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Electrical Power Distribution

Power distribution involves transforming high voltage power from transmission lines at substations into medium voltages. Distribution substations isolate faults, regulate voltage, and transform power for distribution through primary power lines to secondary lines serving users. Single wire earth return (SWER) systems uniquely use a single overhead wire to distribute power, with the load current returning through the ground. SWER systems operate at voltages from 6.35kV to 19.1kV, use small diameter high strength aluminum or steel cable conductors, and can have high total impedances of up to 1000 ohms at feeder ends due to long line lengths.

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389 views3 pages

Electrical Power Distribution

Power distribution involves transforming high voltage power from transmission lines at substations into medium voltages. Distribution substations isolate faults, regulate voltage, and transform power for distribution through primary power lines to secondary lines serving users. Single wire earth return (SWER) systems uniquely use a single overhead wire to distribute power, with the load current returning through the ground. SWER systems operate at voltages from 6.35kV to 19.1kV, use small diameter high strength aluminum or steel cable conductors, and can have high total impedances of up to 1000 ohms at feeder ends due to long line lengths.

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Rustha123
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There are several stages involved in power distribution after the long range

transmission has been completed. Below figure shows the full configuration of a
distribution network up to the power being distributed to the users.

Power Transmission and Distribution Network

Power Distribution Starts from a substation where the transmitted high voltage
being transformed into medium voltages. There are several substation
configurations can be found throughout the process to fulfil different needs of the
system.

Zone substation

1. Primary power lines


2. Ground wire
3. Overhead lines
4. Transformer for measurement of electric voltage
5. Disconnect switch
6. Circuit breaker
7. Current transformer
8. Lightning arrester
9. Main transformer
10.Control building
11.Security fence
12.Secondary power lines

In addition to transforming voltage, distribution substations also isolate faults in


either the transmission or distribution systems. Distribution substations are typically
the points of voltage regulation, although on long distribution circuits, voltage
regulation equipment may also be installed along the line.

Far corners of large cities feature complicated distribution substations, with highvoltage switching, and switching and backup systems on the low-voltage side. More
typical distribution substations have a switch, one transformer, and minimal
facilities on the low-voltage side.

SWER (Single wired Earth Return) isolation


SWER systems are significantly different from the three-phase, three-wire and
single-phase, two-wire systems commonly used throughout Australia. As the name
implies, it is a single-wire distribution system in which all equipment is grounded to
earth and the load current returns through the earth. Its loads are light and its lines
are long, often causing the current to have a leading power factor.

The main features and components of the SWER system are:


System voltage. Typical SWER voltages are 12.7 kV and 19 kV, although they can
range from 6.35 kV to 19.1 kV. The 12.7-kV and 19-kV levels are convenient
because they are the phase-to-ground voltages of a 22-kV and 33-kV system,
respectively, and allow the use of standard hardware and equipment. The industry
standard for distribution voltages is -6% from a nominal 240 V. This standard
established criteria for acceptable voltage limits in specifying and optimizing the
location of voltage regulators and determining the maximum load capacity of the
system. Studies allowed 2% for low-voltage regulation and assumed the use of 16and 25-kVA, 19,000-kV/500-250-V transformers with an approximate 4% impedance
and taps of -5%, 2.5% and 0%.

Typically, conductors have a small diameter and high strength, and are made of
aluminum/steel or steel cable. Sections at the sending end of the line often are
3/4/2.5 ACSR (34mm2 [0.053in2]) or are similar. Tee-offs and lightly loaded sections
2

often are 3/2.75 SC/GZ (17.8 mm

[0.028

]). These high impedance conductors

in long SWER lines can cause the total impedance at the end of the feeder to be
1000 ohms.

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