INSTRUMENTATION
BASICS
By Myron Bachman
Presented By Robert Burt
NDSD
Index
nInstrumentation and Control
Terminology
oBasic Automation Architecture
pSymbols Commonly Used & Wiring
Diagrams
Terminology and Definitions
SCADA = Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition
Analog = Signal is Variable
1) 0-20 MA, 4-20 MA, 0-5 VDC, or 0-10 VDC Standard
Digital = Signal is True or False
RTD = Resistance Temperature Detector
1) Extremely Accurate
2) May be Two Wire, Three Wire, or Four Wire
3) Require a Current Source
Thermocouple = Temperature Probe made of Two
Dissimilar Metals Joined Together. Read in mV.
1) Very Inexpensive and have a Wide Temperature Range
2) Require Specific Extension Wire
3) Three Main Types (Ceramic Beaded, Insulated, and Metal-
Sheathed Mineral-Insulated)
4) The Red Lead is always Negative
PID Control = Proportional (gain), Integral (reset),
and Derivative (rate), used for Algorithm Tuning
P&ID = Piping and Instrumentation Drawings
Four Basic Measurement Units
1) Pressure, Level, and Weight
2) Flow
3) Temperature
4) Specialty (Direction, Counters)
I/P = Current to pneumatic
Air Operated Positioners operate with a air pressure
of 3-15 PSI.
Direct Acting = 4 ma or 3 PSI Closed, and at 20 ma
or 15 PSI 100% Opened
Reverse Acting = 4 ma or 3 PSI fully opened, and at
20 ma or 15 PSI 100% closed
Current Sinking = An output type such that when it
is On, current flow is from the load into the device's
output, then to ground. Output is Normally High.
The sensor "sinks" current from the load through the
sensor to ground. The load is connected between the
positive lead of the supply and the output lead of the
sensor.
Current Sourcing = an output type such that when
it is On, current flow is from the device into the
load. Output is Normally Low. The sensor "sources"
current to the load. The load is connected between
the output lead and the negative ground lead of the
supply.
Algorithm = A finite set of well-defined rules for
solving a problem in a finite number of steps
Two Wire Transmitter = Where both the power for
the device and output from the device share the
same two wires.
Four Wire Transmitter = Where one power source
powers the device (120 volt ac) and sends an output
signal at a different voltage (24 volt dc)
RTU = Remote Termination Unit. A cabinet for
making field connections and to do remote discrete
switching even at large distances from the actual
processing of the control.
DCS = Distributed Control System
Central Control Console
Keyboard and Display Screen
Data Highway
Microprocessor-based controllers
Process Units
PLC = Programmable Logic Controller
Consists of a microprocessor
Power Supply
Backplane
Input/Output Modules
Flow Chart Programming
Ladder Logic Programming
Types of Communication
Fiber Optic and Ethernet
RS-232 Limited to about 50 Feet (Serial
Communication)
RS-485 Good for about 4000 Feet (Subject to
electrical noise and water if not insulated)
Radio
Proprietary Communications
1) Allen Bradley
A. DH+, DH485
2) Modicon
B. Mod Bus Plus
Control Only
Usually consists of PLC.
Field devices (transducers, level indicators,
flow meters).
Interconnecting wiring.
Control And Monitoring
Consists of PC and Interface Software
Has a Network for Multiple Workstations
Usually consists of PLC.
Field devices (transducers, level indicators,
flow meters).
Interconnecting wiring.
Symbols and Instrumentation Wiring
Standard Instrumentation wiring diagram
Tag Number Identification
Abbreviations
Input and Output diagrams
Basic Symbols
Instrumentation Loop Diagram
The End
Thanks for Your Time
