Footings
Footings
Definition
Footings are structural members used to support
columns and walls and to transmit and distribute
their loads to the soil in such a way that the load
bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded,
excessive settlement, differential settlement,or
rotation are prevented and adequate safety
against overturning or sliding is maintained.
Types of Footings
Wall footings are used to
support structural walls that
carry loads for other floors
or to support nonstructural
walls.
Types of Footings
Isolated or single footings
are used to support single
columns. This is one of the
most economical types of
footings and is used when
columns are spaced at
relatively long distances.
Types of Footings
Combined footings usually
support two columns, or three
columns not in a row.
Combined footings are used
when two columns are so close
that single footings cannot be
used or when one column is
located at or near a property
line.
Types of Footings
Cantilever or strap footings
consist of two single footings
connected with a beam or a
strap and support two single
columns. This type replaces a
combined footing and is more
economical.
Types of Footings
Continuous footings
support a row of three or
more columns. They have
limited width and continue
under all columns.
Types of Footings
Rafted or mat foundation
consists of one footing usually
placed under the entire building
area. They are used, when soil
bearing capacity is low, column
loads are heavy single footings
cannot be used, piles are not used
and differential settlement must
be reduced.
Types of Footings
Pile caps are thick slabs
used to tie a group of piles
together to support and
transmit column loads to the
piles.
Distribution of Soil Pressure
When the column load P is
applied on the centroid of the
footing, a uniform pressure is
assumed to develop on the soil
surface below the footing area.
However the actual distribution of the soil is not uniform,
but depends on may factors especially the composition of
the soil and degree of flexibility of the footing.
Distribution of Soil Pressure
Soil pressure distribution in
cohesionless soil.
Soil pressure distribution in
cohesive soil.
Design Considerations
Footings must be designed to carry the column loads
and transmit them to the soil safely while satisfying
code limitations.
1. The area of the footing based on the allowable
bearing soil capacity
2. Two-way shear or punch out shear.
3. One-way bearing
4. Bending moment and steel reinforcement
required
Design Considerations
Footings must be designed to carry the column loads
and transmit them to the soil safely while satisfying
code limitations.
1. Bearing capacity of columns at their base
2. Dowel requirements
3. Development length of bars
4. Differential settlement
Size of Footings
The area of footing can be determined from the actual
external loads such that the allowable soil pressure is
not exceeded.
Area of footing =
Total load (including self - weight )
allowable soil pressure
Strength design requirements
qu =
Pu
area of footing
Two-Way Shear (Punching Shear)
For two-way shear in slabs (& footings) Vc is smallest of
Vc = 2 +
f bd
c 0
where, c =
b0 =
ACI 11-35
long side/short side of column concentrated
load or reaction area < 2
length of critical perimeter around the
column
When > 2 the allowable Vc is reduced.
Design of two-way shear
1. Assume d.
2. Determine b0.
b0 = 4(c+d)
for square columns
where one side = c
b0 = 2(c1+d) +2(c2+d)
for rectangular
columns of sides c1
and c2.
Design of two-way shear
3. The shear force Vu acts at a
section that has a length
b0 = 4(c+d) or 2(c1+d) +2(c2+d)
and a depth d; the section is
subjected to a vertical downward
load Pu and vertical upward
pressure qu.
Vu = Pu qu ( c + d ) for square columns
2
Vu = Pu qu ( c1 + d )( c2 + d ) for rectangular columns
Design of two-way shear
4. Allowable Vc = 4
f c b0 d
Let Vu=Vc
d=
Vu
4 f c b0
If d is not close to the assumed d,
revise your assumptions
Design of one-way shear
For footings with bending
action in one direction the
critical section is located a
distance d from face of column
Vc = 2 f c b0 d
Design of one-way shear
The ultimate shearing force at
section m-m can be calculated
L c
Vu = qu b d
2 2
If no shear reinforcement is to be
used, then d can be checked
10
Design of one-way shear
If no shear reinforcement is
to be used, then d can be
checked, assuming Vu = Vc
d=
Vu
2 f c b
Flexural Strength and Footing
reinforcement
The bending moment in each
direction of the footing must be
checked and the appropriate
reinforcement must be provided.
