SHIP SECURITY OFFICER
(1) COURSE DEVELOPED UNDER ISPS CODE
OF IMO.
(2) AIM OF THE COURSE IS TO PREPARE
PERSONNEL TO UNDERTAKE SHIP
RELATED SECURITY ACTIVITIES AND
UNDERSTAND COMPANY AND PORT FACILITY
SECURITY ACTIVITIES IN ACCORDANCE
TO ABOVE
The Threat To Maritime
Sector
Year 1990
Theft
Piracy
Illegal Drugs
Stowaways
Terrorism
Year 2001
Illegal Drugs
Criminal Acts
Stowaways
Piracy
Terrorism
Impact of Terrorism on
Maritime Industry
(1) Security was breached on 7th October 1985 when 4 armed
Terrorists boarded passenger liner Achille Lauro.
They were from Abu Abbas Palestine Liberation Front.
(2) 26th September 1986- IMO brought out Convention to
prevent Unlawful Acts Against Passengers and Crew on
board merchant ships , called SUA (MSC/CIRC443)
Terrorist Attacks
ACHILLE LAURO
1985
USS COLE
2000
WORLD TRADE CENTER & PENTAGON 2001
VLCC LIMBURG
2002
ISPS CODE & SOLAS
AMENDMENTS 2002
Chapter XI-1
Ships Identification Number and Continuous Synopsis Record
Chapter XI-2
International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) code
Part A-- Mandatory
Part B-- Recommendatory guidelines to Part A
(became mandatory in many countries by law)
ISPS Code
ISPS CODE DEFINES CLEAR WAY
TO PROTECT MARITIME INDUSTRY
FROM SECURITY BREACHES OR
SECURITY THREAT
Security Legislation IMO
1983 Assembly Resolutions A545(13)
-Measures to prevent acts of piracy and armed robbery
against ships
1985 Assembly Resolutions A584(14)
-Measures to prevent unlawful acts which threaten the
safety of ships and security of their passengers and crew
1986 MSC/ Circ 443
-Measures to prevent unlawful acts against passengers
and crew on board ships
Security Legislation IMO
1988 SUA Convention
-Convention for the suppression of unlawful acts
against safety of maritime navigation
1988 Protocol to SUA Convention
- Protocol for the suppression of unlawful acts against
the safety of fixed platform located in the continental
shelf 1988
1996 MSC/ Circ 754
- Passenger ferry Security
Reactions of USA
prior to Sept 11 2001
Code of Federal Regulation(CFR)
NVIC 03-96
Security for passenger vessels and passenger
terminals
- Procedures for the implementation of security measures
- Guidelines for ship and terminal security plans
- Verification of security plans done by USCG
Security legislation awaken!
Sept 2001- Terrorist strike in USA shocking whole world
19-30 Nov 2001- 22nd Assembly of IMO proposed to hold a
Conference on Maritime Security in December 2002, to adopt
new regulations to enhance ship and port security
Feb-May 2002- Inter-session Working Group (ISWG) on
maritime security produced series of recommendations
Sept 2002- A second ISWG was held in order to smoothen
out complexity of the issues on security proposals
Dec 2002- Diplomatic conference on maritime security was
held and ISPS code has been developed, scheduled to be
implemented through SOLAS Chapter XI
ISPS Code Applicability
All shipping companies, port authorities and
representative governments to ensure compliance
with ISPS code on or before 1st July 2004
Modifications to Chapter V contain a new time table
for fitting Automatic Information Systems(AIS) to
ships, other than passenger ships and tankers of
300 grt and above, but less than 50000grt not later
than first safety equipment survey after 1st July
2004 or by 31st December 2004 whichever be earlier
ISPS Code Applicability
Chapter XI-- previously covering ship safety are split as
Chapter XI-1 special measures to enhance maritime
safety & inclusion of ships Identification number to be
carved in not later than the first scheduled dry-docking of
the ship after 1st July 2004 and carriage of Continuous
