RESTRICTED
COMMON TYPES OF INTERNET FRAUD SCAMS
www.acg.pnp.gov.ph
RESTRICTED
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ANTI-CYBERCRIME GROUP
COMMON TYPES OF INTERNET FRAUD SCAMS
INTRODUCTION:
The Internet is a useful way to reach a mass audience without spending a lot of time
or money. Crime in which the perpetrator develops a scheme using one or more
elements of the Internet to deprive a person of property or any interest, estate, or
right by a false representation of a matter of fact, whether providing misleading
information or by concealment of information.
As increasing numbers of businesses and consumers rely on the Internet and other
forms of electronic communication to conduct transactions illegal activity using the
very same media is similarly on the rise. Fraudulent schemes conducted via the
Internet are generally difficult to trace and prosecute, and they cost individuals and
businesses millions of dollars each year. From computer viruses to Web site hacking
and Financial Fraud, Internet crime became a larger concern than ever in the 1990s
and early 2000s. In one sense, this situation was less a measure of growing pains
than of the increasing importance of the Internet in daily life. More users surfing the
Web, greater business reliance upon E-Mail, and the tremendous upsurge in
electronic commerce have raised financial stakes.
The use of Internet services or software with Internet access to defraud victims or to
otherwise take advantage of them is currently on the rise. For example by stealing
personal information, that can lead to identity theft. A very common form of Internet
fraud is the distribution of rogue security software. Internet services can be used to
present fraudulent solicitations to prospective victims, to conduct fraudulent
transactions or to transmit the proceeds of fraud to financial institutions or to others
connected with the scheme. Internet fraud can occur in chat rooms, email, message
boards, or on websites.
The Internet offers a global marketplace for consumers and businesses. But crooks
also recognize the potentials of cyberspace. The same scams that have been
conducted by mail and phone can now be found on the World Wide Web and in
email, and new cyber scams are emerging. It's sometimes hard to tell the difference
between reputable online sellers and criminals who use the Internet to rob people.
You can protect yourself by learning how to recognize the danger signs or warning
signs of fraud. If you are a victim or attempted victim of Internet fraud, it's important
to report the scam quickly so that law enforcement agencies can shut the fraudulent
operations down.
The Philippines continues to face the challenge of effectively addressing the problem
of illegal cyber activity and cybercrime victimization, a challenge it shares among
developing countries in South East Asia and in other parts of the world. Internet
Fraud in the Philippines is currently on the rise, Filipinos and Foreigners alike are not
safe on both sides of the fence whether as a suspect or victim. Businesses from
micro to multi-nationals are also affected and to put it bluntly everyone will be
affected.
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TYPES OF INTERNET FRAUD SCAMS
A. BOILER ROOM
In business, the term boiler room refers to an outbound call center selling
questionable investments by telephone. It typically refers to a room where salesmen
work using unfair, dishonest sales tactics, sometimes selling foreign currency stocks,
private placements or committing outright stock fraud. The term carries a negative
connotation, and is often used to imply high-pressure sales tactics and, sometimes,
poor working conditions.
A boiler room usually has an undisclosed relationship with the company being
promoted or undisclosed profit from the sale of the house stock they are promoting.
The managers of the boiler room usually have close ties to the same owners of the
company whose stock is being promoted. After the sales force of the boiler room
sells their clients on the idea of the Initial Public Offering (IPO), they are not allowed
to sell the shares that the customer invested. This is because there is no real
"market" for the shares, so any shares sold before buyers are attracted would create
a large loss in the price of the stock, due to it being thinly traded with no public
support. Once the insider investors are in place, a boiler room promotes via
telephone calls to brokerage clients or spam email these thinly traded stocks where,
there is no actual market.
The brokers of the boiler room actually create a market by attracting buyers, whose
demand for the stock drives up the price; this gives the owners of the company
enough volume to sell their shares at a profit, a form of pump and dump operation
where the original investors profit at the expense of the investors taken in by the
boiler room operation.
