CHAPTER 3
The Internet and World Wide
Web: E-commerce Infrastructure
Created by, David Zolzer, Northwestern State University Louisiana
Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 3-1
Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Learning Objectives
Discuss the origins of the Internet
Identify the key technology concepts
behind the Internet
Describe the role of Internet protocols and
utility programs
Explain the current structure of the Internet
Learning Objectives
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Slide 3-3
Understand the limitations of todays
Internet
Describe the potential capabilities of
Internet II
Understand how the World Wide Web
works
Describe how Internet and Web features
and services support e-commerce
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Slide 3-4
The Internet: Technology
Background
Akamai Technologies
Internet
n
n
n
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Slide 3-2
Slide 3-5
An interconnected network of
thousands of networks and millions of
computers linking businesses,
educational institutions, government
agencies, and individuals together
World Wide Web (WWW)
One the the Internets most popular
services, providing access to over one
billion Web pages
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Slide 3-6
Stages in the Development of the
Internet
Development of the Internet:
Timeline
Page 110, Figure 3.1
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Page 111, Figure 3.2
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Development of the Internet:
Timeline
Page 113, Figure 3.2
continued
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Development of the Internet:
Timeline
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Slide 3-10
The Internet: Key Technology
Concepts
Page 114, Figure 3.2 continued
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Slide 3-8
Development of the Internet:
Timeline
Page 112, Figure 3.2
continued
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Page 114, Figure 3.3
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The Internet: Key Technology
Concepts
n
The Internet: Key Technology
Concepts
Packet switching
n
n
n
Routers
A method of slicing digital messages
into packets, sending the packets along
different communication paths as they
become available, and then
reassembling the packets once they
arrive ate their destination
Packet
The parcels into which digital messages
are sliced for transmission over the
Internet
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Slide 3-13
n
n
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Page 116, Figure 3.4
n
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol
n
n
n
Slide 3-15
The TCP/IP Architecture and
Protocol Suite
Protocol that establishes the connections
among sending and receiving Web computers,
handles the assembly of packets at point of
transmission, and their reassembly at the
receiving end
IP (Internet Protocol)
Protocol that provides the Internets
addressing scheme
Protocol
n
A set of rules for formatting, ordering,
compressing, and error checking messages
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Slide 3-16
IP Addresses
Page 117, Figure 3.5
n
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The Internet: Key Technology
Concepts
Packet Switching
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Special-purpose computers that
interconnect the computer networks
that make up the Internet and route
packets to their ultimate destination as
they travel the Internet
Routing algorithm
Computer program that ensures
packets take the best available path
toward their destination
Slide 3-17
Internet addresses expressed as 32-bit
numbers that appear as a series of four
separate numbers marked off by periods,
such as 201.61.186.227
In the current IPv4, each of the four
numbers can range from 0 to 255 allowing
for up to 4 billion addresses (2 to the 32nd
power)
In IPv6, the next generation IP, the scheme
uses 128-bit addresses, or about one
quadtrillion addresses (10 to the 15th
power)
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Slide 3-18
Routing Internet Messages: TCP/IP
and Packet Switching
Domain Names and URLs
Page 119, Figure 3.6
n
Domain name
n
Domain name system (DNS)
n
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Pieces of the Internet Puzzle:
Names and Addresses
The address used by a Web browser to
identify the location of content on the
Web
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Slide 3-20
Client/Server Computing
Page 119, Table 3.1
Client/server
n
n
Slide 3-21
The Client/Server Computing Model
A model of computing in which very powerful personal
computers are connected together in a network with one
or more servers.
Client
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System for expressing numeric IP
addresses in natural language
Uniform resource locator (URL)
n
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IP address expressed in natural
language
A very powerful personal computer that is part of a
network. They are capable of displaying rich graphics,
storing large files, and processing graphics and sound
files.
Server
Networked computer dedicated to common functions
that the client machines on the network need, such as
storing files, software applications, utility programs
such as Web connections, and printers.
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Slide 3-22
Other Internet Protocols and Utility
Programs
Page 120, Figure 3.7
n
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Slide 3-23
HTTP is the Internet protocol used for
transferring Web pages.
FTP is one of the original Internet services.