As =
Mu
f y d
2
11
Flexural Strength and Footing
reinforcement
Another approach is to
calculated Ru = Mu / bd2 and
determine the steel percentage
required . Determine As then
check if assumed a is close to
calculated a
a=
f y As
0.85 f c b
Flexural Strength and Footing
reinforcement
The minimum steel percentage
required in flexural members is
200/fy with minimum area and
maximum spacing of steel bars
in the direction of bending shall
be as required for shrinkage
temperature reinforcement.
12
Flexural Strength and Footing
reinforcement
The reinforcement in one-way footings
and two-way footings must be
distributed across the entire width of
the footing.
Reinforcement in band width
Total reinforcement in short direction
where
+1
long side of footing
short side of footing
Bearing Capacity of Column at
Base
The loads from the column act on the footing at the
base of the column, on an area equal to area of the
column cross-section. Compressive forces are
transferred to the footing directly by bearing on the
concrete. Tensile forces must be resisted by
reinforcement, neglecting any contribution by
concrete.
13
Bearing Capacity of Column at
Base
Force acting on the concrete at the base of the column
must not exceed the bearing strength of the concrete
N1 = (0.85 f c A1 )
where = 0.65 and
A1 =bearing area of column
Bearing Capacity of Column at
Base
The value of the bearing strength may be multiplied by a
factor A2 / A1 2.0 for bearing on footing when the
supporting surface is wider on all sides than the loaded
area.
The modified bearing
strength
N 2 (0.85 f c A1 ) A2 / A1
N 2 2 (0.85 f c A1 )
14
Dowels in Footings
A minimum steel ratio = 0.005 of the column section
as compared to = 0.01 as minimum reinforcement for
the column itself. The number of dowel bars needed is
four these may be placed at the four corners of the
column. The dowel bars are usually extended into the
footing, bent at the ends, and tied to the main footing
reinforcement. The dowel diameter shall not exceed
the diameter of the longitudinal bars in the column by
more than 0.15 in.
Development length of the
Reinforcing Bars
The development length for compression bars was given
ld = 0.02 f y d b /
fc
but not less than
0.003 f y d b 8 in.
Dowel bars must be checked for proper development
length.
15
Example Combined Loading
A 12-in. x 24 in. column of an unsymmetrical shed is
subjected to an axial load PD of 220 k and MD = 180 k-ft
due to dead load and an an axial load PL = 165 k and a
moment ML= 140 k-ft due to
live load. The base of the
footing is 5 ft below final
grade, and the allowable soil
bearing pressure is 5 k/ft2.
Design the footing using
fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi
Example Combined Loading
Find the combined actual loads, P0 and M0
P0 = PDL + PLL = 220 k + 165 k = 385 k
M 0 = M DL + M LL = 180 k - ft + 140 k - ft = 320 k - ft
Determine the eccentricity of the footing
12 in
320 k - ft
M0
1
ft
= 9.97 in Use 10 in.
=
e=
P0
385 k
16
Example Combined Loading
Assume a depth of footing, 24 in. The weight of
concrete and the soil are:
Wc = d = 150 lb/ft 3 * 24 in. *
1 ft.
= 300 lb/ft 2
12 in.
1 ft.
Ws = s d s = 100 lb/ft 3 * 5 ft 24 in. *
= 300 lb/ft 2
12 in.
Example Combined Loading
The effective soil pressure is given as:
qeff = qs Wc Ws
= 5000 lb/ft 2 300 lb/ft 2 300 lb/ft 2
= 4400 lb/ft 2 4.4 k/ft 2
17
Example Combined Loading
Calculate the size of the footing:
Actual Loads = DL + LL = 385 k
Area of footing =
385 k
= 87.5 ft 2
4.4 k/ft 2
Compute the sizes of the footing if width is 9 ft.