Protect yourself from Boiler Room
If a stockbroker calls out of nowhere with an offer that seems too good to be true, be
warned, it probably is.
Fraudsters are usually well spoken and knowledgeable. They are also persistent.
They might call their victim several times with offers of research, discounts on stocks
in small overseas companies, or shares in a firm that is about to float or already at
float.
Another thing to watch out for is callers are increasingly threatening investors with a
police action if refusal ensues.
B. ROMANCE SCAM
Romance scams try to lower your defenses by appealing to your romantic or
compassionate side of things. They play on emotional triggers to get you to provide
money, gifts and personal details. Scammers target victims by creating fake profiles
on legitimate internet dating services. Once in contact with a scammer, they will
express strong emotions for you in a relatively short period of time and will suggest
you move the relationship away from the website, to phone, email or instant
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messaging. Scammers often claim to be working abroad. They will go to great
lengths to gain your interest and trust, such as sharing personal information and
even sending you gifts. Scammers may take months, to build what seems like the
romance of a lifetime and may even pretend to book flights to visit you, but never
actually come. Once they have gained your trust they will ask you either indirectly or
directly for money, gifts, banking and credit card details. They will pretend to need
these for a variety of reasons.
For example, they may claim to be in the depths of despair due to financial hardship
or an ill family member. In other cases, the scammer might start off by sending you
flowers or other small gifts then will tell you about a large amount of money they
need to transfer out of their country or that they want to share with you. They will
then ask for your banking details or money to cover administrative fees or taxes to
free up the money.
Alternatively scammers may claim to have fallen ill or been involved in a serious
accident, then ask for money to pay medical bills or travel expenses to visit. In some
instances you may even be contacted by someone claiming to be their doctor.
Regardless of how you are scammed, you could end up losing a lot of hard earned
money.
Protect yourself from Romance Scam
Always consider the possibility that the approach may be a scam. Try to remove the
emotion from your decision no matter how caring or persistent they seem.
Talk to an independent friend or relative before you send money. Think twice before
sending money to someone you have only recently met online or haven't met in
person.
Never give credit card or online account details to anyone by email.
Be very careful about how much personal information you share on social networking
sites. Scammers can use your information and pictures to create a fake identity or to
target you with a scam.
If you agree to meet in person, tell family and friends where you are going especially
overseas travel.
Where possible, avoid any arrangement with a stranger that asks for immediate
payment by money order, wire transfer or international funds transfer. It is rare to
recover money that is sent this way.
If you think you have provided your account details to a scammer, contact your bank
or financial institution immediately.
C. LOTTERY SCAM
An email, letter or text message from a lottery institution arrives from out of nowhere.
It will advise you that you have won a lot of money or fantastic prizesin a lottery or
competition that you did not enter. Lottery scams will often use the names of
legitimate personnel, so that even if you do some superficial research, the scam will
seem real. The email, letter or text message you received about your winnings will
ask you to respond quickly or risk missing out a once in a lifetime opportunity. The
scammers do this to try and stop you thinking about the surprise too much in
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any case you start to suspect to be a scam. You could also be urged to keep your
winnings private or confidential, to maintain security and stop other people from
getting your prize by mistake. Scammers do this to prevent you from seeking further
information or advice from independent sources.
You will usually be asked to pay some fees to release your winnings. Scammers will
often say these fees are for insurance costs, government taxes, bank fees, courier
charges etc. The scammers make money by continually collecting these fees from
you and stalling the payment of your winnings. Some scammers may also be asked
to provide personal details to prove that you are the correct winner and to give your
bank account details so the prize can be sent to you. Scammers will use these
details to try to misuse your identity and steal any money you have in your bank
account.
Protect yourself from Lottery Scam
Do not send any money or pay any fee to claim a prize or lottery winnings.
Do not open suspicious or unsolicited emails.
Never reply to a spam email.
Never call a telephone number that you see in a spam email.
Never respond to text messages which say you had won a competition that you did
not enter.
Do not click any links in a spam email or open any files attached to them.
If it looks too good to be true then be skeptical.