Part of TCP/IP protocol that permits users
to transfer files from the server to their
client machine, and vice versa
SSL is a protocol that provides secure
communications between the client and
the server
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Slide 3-24
Other Internet Protocols and Utility
Programs
n
Other Internet Protocols and Utility
Programs
Sending E-mail
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is the
Internet protocol used to send mail to a server
POP (Post Office Protocol) is a protocol used
by the client to retrieve mail from an Internet
server
IMAP (Internet Mail Access Protocol) is a more
current e-mail protocol that allows users to
search, organize, and filter their mail prior to
downloading it from the server
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Tracing the Route a Message Takes
on the Internet
Page 124, Figure 3.10
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Telnet is a terminal emulation program that runs
in TCP/IP
Finger is a utility program supported by UNIX
computers that tells who is logged in, how long
they have been attached, and their user name
Ping is a program that allows you to check the
connection between your client and the server
Tracert is one of several route-tracing utilities
that allow you to follow the path of a message
you send from your client to a remote computer
on the Internet
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The Hourglass Model of the
Internet
Page 125, Figure 3.11
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Internet I Network Architecture
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Slide 3-28
The Internet Backbone
Page 126, Figure 3.12
Backbone
Slide 3-29
high-bandwidth fiber optic cable that
transports data across the Internet
Network Service Provider (NSP)
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owns and controls one of the major
networks comprising the Internets
backbone
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Major U.S. Internet Backbone
Owners
The Internet Backbone
Page 127, Table 3.2
Bandwidth
n
n
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n
n
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Page 128, Figure 3.13
Network Access Point (NAP)
n
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Internet NAPS
and MAES
Network Access Points and
Metropolitan Area Exchanges
n
measures how much data can be
transferred over a communications
medium within a fixed period of time; is
usually expressed in bits per second
(bps), kilobits per second (Kbps), or
megabits per second (Mbps)
Redundancy
multiple duplicate devices or paths in a
network
one of the hubs where the backbone
intersects with regional and local
networks, and where the backbone
owners connect with one another
Metropolitan Area Exchanges (MAEs )
another name for one of the hubs where
the backbone intersects with regional
and local networks
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Internet NAPS
and MAES
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Campus Networks
Page 128, Figure 3.13
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Generally local area networks
operating with a single organization
that leases access to the Web
directly from regional and national
carriers
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Internet Service Providers
ISP Service Level Choices
Page 130, Table 3.3
Firm that provides the lowest level of
service in the multi-tiered Internet
architecture by leasing Internet access to
home owners, small businesses, and
some large institutions
Narrowband
The traditional telephone modem connections, now
operating at 56.6 Kbps
Broadband
refers to any communication technology that permits
clients to play streaming audio and video files at
acceptable speeds -- generally above 100 Kbps
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Slide 3-37
ISP Service Level Choices
n
a telephone technology for delivering
high-speed access through ordinary
telephone lines found in homes and
businesses
a cable television technology that
piggybacks digital access to the
Internet on top of the analog video cable
providing television signals to a home
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T1
n
cable modem
n
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ISP Service Level Choices
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
n
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Time to Download a 10 Megabyte
File by Type of Internet Service
an international telephone standard for
digital communication that offers
guaranteed delivery at 1.54 Mbps
T3
n
an international telephone standard for
digital communication that offers
guaranteed delivery at 43 Mbps
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Intranets and Extranets
Page 131, Table 3.4
n
Intranet
n
Extranet
n
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Slide 3-41
a TCP/IP network located within a single
organization for purposes of
communications and information
processing
formed when firms permit outsiders to
access their internal TCP/IP networks
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Slide 3-42
Who Governs the Internet?
n
n
n
n
Internet II
Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers (ICANN)
Internet Engineering Steering Group
(IESG)
Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF)
Internet Society (ISOC)
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
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Slide 3-43
Internet II Goals
n
A consortium of more than 180
universities, government agencies,
and private businesses that are
collaborating to find ways to make
the Internet more efficient
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Internet II Pursuits
Create a leading edge network
capability for the national research
community.
Enable revolutionary Internet
applications.
Ensure the rapid transfer of new
network services and applications to
the broader Internet community.