Side of footing =
87.5 ft 2
= 9.72 ft Use 10 ft
9 ft
Example Combined Loading
Use the long section and place the column 10 in.
off-center for the 10 ft segment
18
Example Combined Loading
Calculate net upward pressure:
Actual Loads = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL
= 1.2(220 k ) + 1.6(165 k )
= 528.0 k
528.0 k
Net upward pressure qn =
(9 ft )(10 ft )
= 5.87 k / ft 2
Example Combined Loading
Calculate the depth of the reinforcement use # 8 bars
with a crisscrossing layering.
d = h cover 1.5d b
d = 24 in. 3 in 1.5(1.0 in )
= 19.5 in.
19
Example Combined Loading
The depth of the footing can be calculated by using the
one-way shear (long direction)
1 ft
24 in
10 ft
L c
1 ft
1 ft
12
in
d+e =
+ 10 in
19.5 in
2
2 2
2
12 in
12 in
= 3.208 ft
Vu =139.4 k in
L c
short direction
Vu = qn (l2 ) d + e
2 2
= 5.87 k/ft 2 (9 ft )(3.208 ft ) = 169.4 k
Example Combined Loading
The depth of the footing can be calculated by using
one-way shear design
1000 lb
169.4 k
Vu
1k
= 16.53 in.
d=
=
2 fc b
12 in
0.75 2 4000 9 ft
1
ft
The footing is 19.5 in. > 16.53 in. so it will work.
20
Example Combined Loading
Calculate perimeter for two-way shear or punch out
shear. The column is 12 in. x 24 in.
bo = 2(c1 + d ) + 2(c2 + d )
= 2(12 in. + 19.5 in.) + 2(24 in. + 19.5 in.) = 150 in.
1 ft
= 2.625 ft
c1 + d = (12 in. + 19.5 in.)
12 in
1 ft
= 3.625 ft
c2 + d = (24 in. + 19.5 in.)
12 in
Example Combined Loading
Calculate the shear Vu
Vu = Pu qn (c + d )
= 528.0 k 5.87 k/ft 2 (2.625 ft )(3.625 ft )
= 472.2 k
The shape parameter
10 ft
= 1.11
9 ft
21
Example Combined Loading
Calculate d from the shear capacity according to
11.12.2.1 chose the largest value of d.
Vc = 2 +
f bd
c 0
s
Vc =
+ 2 f c b0 d
bo
s is 40 for interior, 30 for edge
and 20 for corner column
Vc = 4 f c b0 d
Example Combined Loading
The depth of the footing can be calculated for the
two way shear
1000 lb
472.2 k
Vu
1k
d=
=
4
4
2 + f c b0 0.75 2 +
4000 (150 in )
1.11
= 11.84 in.
22
Example Combined Loading
The third equation bo is dependent on d so use the
assumed values and you will find that d is smaller and
= 40
Vu
d=
40d
+ 2 f c b0
bo
1000 lb
472.2 k
1k
= 9.22 in.
=
40(19.5 in )
0.75
+ 2 4000 (150 in )
150 in
Example Combined Loading
The depth of the footing can be calculated by using
the two way shear
1000 lb
472.2 k
Vu
1k
d=
=
4 f c b0 0.75 4 4000 (150 in )
= 16.59 in.
23
Example Combined Loading
Calculate the bending moment of the footing at the edge of
the column (long direction)
1 ft
24 in
10 ft
L c
12 in + 10 in 1 ft = 4.83 ft
+e =
2
2 2
12 in
L c
+ e
2 2
L c
M u = qn + e
b
2
2 2
(4.83 ft ) (9 ft ) = 616.2 k - ft
= 5.87 k/ft (4.83 ft )
2
Example Combined Loading
Calculate Ru for the footing to find of the footing.
12 in.
616.2 k - ft *
Mu
1 ft
= 0.1801 ksi
Ru = 2 =
bd
12 in
2
9 ft
* (19.5 in )
1 ft
24
Example Combined Loading
Use the Ru for the footing to find .