Synopsis Record, for ships constructed before 1st July 2004,
the CSR shall at least provide the history of ship as from 1st
July 2004
Chapter XI-2special measures to enhance maritime
security, includes requirements of ISPS code Part A & Part B
ISPS Code summary
Enables detection and deterrence of security
threats within an international framework
Establishes roles and responsibilities
Enables collection and exchange of security
information
Provides a methodology for assessing security
Ensures that adequate security measures are in
place
The Threat to Maritime
Sector
BOMB THREAT OR HOAX
Disgruntled employee
Mentally unstable person
Politically motivated groups
SABOTAGE
Employee/Passenger
The Threat to Maritime
Sector
BOMB ATTACK (SHIP)
Internal
External
Terrorist groups
BOMB ATTACK (PORT FACILITY)
Terrorist groups
Politically motivated groups
The Threat to Maritime
Sector
SIMULATED ARMS ATTACK
Mentally unstable
person/passenger
PIRACY
Criminal gangs
HI-JACK/ARMED ATTACK
Terrorist group
ISPS Code Objectives
To establish an international framework to detect
security threat and take preventive measures
against incidents affecting ships or port facilities
To establish roles and responsibilities at the
national and international level for ensuring
Maritime Security
To ensure early and efficient collection and
exchange of security-related information
To provide a methodology of Security
Assessment
To ensure confidence in maintaining SECURITY
ISPS code applicability
The following types of ships engaged on
international voyages
Passenger ships including high speed
passenger craft
Cargo ships including passenger craft of 500
GRT and above
Mobile offshore drilling units
Port Facilities serving above ships
internationally
GOVERNMENT RESPONSIBILITY
Approve SSP and relevant amendments
Issuing International Ship security Certificate
Approval of Port Facility Security Assessment
Designating Port Facility to appoint PFSO
Setting applicable Security Level
Approve PFSP and relevant amendments
Exercising control measures
Testing approved plans & liaison with IMO
GOVERNMENT RESPONSIBILITY (CONTD)
Designate or establish. Designated Authorities
within government for Security duty under
ISPS Code
DA may also delegate certain responsibility to
Recognized Security Organizations (RSO)
exceptingSetting of applicable Security Levels
Approval of PFSA (Port Facility Security assessment)
Preparation, alteration of PFSP & Designating Port
Facility
Approving a PFSP and relevant amendments
Exercising Control Measures
Establishing Requirements for Declaration of Security
(DOS)
RECOGNIZED SECURITY ORGANIZATION (RSO)
Ship Security Assessment (SSA)
Preparation of Ship Security Plans (SSP)
Review and approval of SSP, but not in the
case where RSO was involved in preparation of
SSA or SSP
Issuing an International Ship Security
Certificate on behalf of the contracting
Government or DA
Conducting a PFSA
Preparation of PFSP
Verification of Ship Security Systems and any
associated Security Equipment
RESPONSIBILITIES OF COMPANIES
To appoint Company Security Officer
(CSO)
To appoint Ship Security Officer (SSO)
Ship Security Assessments (SSA)
Creation & Implementation of of SSP
Supervision and periodic review of SSP
Training of CSO/DCSO and SSOs
To ensure Maintenance of Continuous
Synopsis Record (CSR)
SHIP SECURITY ALERT
The Ship Security Alert System, when activated, shall
initiate & transmit a ship-to-shore security alert to a
competent authority designated by the Administration,
which in these circumstances may include the Company,
identifying the ship, its location & indicating that the
security of the ship is under threat or has been
compromised.