If you receive an email, letter or text message telling you that you won a lottery, do
not respond. Do not write back and do not send any money or personal details.
Providing personal details such as bank account will make you vulnerable to having
a stolen identity. You may have your bank account cleaned out or a loan taken in
your name. Responding to emails through Internet links might also threaten your
computer security through the use of spywares.
If the lottery is anything other than a registered lottery just say no, be very wary of
lottery that ask you to send money or personal details in there favor.
BANKING AND ONLINE ACCOUNT SCAM d.1 CARD SKIMMING
Card skimming is the illegal copying of information from the magnetic strip of a credit
or Automated Teller Machine (ATM) card. The scammers try to steal your details so
they can access your accounts. Once scammers have skimmed your card, they can
create a fake or cloned card with your details on it. The scammer is then able to run
up charges on your account.
Protect yourself from Card Skimming
Keep your credit card and ATM cards safe. Do not share your personal identity
number (PIN) with anyone. Do not keep any written copy of your PIN with the card.
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Check your bank account and credit card statements when you get them. If you see
a transaction you cannot explain, report it to your bank.
Choose passwords that would be difficult to guess.
If you are using an ATM, take the time to check that there is nothing
suspicious or extra ordinary about the machine.
5. .Ask yourself if you trust the person who you are handing your card over to. If a
shop personnel looks like they are going to take your card out of your sight, ask if it is
really necessary.
If an ATM looks suspicious, do not use it and alert the ATM owner.
If you are in a shop and the personnel wants to swipe your card out of your sight, or
in a second machine, you should ask for your card back right away.
d.2 PHISHING
The word phishing comes from the analogy that scammers are using email lures to
fish for passwords and financial data from the sea of Internet users. Phishing, also
called brand spoofing is the creation of email messages and Web pages that are
replicas of existing and legitimate sites. These Web sites and emails are used to trick
users into submitting personal, financial, or password data. These emails often ask
for information such as credit card numbers, bank account information, social
insurance numbers, and passwords that will be used to commit fraud.
The goal of criminals using brand spoofing is to lead consumers to believe that a
request for information is coming from a legitimate company, but in reality it is a
malicious attempt to collect customer information for the purpose of committing
fraud.
Protect yourself from Phishing
Protect your computer with anti-virus software, spyware filters, email filters and
firewall programs.
You can verify a websites authenticity by looking for https: at the beginning of the
internet address.
Contact the bank immediately and report your suspicions.
Do not reply to any email that requests your personal information.
Look for misspelled words.
d.3 EMAIL SPOOFING
Email spoofing is the creation of email messages with a forged sender address
something which is simple to do because the core protocols do no authentication.
Spam and phishing emails typically use such spoofing to mislead the recipient about
the origin of the message. The word spoof means falsified. A spoofed email is when
the sender purposely alters parts of the email to masquerade as though it was
authored by someone else.
Commonly, the senders name, address and body of the message are formatted to
appear from a legitimate source, as though the email came from a bank or a
newspaper or legitimate institution on the Web. Sometimes, the scammer will
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make the email appear to come from a private citizen somewhere. Dishonest users
will alter different sections of an email so as to disguise the sender as being
someone else.
Protect yourself from Email Spoofing
Consider what personal information you post on social networking sites. Scammers
use publicly available information to identify potential victims.
Check if a website has a digital certificate.
Install and regularly update antivirus, antispyware and firewall software.
Never click on links provided in emails or open attachments from strangers. An email
with an attachment that arrives unexpectedly could contain malware.
Never provide your personal, business, credit card or account details online unless
you have verified the website authentication.
Ensure your postal mail is delivered to a secured mailbox.
Shred all business documents before you dispose of them.
