181)
(6 0)(6 3)(6 4)
= 101
u=
0
1
3
19
4
49
6
181
At x = 5, u is given by
Ex.2. If y(1) = -3, y(3) = 9, y(4) =30,
y(6) = 132 then find the Lagranges
interpolating polynomial that takes the
same values as y at the given points.
Given:
x
y
1
-3
3
9
4
30
6
132
Solution:
f (x) =
(x 3) (x 4) (x 6)
. (3)
(1 3)(1 4)(1 6)
(x 1)(x 4)(x 6)
+
.9
(3 1)(3 4)(3 6)
(x 1)(x 3)(x 6)
+
.30
(4 1)(4 3)(4 6)
(x 1)(x 3)(x 4)
+
.132
(6 1)(6 3)(6 4)
= x3 - 3x2 + 5x - 6
ii) Divided differences (d)
y y
d f (x 0 ) = d y0 = 1 0 = [x 0 , x1 ]
x1 x 0
y y
d y1 = 2 1 = [x 2 , x1 ]
x 2 x1
y y
d yn 1 = n n 1 = [x n 1 , x n ]
x n x n 1
Try this
Q.1
Using Lagranges interpolation
formula find a polynomial which passes
through the points (0, -12), (1, 0) (3, 6).
(4, 12)
Answer: x3 - 7x2 +18x - 12
Second Divided Difference
y d y0
d 2f (x 0 ) = d 2 y0 = d 1
x 2 x0
=
[ x 2 , x 1 ] [ x1 , x 0 ]
= [ x 0 , x1 , x 2 ]
x2 x0
Divided Difference Table
y d y1
|| d y1 = d 2
x3 x1
ly
[x3 , x 2 ] [x 2 , x1 ]
x3 x1
= [x1 , x 2 , x3 ]
similarly d3 y0 ,.... can be defined
x y d y
x0 y0
d2y
y1 y 0
1 x0
dy0= x
x1 y1
x2 y2
x3 y3
y 2 y1
dy1= x2 x1
y3 y2
dy2= x 3 x2
y4 y3
dy3= x4 x3
d2y0=
d2y=1
d2y=2
d3y
d y1 d y 0
x 2 x0
d y 2 d y1
x 3 x1
dy3 dy2
x4 x2
d4y
d3y0=
d2 y 1 d2 y 0
x3 x0
d3y=1
d2 y 2 d2 y 1
x 4 x1
d4y0
x4 y4
In general
m1
m1
y
dmyk = d k+1 d k
xk+m xk
Provided all the involved
quantities exist.
Ex.1
x:
f(x) :
7
392
11
1452
+(x x0 ) (x x1) d2 y0
+ (x x0 ) (x x1)(x x2 ) d3y0
+... + (x x0 ) (x x1) ...(x xn1) dn y0
i) Lagranges formula
f (9)
Given the values
5
150
Newton's
divided
difference
interpolation formula
y = f(x) = y0 + (x x0 ) d y0
13
2366
17
5202
Evaluate f(9) using
(i) Lagrange's formula
(ii) Newton's divided difference formula.
(9 7) (9 11) (9 13) (9 17)
(150)
(5 7) (5 11) (5 13) (5 17)
(9 5) (9 11) (9 13) (9 17)
(392)
+
(7 5) (7 11) (7 13) (7 17)
(9 5) (9 7) (9 13) (9 17)
(1452)
+
(11 5) (11 7) (11 13) (11 17)
ii) Newton Divided Difference formula
(9 5) (9 7) (9 11) (9 17)
(2366)
(13 5) (13 7)(13 11)(13 17)
(9 5) (9 7) (9 11) (9 13)
(5202)
+
(17 5)(17 7) (17 11)(17 13)
f (9) = 810
+
x
5
y
150
392
d2
d3 d4
121
24
265
11
1452
1
32
457
13
2366
17
5202
0
1
42
709
f(9) = 150 + 121 (9 - 5)
+ 24 (9 - 5) (9 - 7)
+ 1(9 - 5) (9 - 7) (9 - 11) = 810
Ex.2. Using i) Lagranges interpolation
and ii) divided difference formula. Find
the value of y when x = 10.
x:
y:
5
12
6
13
9
14
11
16
Lagranges formula:
(10 6) (10 9) (10 11)
y = f (10) =
12
(5 6) (5 9) (5 11)
(10 5)(10 9)(10 11)
+
13
(6 5)(6 9)(6 11)
(10 5)(10 6)(10 11)
+
14
(9 5)(9 6)(9 11)
(10 5)(10 6)(10 9)
+
16
(11 5)(11 6)(11 9)
Divided difference
f (10)
d
Ex.3. Find the interpolating polynomial
using Newton divided difference
formula for the following data:
x
0
1
2
5
y
2
3
12
147
1
= 12 + (10 5) + (10 5)(10 6).
6
1
+ (10 5)(10 6)(10 9)
20
44
=
3
x
0
y
2
d2
d3
1
4
9
2
12
147
1
9
45
Ex.4. Find f(4) given f(0) = -4, f(2) =
2, f(3) =14 and f(6) = 158
The divided difference table is
f(x) = 2 + (x - 0)(1) + (x - 0) (x - 1) (4)
+ (x - 0) (x - 1) (x - 2) 1
3
2
=x +x - x +2
x
0
y
-4
14
d2
d3
3
3
12
1
9
48
6
158
x
4
y
48
100
Ex.5. Fit an interpolating polynomial for
u4 = 48, u5 = 100, u6 = 180 ,
180
u8 = 448, u10 =900 and u11 = 1210
f(4)= -4 + (4 ) (3)+ (4) (2) (3)
+(4) (2) (1) (1) = 40
d2
d3
d4
52
14
80
1
18
134
448
23
226
10
0
1
900
0
1
28
310
11
By applying Newtons Divided
difference formulae, we get
y = 48 + (x -4) 52 + (x-4) (x-5) 14
+ (x-4) (x-5) (x -6) = x3- x2
1210
LAGRANGE Interpolation Formula
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Read n, x
for i =1 to (n+1) in steps of 1 do
Read xi, fi
end for
sum 0
for i =1 to (n+1) in steps of 1 do
prodfunc 1
for j =1 to (n+1) in steps of 1 do
8.
if ( j i ) then
9. proffunc prodfunc(x xj )/ (xi xj )
endfor
10. sum sum + (fi prodfunc)
endfor
11. Write x, sum
12. STOP
