CHM 102A 2012-13 Sem-II (Lecture 1)
Lecture 1
Development of atomic theory
This theory starts as long as 2500 years back.
Aristotle (Ancient Greek philosopher: 384 BC) believes matter can be infinitely
divisible (continuum theory of matter)
Democritus (100 years older than Aristotle) believes matter is composed of discrete
particles.
A TOMOS
Not
divisible
Not
divisible
particles
Till 17th century continuum theory prevailed.
However during that time some observation suggested that continuum theory is wrong. e.g.
Robert Boyle
Joseph Priestley
Lavoisier
J.L. Proust
John Dalton
Empirical observation
PV= constant when T is constant
Materials react more vigorously in air than if the air is treated with
coal burning.
Mass of air + material before reaction = mass of air + reacted
material
When two elements combine to form a given compound , they
always did so in definite proportion by weight regardless the method
of preparation.
Realize Democritus idea is correct (atoms) to explain all the
observation
Daltons atomic theory (postulates) in 1803:
1. Matter consists of invisible atoms.
2. All atom of a given element are identical. Atoms of different elements differ in properties.
3. Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine in a fixed ratio.
4. Chemical reactions involve reorganization of atoms. These are neither created nor
destroyed in a chemical reaction.
By this time Newtons law (1687) was established
Newtons law: Given initial positions, velocities and all forces, all the future can be predicted.
So, till late 19th century
Atoms are basic constituents of matter
Newtons law apply universally-for over200 years
Electromagnetism known (Maxwell equation-1862)
It was believed that the theoretical structure of the universe was complete. Nature was
understood completely.
However, there were several experiments that could not be explained by classical physics.
Black body radiation
Photoelectric effect
Discrete atomic spectra
The electron as a sub atomic particle
CHM 102A 2012-13 Sem-II (Lecture 1)
Discovery of Electron (J.J. Thomson 1897)
H2
x_
x+
Cathode
-
Anode
Greater the charge larger is the deflection (From electromagnetism)
!
!
!!
!!
!!
!!
e : charge of the charged particle
m : mass of the charged particle
Amount of deflection for a given voltage x >>> x+
He guessed positively charged particle = H+
But as H atom is neutral, the negatively charged particle coming from H
and |e- | = |e+|
! ! !
This time it was already known that H-atom is the lightest particle. There was no evidence for
any other atom lighter than H-atom.
HIS CONCLUSION:
Atom is not the basic constituent of matter.
negatively charged particle
electron
Plum pudding model:
Thomson proposed a model of the atom in which electrons are embedded in a cloud of
positive charge.
Positively
charged
e-
cloud
and
electron
is
embedded
into
it
CHM 102A 2012-13 Sem-II (Lecture 1)
Discovery of the Nucleus (Ernest Rutherford 1911)
-particle
Detector
x
counts
RaBr2
per
min
Detector
y
counts
-particle
Heavy
per
min
Charged(+vely)
energetic
= 10!!
Rutherford later wrote: it was quite the most incredible event that has ever happened to in
my life. It was almost as incredible as if you fired a 15 inch shell at a piece of tissue paper
and it came back and hit you.
Conclusion:
Most part of the atom is empty
massive part
ATOM
10-10
m
10-14
m
Atom made up of nucleus and electron.
Q. What is the force that keeps the electron and the nucleus together?
Q. How do they hang together?
Q. Where are they in the atom?
Four fundamental forces:
Gravitational
No known chemical significance
Electromagnetic
Coulomb forces
Weak and Strong forces It does not have a lot of effect on chemistry except for
radioactivity. Operative between protons, neutrons as other
elementary particles
e_
! !
=
4! !
r
r
F(r = ) = 0
F(r = 0) =
Coulomb force law tells us the force as a function of r.
It does not tell us how r changes with time.
However, Newtons law is known:
The closer the electron is to
the nucleus, the larger the
attractive force between the
two charges.
CHM 102A 2012-13 Sem-II (Lecture 1)
F=ma
=m
=m
Planetary model of atom:
!"
!"
!!!
!! !
A particle undergoing uniform circular
motion at some well defined radius here.
Therefore, the particle is being completely
accelerated because of velocity vector
direction is changing.
r*
!!
Acceleration:
a= !
!
4!
! =
!
!
4!
KE=
! =
!
!!
! !!!! !
Minus
the
integral
of
the
operating
force
over
the
appropriate
coordinate
!
()
!
=
!
!
!!
!!
dr
=
!!! !
! !!!! ! !
!
!!
E
=
+ = ! !!!
!!
!!
= ! !!!
!!
!!
!!!
!
0
!!
! !!!! !
r
=
Electron
stack
to
the
nucleus
r*
Classical
electromagnetism:
Established
by
Maxwell
(1862)
A
charged
body
on
acceleration
emits
radiation.
Radiation
Total
energy
E
will
go
down
more
negative
r
going
to
be
smaller
and
smaller
and
smaller.
e_
*
0
r
0
from
10
A
t
10-10
s
Classical
mechanics
predicts
electron
should
fall
on
nucleus
in
10-10s.
But
atom
is
stable.
Something
is
wrong:
Coulomb
force
expression
may
wrong
It
took
15
years
to
realize
that
one
cannot
use
Classical
electromagnetism
is
wrong
classical
mechanics
for
microscopic
particle.
Newtonian
mechanics
is
wrong
Historically
the
clues
about
why
the
electron
did
not
actually
collapse
into
the
nucleus
originate
from
a
completely
different
area
of
discussion
of
the
wave-particle
duality
of
light
and
matter.