E. NIGERIAN SCAMS
Background
The Nigerian 419 scam is a form of advance fee fraud or money transfer request
similar to the Spanish Prisoner scam dating back to the late 19th century. In that con,
businessmen were contacted by an individual allegedly trying to smuggle someone
connected to a wealthy family out of prison in Spain. In exchange for assistance, the
scammer promised to share money with the victim in exchange for a small amount of
money to bribe prison guards. One variant of the scam may date back to the 18th or
19th centuries, as a very similar letter, entitled, "The Letter from Jerusalem" is seen
in the memoirs of Eugne Franois Vidocq, a former French criminal and private
investigator. Another variant of the scam, dating back to circa 1830, appears very
similar to what is passed via email today: "Sir, you will doubtlessly be astonished to
be receiving a letter from a person unknown to you, who is about to ask a favor from
you ... and goes on to talk of a casket containing 16,000 francs in gold and the
diamonds of a late marchioness."
The modern 419 scam became popular during the 1980s during the corrupt "Second
Republic" governed by President Shehu Shagari. There are many variants of the
letters sent. One of these, sent via postal mail, was addressed to a woman s
husband and inquired about his health and a long, unexpected silence. It then asked
what to do with profits from a $24.6 million investment, and ended with a telephone
number. Other official looking letters were sent from a writer who said that he was a
director of the state owned Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation. He said that he
wanted to transfer $20 million to the recipients bank account money that was
budgeted but was never spent. In exchange for transferring the funds out of Nigeria,
the recipient would get to keep 30% of the total amount. To start the process, the
scammer asked for a few sheets of the companys letterhead, bank account
numbers, and other personal information. Yet other variants have involved mention of
a Nigerian Prince or other member of a royal family seeking to transfer large sums of
money out of the country. The spread of e-mail and email harvesting software
significantly lowered the cost of sending scam letters by using the Internet. While
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Nigeria is most often the nation referred to in these scams, they may originate in
other nations as well. For example, in 2006, 61% of Internet criminals were traced to
locations in the United States, while 16% were traced to the United Kingdom and 6%
to locations in Nigeria. Other nations known to have a high incidence of advance fee
fraud include Cte dIvoire, Togo, South Africa, the Netherlands and Spain.
e.1 NIGERIAN 419 SCAMS
Nigeria may have been singled out is because of the comical, almost ludicrous
nature of the promise of West African riches from a Nigerian Prince. According to
Cormac Herley, a researcher for Microsoft, by sending an email that repels all but the
most gullible, the scammer gets the most promising marks to select. Nevertheless,
Nigeria has earned a reputation as being at the center of email scammers, and the
number, "419", refers to the article of the Nigerian Criminal Code (part of Chapter 38:
"Obtaining property by Cheating") dealing with fraud. In Nigeria, young men would
use computers in internet cafes to send mass emails promising potential victims for
riches or romance, and to trawl for replies. They refer to their targets as maghas
scammer slang that developed from a Yoruba word meaning "fool". Many also have
accomplices in the United States and abroad that move in to finish the deal once the
initial contact has been made.
The scheme begins once a consumer receives a letter concerning the request for
urgent business transaction usually the transfer of millions of dollars, being sent out
to consumers via mail, email and fax. These letters are commonly referred to as
Nigerian Letter Scams or West African Fraud Letters. For instance, the writers of
these letters will commonly claim to be a Doctor or a corporate entity with a major
corporation of Nigeria. There will also be some mention of government involvement.
Typically, after receiving a letter a consumer would respond either by phone, fax, or
email. The response would be a request for further information on the requirements
and procedure for the transaction. Once contact is established, the writer of the letter
will normally ask for an upfront processing fee and in some cases arrange for a
meeting to discuss the transfer of funds. Most letters come with a breakdown of the
percentage of money each party involved will receive once the transaction is final.
For instance, many letters received offer the following breakdown, 30% for the
account holder, 60% for me and my partners and 10% to be used in offsetting taxes
and all local & foreign expenses.
While the scam is not limited to Nigeria, the nation has become associated with this
fraud and it has earned a reputation for being a center of email scam crimes. In the
Philippines, the Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) warns Overseas Filipino
Workers (OFWs) to watch for the scam from Nigerian syndicates sending emails to
unsuspecting victims about employment, monetary gains or other too good to be true
offers.