Ship Security Alert System
Designated Authority (D.A) have to finalize
approval and type of ship security alert
to be used in representative countrys ships
D.A in IndiaD.G.Shipping
It is proposed to activate ship security alert
Through GMDSS
RSO in India-- IRS
SECURITY
The condition achieved when designated info
material, personnel, activities and installation
against Espionage, Sabotage, Subversion, Te
as well as against loss or unauthorized disclo
Attack Elements
Espionage
Sabotage
Subversion
Terrorism
Criminal
-DrugsStowaways--Piracy
Principles of Security
Security Intelligence
Protective Security
Threat Assessment
Identify Targets
Prioritization
Concentration of Effort
Principles of Security
(contd)
The three needs (1) to know (2) to hold
(3) to take
Systematic Audit
Ownership of the Risk
Education and Training
Common sense measures
Effective networking and Vigilance
Risk Assessment
RISK = THREAT + VULNERABILITY
On Board Security Survey
Ship security plan
CSO/SSO/master
Ships IMO marking
Continuous Synopsis
Record
Designated &
possible access
points
Control, Monitoring
& Inspection process
Restricted Areas
Cargo spaces,
equipment & cargo
stowage
Navigation
Communication
Evacuation system
External lighting
Stores/Provisions/
Bunkering/Water
On Board Security Survey
Key controls
IT systems
Security Training
Security Equipment
Contingency Plan
Security Patrols
Records and
Documentation
The Company Security Officer (CSO) shall ensure
that the Ship Security Assessment is carried out
by persons with appropriate skills to evaluate
the SECURITY of a ship, in accordance with Part A
of ISPS code & being guided appropriately by
Part B of the Code
On-scene Security Survey
The on-scene Security Survey is an integral
part of any SSA. The on-scene survey should
examine and evaluate existing shipboard
protective measures as follows
Ensuring the performance of all ship security duties
Monitoring restricted areas for authorized access
Controlling access to ship/ Identification methods
Monitoring of deck areas and areas surrounding ship
Security Levels
Level 1 The level for which minimum appropriate
protective security measures shall be maintained at
all times (NORMAL)
Level 2 The level for which appropriate additional
measures shall be maintained for a period of time as
a result of heightened risk of a security incident
(HEIGHTENED)
Level 3 The level which require further specific
protective security measures, may be for a limited time
when security incident is probably imminent ( high risk
areas),may not be possible to identify specific target
(EXCEPTIONAL)
ACCESS POINTS TO SHIP
Gangways
Ladders
Ramps
Doors and shell openings
Mooring lines and Anchor chains
Cranes and Hoisting gear
Identification systems
Screening measures
Restricted Areas on board
The purposes of Restricted Areas are
(1) To protect sensitive security areas
within the ship
(2) To protect cargo and stores from
tampering
(3) To prevent unauthorized access
Restricted Areas on board
The Bridge
Radio Room (if separate)
Engine Room
Engine Control Room
Bow Thruster Room
Steering Gear Room
Fire fighting control Room
Restricted Areas on board
Emergency Generator Room
Ventilation and A/C system
Cargo Pump Room
Cargo spaces and Provisions area
Crew Accommodation
All above must be clearly marked, indicating
access restricted to authorized personnel only
Measures for Restricted Areas
(1) Locking or Securing access points
(2) Use of surveillance equipment like CCTV
(3) Guards and patrols
(4)Automatic intrusion detection systems
Handling of Cargo and stores
Measures imposed should
(1)
Prevent tampering
(2)
Prevent cargo not meant for carriage being
accepted on board
(3)
Ensure checking of ships stores
(4)
Prevent stores accepted without inspection
(5)
Prevent stores accepted unless ordered
These may be accomplished by
Visual and physical examination
Use of screening equipment
Use of mechanical devices
Use of trained dogs (shore side)
Documentation
Unaccompanied Baggage
This is defined as any baggage that is not taken
personally on to ship by passengers, crew or
visitors.
The following are to be detailed
(1) Identification of baggage e.g labels
(2) Screening and searching methods in the
port or on board
(3) Equipment used for the above
Ship Security Officer (Duty)
Undertakes regular security inspections of ship
Maintains and supervises the implementation of SSP,
including any amendment.
Coordinating the security aspects of the handling of cargo
and ships stores with other ships crew and the PFSO.
Proposing modifications of the SSP.
Reporting deficiencies and NC identified during internal
audits, reviews, security inspections and verification of
compliance and implementing any corrective actions.
