Meristematic

The main function of meristematic tissue is mitosis. The cells are small, thin-walled, with no central
vacuole and no specialized features.
Meristematic tissue is located in

the apical meristems at the growing points of roots and stems.

the secondary meristems (lateral buds) at the nodes of stems (where branching occurs) [View], and in
some plants,

meristematic tissue, called the cambium, that is found within mature stems and roots.

The cells produced in the meristems soon become differentiated into one or another of several types.
Protective
Protective tissue covers the surface of leaves and the living cells of roots and stems. Its cells are flattened with
their top and bottom surfaces parallel. The upper and lower epidermis of the leaf is examples of protective
tissue.
Parenchyma
The cells of parenchyma are large, thin-walled, and usually have a large central vacuole. They are often
partially separated from each other and are usually stuffed with plastids.
In areas not exposed to light, colorless plastids predominate and food storage is the main function. The cells of
the white potato are parenchyma cells. Where light is present, e.g., in leaves, chloroplasts predominate
and photosynthesis is the main function.
Sclerenchyma
The walls of these cells are very thick and built up in a uniform layer around the entire margin of the cell.
Often, the cell dies after its cell wall is fully formed. Sclerenchyma cells are usually found associated with
other cells types and give them mechanical support.
Sclerenchyma is found in stems and also in leaf veins. Sclerenchyma also makes up the hard outer covering of
seeds and nuts.
Collenchyma
Collenchyma cells have thick walls that are especially thick at their corners. These cells provide mechanical
support for the plant. They are most often found in areas that are growing rapidly and need to be strengthened.
The petiole ("stalk") of leaves is usually reinforced with collenchymas.
Xylem

Xylem conducts water and dissolved minerals from the roots to all the other parts of the plant. In angiosperms,
most of the water travels in the xylem vessels. These are thick-walled tubes that can extend vertically through
several feet of xylem tissue. Their diameter may be as large as 0.7 mm. Their walls are thickened with
secondary deposits of cellulose and are usually further strengthened by impregnation with lignin. The
secondary walls of the xylem vessels are deposited in spirals and rings and are usually perforated by pits.
Xylem vessels arise from individual cylindrical cells oriented end to end. At maturity the end walls of these
cells dissolve away, and the cytoplasmic contents die. The result is the xylem vessel, a continuous nonliving
duct.
Xylem also contains tracheids. These are individual cells tapered at each end so the tapered end of one cell
overlaps that of the adjacent cell. Like xylem vessels, they have thick, lignified walls and, at maturity, no
cytoplasm. Their walls are perforated so that water can flow from one tracheid to the next. The xylem
of ferns and conifers contains only tracheids.
In woody plants, the older xylem ceases to participate in water transport and simply serves to give strength to
the trunk. Wood is xylem. When counting the annual rings of a tree, one is counting rings of xylem.
Phloem
The main components of phloem are

sieve elements and

companion cells.

Sieve elements are so-named because their end walls are perforated. This allows cytoplasmic connections
between vertically-stacked cells. The result is a sieve tube that conducts the products of photosynthesis
sugars and amino acids from the place where they are manufactured (a "source"), e.g., leaves, to the
places ("sinks") where they are consumed or stored; such as

roots

growing tips of stems and leaves

flowers

fruits, tubers, corms, etc.

Sieve elements have no nucleus and only a sparse collection of other organelles. They depend on the adjacent
companion cells for many functions.
Companion cells move sugars, amino acids and a variety of macromolecules into and out of the sieve elements.
In "source" tissue, such as a leaf, the companion cells use transmembrane proteins to take up by active
transport sugars and other organic molecules from the cells manufacturing them. Water follows by osmosis.
These materials then move into adjacent sieve elements through plasmodesmata. The pressure created by
osmosis drives the flow of materials through the sieve tubes.

In "sink" tissue, the sugars and other organic molecules leave the sieve elements through plasmodesmata
connecting the sieve elements to their companion cells and then pass on to the cells of their destination. Again,
water follows by osmosis where it may

leave the plant by transpiration or

increase he volume of the cells or

move into the xylem for recycling through the plant.