Protect yourself from Nigerian 419 Scam
Remember there are no get rich quick schemes the only people who make money
are the scammers.
Do not let anyone pressure you into making decisions about money or investments.
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Do not open suspicious or unsolicited emails.
Never reply to a spam email.
Never send your personal, credit card or online account details through email.
e.2 CHECK OVERPAYMENT SCAM
If you are selling something over the internet or through the classifieds, you may be
targeted by a check overpayment scam. You might receive an offer from a potential
buyer often quite generous and accept it. The scammer then sends you a check, but
the check is for more money rather than the agreed price. The scammer will invent
an excuse for the overpayment. For example, the scammer might tell you that the
extra money is meant to cover the fees. The scammer might just say that it was a
mistake they made when they wrote the check.
The scammer will then ask you to refund the excess amount usually through an
online banking transfer or wire transfer such as Western Union. The scammer is
hoping that you will do this before you discover that their check has bounced. You
will have lost the money you paid into their account, and if you have already sent the
item you were selling, you will lose this as well. At the very least, the scammer will
have wasted your time and prevented you from accepting any legitimate offers.
Protect yourself from Check overpayment Scam
Use your common sense.
Know who you are dealing with, independently confirm your buyer's name, street
address, and telephone number.
Never accept a check for more than your selling price
Make sure that checks have been cleared by your bank before transferring or wiring
any refunds or overpayments back to the sender
e.3 INHERITANCE SCAM
An inheritance scam is when a scammer contacts you out of nowhere to tell you that
youve been left, or are entitled to claim, a large inheritance from a distant relative or
wealthy benefactor who has died overseas. The scammer will pose as a lawyer,
banker or other foreign official and will advise that the deceased left no other
beneficiaries. Some scammers will provide a made up name for your supposed
relative. Others will use publicly available family history websites and gather the
names of genuine deceased relatives to make the scam seem more credibly
convincing.
Some inheritance scams do not refer to family members but rather to a wealthy
person who has supposedly died without a last will and testament. The scammer
may use news articles about a deceased person, for example following a highly
publicized disaster, and claim that without an appointed benefactor you are legally
able to inherit the funds. They may alternatively claim that you have been chosen as
a lucky beneficiary. The size of the supposed inheritance can be very large,
sometimes in millions and often quoted in foreign currency. You will be told that your
supposed inheritance is difficult to access due to government and bank restrictions or
taxes in the country, and that you will need to pay money and provide
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personal details to claim it. The stories told by the scammer can be quite elaborate
and they will go to greater heights rather than normal to convince you that a fortune
awaits. This includes sending you a large number of seemingly legitimate legal
documents to sign, such as power of attorney documents. In some cases the
recipient is invited overseas to examine documents and the money. The scammer
will often organize an elaborate charade, complete with a safe full of money for
anyone who takes up the offer.
Protect yourself from Inheritance Scam
Beware of tragic deaths and persons looking for your assistance in moving large
amounts of money and to fulfill the role of trustee or heir.
Legitimate estates and claims do not solicit trustees or heirs in this manner and do
not promise to carry out the exercise 'through the back door'.
If someone promises you 20% of a fortune for doing little else than provide banking
details, it is too good to be true, and it probably is not.
e.4 EMERGENCY OR "GRANDPARENT" SCAM
Emergency Scam or sometimes referred to as the Grandparent Scam has been
around for years. In the typical scenario, a grandparent receives a phone call from a
con artist claiming to be one of his or her grandchildren. The caller goes on to say
that they are in some kind of trouble and need money immediately. Typically they
claim being in a car accident, trouble returning from a foreign country or they need
money for bail.
Victims don't verify the story until after the money has been sent as the caller
specifically asks that they do not want other relatives to know what has happened by
asking Can you please help me? I'm in jail or in the hospital or in some type of
financial need. But don't tell Dad. He would kill me if he found out, please send the
money ASAP. I'm scared" Wanting to help their grandchild the victim sends money
by a money transfer company such as Money Gram or Western Union. Variations on
the scam exist such as an old neighbor, a friend of the family etc. but predominantly
the emergency scam is directed toward the Grandparents.