Ship Security Officer (Duty)
Enhancing security awareness and vigilance on
board
Ensuring that adequate training has been provided
to crew members
Reporting and recording all security incidents
Coordinating and implementation of the SSP with
the CSO and relevant PFSO
Ensuring that Security Equipment is maintained
Company Security Officer (Duty)
Advising the level of threats likely to be encountered by ship
Ensuring that ship security assessments are conducted.
Ensuring development, submission for approval and
thereafter the implementation and maintenance of SSP.
Ensuring that SSP is modified, as appropriate, to correct
deficiencies.
Arranging for Internal Audits and periodic reviews of ships
Security activities.
Arranging for the initial and subsequent verifications of ship
Company Security Officer (Duty)
Ensuring that deficiencies and non-conformities that are
identified are promptly addressed.
Enhancing security awareness and vigilance.
Ensuring adequate training of personnel responsible for the
security of the ship.
Ensuring effective communication and co-operation
between SSO and relevant PFSO.
Ensuring consistency between security & safety of ships.
If sister ship or fleet security plans in use, plan for each ship
reflects the ship-specific information accurately.
Duties of SSO (Reporting)
The SSO reports to the Master
of the vessel and, where
appropriate, directly to the CSO
Declaration of Security (DOS)
The main purpose is to ensure
agreement is reached between the ship
and port facility or with other ships with
which it interfaces, to confirm the
security measures each will be
undertaken in accordance with the
provisions of their respective approved
security plans
ISPS code part B para 5.4, page 55
DOS Consulting Process
The request for a DOS requires consultation
between the concerned PFSO and SSO
The agreed DOS should be signed and
dated by both the port facility and the
ship, to indicate compliance with the code
Process for DOS
A DOS can be requested at higher security levels or
Where there is considered to be higher risk for reasons
specific to that vessel, its cargo, passengers or the
circumstances at the port facility or any combination of the
above
A change in security level may require a new or revised DOS
The DOS should be completed in English, French or
Spanish, or in a language common to both port facility and
ship(s)
Form of a DOS
Name of the ship
Port of Registry
IMO Number ( a seven digit unique number)
Name of Port Facility
Date the DOS is valid from/to
Security level for the ship
Security level for the port facility
Piracy
Countermeasures
Management Measures
Route Planning
Security of Information
Communications Security
Manning Review
Due diligence and vetting of staff
Incident reports & Monitoring
Training, Skills and Drills
Situation awareness
On Board Measures
Radio Silence
Additional Watch/ Guard/ Patrols
Speed & Man oeuvre
Minimize periods at anchor
Seal & Secure
Rig fire hoses
All round lighting/ illumination
Stowaway countermeasures
Conduct regular stowaway awareness training/drills
Review Port Security for ships
Develop a stowaway-handling manual
Prepare stock media responses
Place equipment and supplies on board each ship
Conduct/ document ship searches following each port of call
Maintain an effective and permanent gangway watch
Supervise longshoremen and stevedores
Be alert to problem ports
TRAINING
Classroom Training course
Practical onboard Training for SSO
and other shipboard personnel
Interactive video Training
Training on board
How to use and calibrate security equipment
How to search a space for devices
How to search a bag or a person or stores
How to recognize persons likely to commit a
breach of Security
How to respond to a breach of security
Training on board
How people try to circumvent Security
What to communicate during a security
incident
How to recognize weapons, dangerous devices
or substances
How to patrol, what to look for, how to control
an area
How to control people
Computer based Training
Very effective in that it allows
A person to train at his own leisure
Records the training regime for evidence
Allows you to train at your own speed
Allows you to train again & again at same cost
Disadvantages
Does not clarify doubts
Very rigid in content
Does not give examples
Security Search Questions
Why am I doing this?
What am I looking for?
Where would I choose to hide
something?
SEARCH PLAN
Search plans should be prepared in advance and
included in ships drill/exercise. The objective is to
make sure that the whole vessel is checked as
quickly and effectively as possible.