Ru = f c (1 0.59 ) 2 1.7 +
1.7
=
fy
fc
1.7 Ru
=0
f c
(1.7 )2 41.7 0.1801 ksi
0.9(4 ksi )
2
= 0.05158 =
= 0.05158
0.05158(4 ksi )
= 0.00344
60 ksi
Example Combined Loading
Compute the amount of steel needed
12 in.
2
As = bd = 0.00344 9 ft
(19.5 in.) = 7.24 in
1 ft
The minimum amount of steel for shrinkage is
As = 0.0018 bh = 0.0018(108 in.)(24 in.) = 4.67 in 2
The minimum amount of steel for flexure is
200
200
(108 in.)(19.5 in.) = 7.02 in 2
As =
bd =
fy
60000
25
Example Combined Loading
Use As =8.36 in2 with #8 bars (0.79 in2). Compute
the number of bars need
A
8.1 in 2
n= s =
= 10.25 Use 11 bars
2
Ab 0.79 in
Determine the spacing between bars
s=
L 2 * cover
(n 1)
108 in - 2(3 in )
= 10.2 in
10
Example Combined Loading
Calculate the bending moment of the footing at the
edge of the column for short length
1 ft
12 in
L c 9 ft
12 in = 4 ft
=
2
2 2 2
L c
(4 ft ) (10 ft )
L c 2 2
M u = qn
b = 5.87 k/ft (4 ft )
2
2
2 2
= 469.6 k - ft
26
Example Combined Loading
Calculate Ru for the footing to find of the footing.
12 in.
469.6 k - ft *
Mu
1 ft
Ru = 2 =
bd
12 in
2
10 ft
* (19.5 in )
1 ft
= 0.1235 ksi
Example Combined Loading
Use Ru for the footing to find .
Ru = f c (1 0.59 ) 2 1.7 +
1.7
1.7 Ru
=0
f c
(1.7 )2 41.7 0.1235 ksi
4 ksi
= 0.03503
2
fy
0.03503(4 ksi )
= 0.03503 =
= 0.00234
60 ksi
fc
27
Example Combined Loading
Compute the amount of steel needed
12 in.
2
As = bd = 0.0023410 ft
(19.5 in.) = 5.46 in
1 ft
The minimum amount of steel for shrinkage is
As = 0.0018 bh = 0.0018(120 in.)(24 in.) = 5.18 in 2
The minimum amount of steel for flexure is
As =
200
fy
200
(120 in.)(19.5 in.) = 7.80 in 2
bd =
60000
Example Combined Loading
Use As =9.36 in2 with #6 bar (0.44 in2) Compute the
number of bars need
n=
As
7.80 in 2
= 17.7 Use 18 bars
Ab 0.44 in
Calculate the reinforcement bandwidth
Reinforcement in bandwidth
= 2 = 2 = 0.947
Total reinforcement
+ 1 1.11 + 1
28
Example Combined Loading
The number of bars in the 9 ft band is 0.947(18)=17 bars .
Total # bars - band bars
2
18 17
=
= 0.5 Use 1 bars
2
outside # bar =
So place 17 bars in 9 ft section and 1 bars in each in
(10ft - 9ft)/2 =0.5 ft of the band.
Example Combined Loading
Determine the spacing between bars for the band of 9 ft
s=
(n 1)
108 in
= 6.75 in
16
Determine the spacing between bars outside the band
s=
L cover
n
6 in - 3in
= 3 in
29
Example Combined Loading
Check the bearing stress. The bearing strength N1, at
the base of the column, 12 in x 24 in., = 0.65
N1 = (0.85 f c A1 ) = 0.65(0.85(4 ksi )(12 in )(24 in )) = 636.5 k
The bearing strength, N2, at the top of the footing is
N 2 = N1
A2
2 N1
A1
Example Combined Loading
A2 = 9 ft (10 ft ) = 90 ft 2
1 ft
24 in 1 ft = 2 ft 2
A1 = 12 in
12 in.
12 in.
The bearing strength, N2, at the top of the footing is
A2
90 ft 2
=
= 6.71 > 2 N 2 = 2 N1 = 2(636.5 k ) = 1273 k
A1
2 ft 2
30
Example Combined Loading
Pu =628 k < N1, bearing stress is adequate. The
minimum area of dowels is required.