Protect yourself from Emergency Scam or Grandparent Scam
If you get a call or email from someone else claiming to know you and asking for
help, Check and Validate first.
Ask some questions that would be hard for an imposter to answer correctly the name
of the persons pet, for example, or the date of their mother s birthday.
Contact the person who they claim to be. If you cannot reach the person, contact
someone else, a friend or relative of the person.
Dont send money unless youre sure its the real person you know.
WORD OF CAUTION
Internet fraud is a form of white-collar crime whose growth may be as rapid and
diverse as the growth of the Internet itself. It is apparent that the growth of Internet
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fraud to date is outpacing our understanding of the problem. With the prevalent
spread of internet scamming these days, it constantly gets more difficult to tell which
really mean business and which are not. Professional scammers are getting sharper
at refining their schemes as fast as their traps are being discovered. Many scams
originate overseas or take place over the internet, making them very difficult to track
down and prosecute. If you lose money to a scam, it is unlikely that you will be able
to recover your loss. There is no one group of people who are more likely to become
a victim of a scam. If you think you are 'too clever' to fall for a scam, you may take
risks that scammers can take advantage of. We've all heard the timeless admonition
"If it sounds too good to be true, it probably is"great advice, but the trick is figuring
out when "good" becomes "too good." There's no bright line. Investment fraudsters
make their living by making sure the deals they tout appear both good and true.
They're masters of persuasion, tailoring their pitches to match the psychological
profiles of their targets. They look for your Achilles heel by asking seemingly benign
questions about your health, family, political views, hobbies, or prior employers.
Fraudsters or con artists are excellent intuitive psychologists. Just like magicians
they understand enough about how the mind works to exploit its vulnerabilities.
Scams target people of all backgrounds, ages and income levels.
Why good people do bad things? No single academic discipline or methodology is
likely to yield all the answers we would seek from this kind of presentation. In all
transactions either on or offline, the greatest weapon of a fraudster or con artist is
getting your trust and confidence by trickery through deception. For all of us the tools
to fight such misgivings will be skepticism and awareness in all levels.
REFERENCES:
Tom Zeller Jr (April 26, 2005). "A Common Currency for Online Fraud: Forgers of
U.S. Postal Money Orders Grow". New York Times.
^ Mass Marketing Fraud: The U.S Department of Justice
^ http://oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/attorney-general-kamala-d-harrisannounces-agreement-strengthen-consumer
^ http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=catfish
^ http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p526.pdf
^ Jamie Doward (2008-03-09). "How boom in rogue ticket websites fleeces Britons".
The Observer (London). Retrieved 9 March 2008.
^ "USOC and IOC file lawsuit against fraudulent ticket seller". Sports City. Retrieved
1 August 2008.
^ Jacquelin Magnay (4 August 2008). "Ticket swindle leaves trail of losers". The
Sydney Morning Herald.
^ Kelly Burke (6 August 2008). "British fraud ran Beijing ticket scam". The Sydney
Morning Herald.
abc
"Internet Fraud". Federal Bureau of Investigation.
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http://scamwatch.gov.au
www.antifraudcentre-centreantifraude.ca english home.html
beforeyouinvest.ca/2010/11/new-website-canadian-anti-fraud-centre/
www.actionfraud.police.uk/report_fraud
www.fbi.gov Scams & Safety Common Fraud Schemes
www.usa.gov Citizens
www.afp.gov.au Policing Cybercrime
businessweek.com
www.fraud.org/learn/internet-fraud
www.scamwarners.com
21. www.pcworld.com article
article.html
www.onguardonline.gov/topics/avoid-scams
www.fraud.org
legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/fraud
www.consumerfraudreporting.org
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For more information, visit the
PNP ACG websites:
www.acg.pnp.gov.ph
CONTACT US:
PNP ACG Cyber Operations Center
Contact Numbers:
Hotline: (02) 414-1550
Fax: (02) 414-2199
Email: [email protected]
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