Advanced Network Infrastructure
New Networking Capabilities
n
n
n
n
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Internet II Gigapop Exchanges
gigaPop
deploying IPv6 addressing protocol
developing and implementing new quality of
service technologies
developing more effective routing practices
coordinating the interconnection of the
different components of the Internet2
infrastructure
creating an infrastructure to efficiently handle
one-to-many communications
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Internet II Pursuits
Page 136, Figure 3.14
n
Middleware
n
Advance Applications
n
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Slide 3-47
standardize middleware that
incorporates identification,
authentication, authorization, directory,
and security services
distributed computation, virtual
laboratories, digital libraries, distributed
learning, tele -immersion, and a
synthesis of all these working in
combination
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Slide 3-48
The Larger Internet II Technology
Environment
Worldwide Optical Fiber Market
Growth
Page 138, Figure 3.15
Next Generation Internet (NGI)
n
n
n
another project initiated and sponsored by the
federal government focused on developing
advanced applications and networking
capabilities needed by U.S. government
agencies
Fiber Optics and Bandwidth Explosion
replacing older transmission line with fiber optic cable
improving fiber -optic-based communications
technology
improving fiber -optic switching speeds
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Major Photonics Opportunities and
Players
Photonics Technologies
Page 139, Table 3.5
n
Photonics
Dense Wave Length Division Mulitplexing
the study of communicating with light waves
an optical technology used to increase
bandwidth over existing fiber optic backbones
Big Band
n
can accommodate upwards of 10 Gbps,
enabling high bandwidth applications
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Slide 3-51
Wireless Web and 3G Technologies
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Slide 3-52
Bandwidth Demand of Various Web
Applications
Page 140, Figure 3.16
Global System for Mobile
Communications
n
mobile communications system widely used in
Europe and Asia that uses narrowband Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Code Division Multiple Access
n
mobile communications system widely used in
the United States that uses the full spectrum of
radio frequencies and digitally encrypts each
call
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Wireless Web and 3G Technologies
n
General Packet Radio Switching
n
n
n
Wireless Web and 3G Technologies
n
next generation technology carries data in
packets, just like the Internet, but over radio
frequencies that make wireless
communications possible
Wireless Application Protocol
a relatively new protocol that can support
virtually any wireless network and is
supported by every operating system
iMode
n
3G
n
Wireless Markup Language
n
wireless standard that is a proprietary
service of the Japanese company NTT
DoCoMo
new generation of cellular phone
standards that can connect users to the
Web at 2.4 Mbps
programming language for devices using WAP
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Wireless LANs
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Wireless Web Products and Players
Page 142, Table 3.6
Bluetooth
n
new technology standard for shortrange wireless communication under
100 meters
Wireless Fidelity
n
Wireless standard for Ethernet networks
with greater speed and range than
Bluetooth. Also referred to as 802.118
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Slide 3-57
Internet Applications: The
Changing Client Computer
n
where the receiving device -- the client - relies totally on the Internet server to
handle all information processing; the
device itself has no processing ability
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Benefits of Internet II Technologies
Thin Client Computing
n
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IP Multicasting
n
a set of technologies that enables efficient
delivery of data to many locations on a
network
Latency Solutions
n
Differentiate between high-priority and lowpriority packets.