0.005 A1 = 0.005 * (12 in )(24 in ) = 1.44 in 2
Use minimum number of bars is 4, so use 4 # 8 bars
placed at the four corners of the column.
Example Combined Loading
The development length of the dowels in compression
from ACI Code 12.3.2 for compression.
ld =
0.02d b f y
fc
0.02(1 in )(60000 psi )
= 18.97 in Use 19 in
4000 psi
The minimum ld , which has to be greater than 8 in., is
ld = 0.0003d b f y = 0.0003(1 in )(60000 psi ) = 18 in 8 in
31
Example Combined Loading
Therefore, use 4#8 dowels in the corners of
the column extending 19 in. into the column
and the footing. Note that ld is less than the
given d = 19.5 in., which is sufficient
development length.
Example Combined Loading
The development length, ld for the #8 bars
ld
db
fy
fydb
ld =
20 f c
20 f c
(60000 psi )(1.0 in ) = 47.4 in
20 4000 psi
There is adequate development length provided.
ld =
L
2
cover
c
2
144 in
2
3 in
18 in
= 60 in
32
Example Combined Loading
The development length, ld for the #6 bars
ld
fy
db
f ydb
ld =
25 f c
25 f c
(60000 psi )(0.75 in ) = 28.5 in
25 4000 psi
There is adequate development length provided.
ld =
L
2
cover
c
2
102 in
2
3 in
18 in
= 39 in
Example Multi-Column Footing
Design a rectangular footing to support two square
columns. The exterior column (I) has a section 16 x
16 in., which carries DL of 180 k and a LL of 120 k.
The interior column (II) has a section of 20 x 20 in.,
which carries a DL of 250 k
and a LL of 140 k. The base of
the footing is 5 ft. below final
grade and allowable soil
pressure is 5 k/ft2 Use fc = 4 ksi
and fy = 60 ksi The external
column is located 2 ft from the
property line.
33
Example Multi-Column Footing
Determine the location of an equivalent point and
its location select the datum at column I
x=
x F
F
i
16 ft (250 k + 140 k ) + 0 ft (180 k + 120 k )
(250 k + 140 k ) + (180 k + 120 k )
= 9.04 ft. Use 9 ft.
Extend the footing up to the property line, so the length
is l = 9 ft + 2 ft. = 11 ft. So the length of the footing is
2(11 ft.) = 22 ft.
Example Multi-Column Footing
Assume a depth of footing. (36 in.) The weight
of concrete and the soil are:
Wc = d = 150 lb/ft 3 * 36 in. *
1 ft.
= 450 lb/ft 2
12 in.
1 ft.
Ws = s d s = 100 lb/ft 3 * 5 ft 36 in. *
= 200 lb/ft 2
12 in.
34
Example Multi-Column Footing
The effective soil pressure is given as:
qeff = qs Wc Ws
= 5000 lb/ft 2 450 lb/ft 2 200 lb/ft 2
= 4350 lb/ft 2 4.35 k/ft 2
Example Multi-Column Footing
Calculate the size of the footing:
Actual Loads = DL + LL = 250 k + 140 k = 390 k
Actual Loads = DL + LL = 180 k + 120 k = 300 k
Total Loads = AL1 + AL2 = 390 k + 300 k = 690 k
Area of footing =
690 k
= 158.6 ft 2
4.35 k/ft 2
Side of footing =
158.6 ft 2
= 7.21 ft Use 7.5 ft
22 ft
35
Example Multi-Column Footing
Calculate net upward pressure:
Actual Loads = 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL
= 1.4(180 k ) + 1.7(120 k )
+ 1.4(250 k ) + 1.7(140 k )
= 456 k + 588 k
= 1044 k
Net upward pressure qn =
1044 k
(22 ft )(7.5 ft )
= 6.33 k / ft 2
Example Multi-Column Footing
Calculate the depth of the reinforcement use # 8 bars
with a crisscrossing layering.
d = h cover 1.5d b
d = 36 in. 3 in 1.5(1.0 in )
= 31.5 in.