If the ship does not have a methodical search plan,
search will be slow, costly and worrying for all
those concerned.
Initiating Search
Sending message to search teams over
a P.A system. It should be coded to
avoid unnecessary disruption & alarm.
Use of personal radios/ pagers.
A telephone cascade system may be
used if there is one.
How to initiate search
The conduct of searches will depend on local
Circumstances and local knowledge.
The overriding principle is that they should be
Conducted in a systematic and thorough manner
So that no part is left unchecked.
The searchers need to practice in regular drills,
To get a feel for the logical progression through
Their area and the length of time taken.
Principles of Search
Staff search areas they work or live in
Two stage search
STAGE 1
-Routes from passenger area to muster station & off the ship
- Muster stations
-Life boats
-Medical facility
-Key locations e.g Bridge, Muster stations
STAGE 2 covers all other parts including crew areas of ship
Action on suspect item
The item must not be moved or interfered with. The
searcher must communicate promptly with SSO
Do not touch the object
Move away from it if it is a suspect IED
Communicate what has been found do not use a
hand held radio in the immediate vicinity of a
suspect IED
The person finding the suspect device/package
must remain on hand to brief security staff on the
exact location and description
Security Policy Notice
All persons boarding are required to
show a Boarding Pass
All persons and baggage are liable to be
searched
No drugs are allowed on board
No weapons are allowed on board
Only authorized visitors are allowed
RISK MANAGEMENT
Determine and enlist all assets to protect
Estimate value by assessing damage
Identify threats by type and current status
Identify vulnerabilities
Review security measures
Review security as a whole and be
prepared to continuously re-assess
What is Physical Security?
The Part of risk management that is concerned
with physical obstacles disposed in depth to
frustrate attempts to penetrate the Security
Defences
Ship Security Assessment
The SSA shall include an on-scene Security Survey and
following
Identification of existing security measures, procedures and
operations
Identification and evaluation of key ship board operations that
it is important to protect
Identification of possible threats to the key ship board
operations and the likelihood of their occurrence, in order to
establish and prioritize security measures
Identification of weaknesses, including human factors in the
infrastructure, policies and procedures
Ship Security Assessment
The Ship Security Assessment is an
essential and integral part of the
process of developing and updating
the Ship Security Plan
Ship Security Plan
Such a Plan must be developed taking guidelines of ISPS
code part B, shall address at least following
Measures designed to prevent weapons, dangerous
substances and devices intended for use against
persons, ships or port facility and the carriage of which
is unauthorized from being taken on board the ship.
Identification of the restricted areas and measures to
prevent unauthorized access to them.
Measures for prevention of unauthorized access to ship.
Procedure for responding to Security threats including
provisions for maintaining critical operations of ship or
ship/port interface.
Ship Security Plan (contd)
Procedure in responding to security instructions
contracting governments may give at level 3
Procedure for evacuation in case of security threats
Duties of shipboard personnel assigned security
responsibilities and of other shipboard personnel on
security aspects
Procedure for auditing the security activities
Procedure for training, drills and exercises on board
Procedure for interfacing with port facility security
Procedure for periodic review of the Plan for updating
Procedure for reporting security incidents
Identification of ship security officer
Ship Security Plan (contd)
Identification of company security officer & 24 hrs
contact details
Procedure to ensure inspection, testing, calibration,
maintenance of any security equipment placed on board
Frequency for testing/ calibration of security equipment
Identification of locations where the ship security alert
system activation points are provided
Procedures, instructions and guidance on the use of the
ship security alert system, including the testing,
activation, deactivation and resetting and to limit false
alerts
Concentration of Effort
Having Identified the likely targets as a result of
Conducting a risk assessment, the available Security
Effort should be concentrated on the most important
Targets, which should lead to an increased degree of
Security and reductions in both expense and
manpower
Defence In Depth
A series of interlocking, interdependent measures,
arranged in depth outwards from target, designed
to protect information, material, personnel and
Installation.
These measures are designed to highlight and
deter intruders, aid investigation and buy time