diffserve -- a new technology that assigns
levels of priority to packets based on the type
of data being transmitted
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10
IP Multicasting
Benefits of Internet II Technologies
Page 145,
Figure 3.17
Guaranteed Service Levels
n
Lower Error Rates
n
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Development of the Web
n
n
n
Web browser with a graphical user interface that made it
possible to view documents on the Web graphically
the sharing of files, information, graphics, sound, video,
and other objects across all computer platforms in the
world, regardless of operating system
Netscape Navigator
the first commercial Web browser
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Top-Level Domains
.com
n
Commercial organizations
or businesses
.edu
.gov
.mil
Educational institutions
U.S. government agencies
U.S. military
Network computers
Nonprofit organizations
and foundations
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.biz
n
A way of formatting pages with embedded
links that connect documents to one
another, and that also link pages to other
objects such sound, video, or animation
files
Uses Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
followed by the universal resource locator
(URL) to locate an document or object
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Slide 3-64
Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
information providers
.aero
n
.coop
.museum
.name
Air transport industry
business firms
.info
n
.org
n
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Markup Languages
.net
n
Microsofts Web browser
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Internet Explorer (IE)
n
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Universal Computing
n
more users means lower cost, as products and
technology catch on in the mass market
Hypertext
Mosaic
n
improved capacity and packet switching will
inevitably impact the quality of data
transmission
Declining Costs
n
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possible to purchase the right to move data
through the network at a guaranteed speed in
return for higher fees
Cooperatives
n
Museums
a early version of Generalized Markup Language
one of the next generation of GMLs that is relatively
easy to use in Web page design. HTML provides Web
page designers with a fixed set of markup tags that
are used to format a Web page
Extensible Markup Language
a new markup language specification developed by W3C
that is designed to describe data and information
Individuals
.pro
n
Professionals
Slide 3-65
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11
Example HTML Code (A) and Web
Page (B)
Example HTML Code (A) and Web
Page (B)
Page 149, Figure 3.18
Page 149, Figure 3.18
(a) HTML Code
(b) Web Page
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HTLM Tools
Slide 3-68
Sample XML Code
Page 150, Table 3.7
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Page 151, Figure 3.19
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Sample XML Code for a Medical
Record
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Slide 3-70
Web Servers and Clients
Page 151, Figure 3.20
n
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Slide 3-71
Web server software enables a computer
to deliver Web pages written in HTML to
client machines on a network that request
this service by sending an HTTP request
Basic capabilities
n
Security services
n
n
File Transfer Protocol
Search engine
Data capture
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Slide 3-72
12
The Internet and the Web: Features
Web Servers and Clients
n
Types of servers on the Web
n
n
n
n
database server -- designed to access specific
information with a database
ad server -- designed to deliver targeted banner ads
mail server -- provides mail messages
video server -- serves video clips
E-Mail
n
Web Client
n
any computing device attached to the Internet that is
capable of making HTTP requests and displaying HTML
pages, most commonly a Windows PC or Macintosh
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Slide 3-73
The Internet and the Web: Features
The most-used application of the
Internet. Uses a series of protocols to
enable messages containing text,
images, sound, and video clips to be
transferred from on Internet user to
another.
Attachment is a file inserted within the
e-mail message
Spam is unsolicited e -mail
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Slide 3-74
Types of Web BOTS
Page 158, Table 3.8
Search engines
n
n
n
identifies Web pages that appear to match keywords, also
called queries, typed by the user and provides a list of the best
matches
Intelligent agents (BOTS)
software programs that gather and/or filter information on a
specific topic and then provide a list of results for the user
Instant messaging
n
n
n
displays words typed on a computer almost instantaneously,
making the communication more like a live conversation that
is possible through e-mail
Chat
enables users to communicate via computer in real time, that
is, simultaneously.
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Slide 3-75
Music, Video, and Other Standard
Files
n
n
n
a small text file stored on the users computer
with information about the user to more
quickly load the site in the future
Slide 3-77
a general term for the technologies that use VOIP and the
Internets packet-switched network to transmit voice and other
forms of audio communication over the Internet
Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP)
protocol that allows for transmission of voice and other forms
of audio communication over the Internet
Digital Libraries
Distributed Storage
a tool used by Web sites to store information
about a user
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IP Telephony
n
enables music, video, and other larger files to
be sent to users in chunks so that when
received and played, the file comes through
uninterrupted
Cookies
n
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Internet II and E-commerce:
Emerging Features and Services
Streaming Media
n
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Distribution of application software, multimedia, and other
services on a fee basis by Application Service Providers (ASP)
ASPs can assist both in processing data and storing it,
dispersing it to multiple servers rather than having is reside on
one
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13
The Growth of Internet Telephony
Key Telephony Players
Page 163, Figure 3.22
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Page 163, Table 3.9
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Internet II and E-commerce:
Emerging Features and Services
n
one the biggest education initiatives in recent years,
distance learning provides courses and degree
programs online
Tele-immersion
n
Digital Video
n
deliver better-than-broadcast quality video over the
Internet on demand
n
Video Teleconferencing
n
significantly reduce the cost of video teleconferencing,
making it affordable for most workers to share
information that involves either and image or audio
component
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Internet II and E-commerce:
Emerging Features and Services
Distance Learning
n
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a merger of virtual reality and video
conferencing, where participants can
see each other and collaborate on
visual projects
M-commerce Applications
n
combining voice, data, images, audio,
and video on one wireless device
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