36
Example Multi-Column Footing
Compute the shear and bending moment diagrams.
Shear Forces
V ( x ) = qb ( x ) w
= 6.32 k/ft 2 ( 7.5 ft ) x w
400
358.7 k
300
= 47.454 k/ft ( x ) w
Force (kips)
200
63.3 k
100
0
-100
10
12
14
18
-150.3 k
-200
-300
16
-329.5 k
-400
location (ft)
20
22
The columns are
considered point loads
but shear values are
taken at each side of the
column.
Example Multi-Column Footing
The location of the maximum moment is
1 ft
10 in 1 ft = 14.5 ft
16 ft 8 in
12 in
12 in
x=
329.5 k
329.5 k + 358.7 k
(14.5 ft ) = 6.9 ft
37
Example Multi-Column Footing
Compute the shear and bending moment diagrams.
M ( x ) = qb
Bending Moment
400
Bending Moment (k-ft)
200
= 6.32 k/ft 2 ( 7.5 ft )
249.9 k-ft
42.2 k-ft
0
-200 0
x2
wi ( x xi )
2
10
12
14
16
18
-400
-600
-800
-1000
-1200
-1278.9 k-ft @ 9.61 ft
-1400
Location (ft)
20
22
= 47.454 k/ft
x2
wi ( x xi )
2
x2
wi ( x xi )
2
The columns are
considered point loads
but moments are taken
at each side of the
column. It will not
balance because center
is at 9.04 ft
Example Multi-Column Footing
The maximum shear force occurs at the edge of
the 20 in. column. So maximum shear is measured
at distance d from the column.
1 ft
Vmax q (d ) = 358.7 k 47.454 k/ft 31.5 in
12 in
= 234.1 k
38
Example Multi-Column Footing
The depth of the footing can be calculated by using
one-way shear
1000 lb
234.1 k
Vu
1
k
d=
=
= 24.2 in.
12 in
2 fc b
0.85 2 4000 7.5 ft
1 ft
The footing is 31.5 in. > 24.2 in. so it will work.
Example Multi-Column Footing
Calculate perimeter for two-way shear or
punch out shear. The column is 20 in.
square.
bo = 4(c + d )
= 4(20 in. + 31.5 in.) = 206 in.
1 ft
= 4.292 ft
c + d = (20 in. + 31.5 in.)
12 in
39
Example Multi-Column Footing
Calculate the shear Vu
Vu = Pu qn (c + d )
= 588 k 6.70 k/ft 2 (4.292 ft )
= 464.6 k
The other column will not be critical,
Pu = 456 k for the 16 in. column
Example Multi-Column Footing
The depth of the footing can be calculated by using
two way shear
d=
Vu
4 f c b0
1000 lb
464.6 k
1k
0.85 4 4000 (206 in )
= 10.5 in.
40
Example Multi-Column Footing
Calculate Ru for the footing to find of the footing.
12 in.
1278.9 k - ft *
Mu
1
ft
= 0.1719 ksi
Ru =
=
(90 in )* (31.5 in )2
bd 2
Example Multi-Column Footing
From Ru for the footing the value can be found.
Ru = f c (1 0.59 ) 2 1.7 +
1.7
1.7 Ru
f c
=0
(1.7 )2 41.7 0.1719 ksi
0.9(4 ksi )
= 0.04917
fy
fc
= 0.04917 =
0.04917(4 ksi )
= 0.00328
60 ksi
41
Example Multi-Column Footing
Compute the area of steel needed
12 in.
(31.5 in.) = 9.29 in 2
As = bd = 0.00277 7.5 ft
1 ft
The minimum amount of steel for shrinkage is
As = 0.0018 bh = 0.0018(90 in.)(36 in.) = 5.8 3 in 2
The minimum amount of steel for flexure is
200
200
(90 in.)(31.5 in.) = 9.45 in 2
As =
bd =
fy
60000
Use
Example Multi-Column Footing
Use a #9 bar (1.00 in2) Compute the number of bars
needed
As 9.45 in 2
n=
=
= 9.45 Use 10 bars
2
Ab 1.0 in
Determine the spacing between bars
s=
L 2 * cover
(n 1)
90 in - 2(3 in )
= 9.33 in
42
Example Multi-Column Footing
The minimum amount is steel is going to be due to the
flexural restrictions. So below the columns with
positive moment, the reinforcement will be 10 # 9 bars
running longitudinally. The development length will
have to be calculated.
Example Multi-Column Footing
The development length, ld for the #7 bars for the
reinforcement of the footing.
fy
fydb
(60000 psi )(1.128 in ) = 53.5 in
ld
=
ld =
=
d b 20 f c
20 f c
20 4000 psi
The bars have more than 12-in. of concrete below
them, therefore ld = 1.3 ld.
ld = 1.3(53.5 in ) = 69.6 in Use 70 in.
43
Example Multi-Column Footing
To determine the reinforcement in the short direction.
The bandwidth of the two columns must be determined
for the 16 in. column.
1 ft
16 in 1 ft
= 5.3 ft Use 5.5 ft
Band = 16 in + 2 ft
+ 31.5 in
2 12 in.
12 in.
Compute the moment at the edge
qnet =
456 k
= 60.8 k/ft
L=
7.5 ft
7.5 ft
2
1 ft
= 3.08 ft
8 in
12 in
Example Multi-Column Footing
The bending moment will be
M u = qnet
l2
2
= (60.8 k/ft )
(3.08 ft )2
= 289.0 k - ft
Compute the Ru
12 in.
289 k - ft *
Mu
1
ft
Ru =
= 0.053 ksi
=
2
bd
5.5 ft 12 in * (31.5 in )2
1 ft
44
Example Multi-Column Footing
From Ru for the footing the value can be found.
Ru = f c (1 0.59 ) 2 1.7 +
1.7 Ru
f c
0.053 ksi
1.7 (1.7 ) 41.7
0.9(4 ksi )
=0
= 0.01484
fy
fc
= 0.01484 =
0.04917(4 ksi )
= 0.001
60 ksi
Example Multi-Column Footing
Compute the area of steel needed
12 in.
(31.5 in.) = 2.08 in 2
As = bd = 0.001 5.5 ft
1 ft
The minimum amount of steel for shrinkage is
As = 0.0018 bh = 0.0018(66 in.)(36 in.) = 4.28 in 2
The minimum amount of steel for flexure is
200
200
(66 in.)(31.5 in.) = 6.93 in 2
As =
bd =
fy
60000
Use
45
Example Multi-Column Footing
Use a #9 bar (1.00 in2) Compute the number of bars
needed A 6.93 in 2
n= s =
= 6.93 Use 7 bars
2
Ab 1.0 in
Determine the spacing between bars
s=
L cover
(n 1)
66 in - (3 in )
= 10.5 in
Example Multi-Column Footing
To determine the reinforcement in the short direction.
The 20-in. interior column extends beyond 4 ft from the
center therefore the band is 7.5 ft x 7.5 ft. Compute the
moment at the edge
qnet =
588 k
7.5 ft
= 78.4 k/ft
L=
7.5 ft
2
1 ft
= 2.92 ft
10 in
12 in
46
Example Multi-Column Footing
The bending moment will be
M u = qnet
l2
2
(
2.92 ft )
= (78.4 k/ft )
= 334.3 k - ft
Compute the Ru
12 in.
334.3 k - ft *
M
1 ft
Ru = u =
= 0.045 ksi
2
bd
7.5 ft 12 in * (31.5 in )2
1 ft
Example Multi-Column Footing
From Ru for the footing the value can be found.
Ru = f c (1 0.59 ) 2 1.7 +
1.7
1.7 Ru
f c
=0
(1.7 )2 41.7 0.045 ksi
0.9(4 ksi )
= 0.01257
fy
fc
= 0.01257 =
0.01257(4 ksi )
= 0.00084
60 ksi
47
Example Multi-Column Footing
Compute the area of steel needed
12 in.
(31.5 in.) = 2.38 in 2
As = bd = 0.00084 7.5 ft
1 ft
The minimum amount of steel for shrinkage is
As = 0.0018 bh = 0.0018(90 in.)(36 in.) = 5.83 in 2
The minimum amount of steel for flexure is
200
200
(90 in.)(31.5 in.) = 9.45 in 2
As =
bd =
fy
60000
Use
Example Multi-Column Footing
Check the bearing stress. The bearing strength N1, at
the base of the column, 16 in x 16 in., = 0.7
N1 = (0.85 f c A1 ) = 0.7 0.85(4 ksi )(16 in ) = 609 k
2
The bearing strength, N2, at the top of the footing is
N 2 = N1
A2
2 N1
A1
48
Example Multi-Column Footing
2
A2 = (5.5 ft ) = 30.25 ft 2
2
1 ft
= 1.78 ft 2
A1 = 16 in
12 in.
The bearing strength, N2, at the top of the footing is
A2
A1
30.25 ft 2
1.78 ft
= 4.125 > 2 N 2 = 2 N1 = 2(609 k ) = 1218 k
Example Multi-Column Footing
Pu =456 k < N1, bearing stress is adequate. The
minimum area of dowels is required.
0.005 A1 = 0.005 * (16 in ) = 1.28 in 2
2
Use minimum number of bars is 4, so use 4 # 7 bars
placed at the four corners of the column.
Note if the Pu > N1 the area of steel will be
As =
(Pu N1 )
fy
As long as the area of
steel is greater than the
minimum amount.
49
Example Multi-Column Footing
The development length of the dowels in compression
from ACI Code 12.3.2 for compression.
ld =
0.02d b f y
fc
0.02(0.875 in )(60000 psi )
= 16.6 in Use 17 in
4000 psi
The minimum ld , which has to be greater than 8 in., is
ld = 0.0003d b f y = 0.0003(0.875 in )(60000 psi ) = 15.75 in 8 in
Example Multi-Column Footing
Therefore, use 4#7 dowels in the corners of
the column extending 17 in. into the column
and the footing. Note that ld is less than the
given d = 31.5 in., which is sufficient
development length.
50
Example Multi-Column Footing
Use a #9 bar (1.00 in2) Compute the number of bars
need
As 9.45 in 2
n=
=
= 9.45 Use 10 bars
2
Ab 1.0 in
Determine the spacing between bars
s=
L cover
(n 1)
90 in - (3 in )
= 9.67 in
Example Multi-Column Footing
Check the bearing stress. The bearing strength N1, at
the base of the column, 20 in x 20 in., = 0.7
N1 = (0.85 f c A1 ) = 0.7 0.85(4 ksi )(20 in ) = 952 k
2
The bearing strength, N2, at the top of the footing is
N 2 = N1
A2
2 N1
A1
51
Example Multi-Column Footing
2
A2 = (7.5 ft ) = 56.25 ft 2
2
1 ft
= 2.78 ft 2
A1 = 20 in
12 in.
The bearing strength, N2, at the top of the footing is
A2
A1
56.25 ft 2
2.78 ft
= 4.5 > 2 N 2 = 2 N1 = 2(952 k ) = 1904 k
Example Multi-Column Footing
Pu =588 k < N1, bearing stress is adequate. The
minimum area of dowels is required.
0.005 A1 = 0.005 * (20 in ) = 2.0 in 2
2
Use minimum number of bars is 4, so use 4 # 8 bars
placed at the four corners of the column.
52
Example Multi-Column Footing
The development length of the dowels in compression
from ACI Code 12.3.2 for compression.
ld =
0.02d b f y
fc
0.02(1 in )(60000 psi )
= 18.7 in Use 19 in
4000 psi
The minimum ld , which has to be greater than 8 in., is
ld = 0.0003d b f y = 0.0003(1 in )(60000 psi ) = 18 in 8 in
Example Multi-Column Footing
Therefore, use 4#8 dowels in the corners of
the column extending 19 in. into the column
and the footing. Note that ld is less than the
given d = 31.5 in., which is sufficient
development length.
53
