AQA Core 4 Modelling and differential equations
Section 2: Solving differential equations
Notes and Examples
These notes contain subsections on
Rates of change
Differential equations
Formulating differential equations
Solving differential equations by direct integration
Solving differential equations by separating the variables
Rates of change
The derivative dy represents the rate of change of y with respect to x. When
dx
time t is used instead of x, then dy represents the rate of change of y. For
dt
example:
If x is a displacement, then dx is the rate of change of displacement, or
dt
the velocity;
If v is a velocity, then dv is the rate of change of velocity, or the
dt
acceleration;
If P represents the number of ants in a colony, then dP is the rate of
change of population; if this is positive then the population is
increasing, if negative then it is declining.
If M represents the mass of a compound during a chemical process,
dt
then dM is the rate of change of mass.
dt
Sometimes more than two different variables are involved, which means using
the chain rule.
dy dy du
dx du dx
Differential equations
Theory often leads us to formulate mathematical models for the rate of
change of quantities. For example,
when a cup of hot water cools, the rate of cooling obviously
depends on the temperature;
when a car accelerates, the acceleration at faster speeds is slower
than at slower speeds so the rate of change of velocity depends
on the velocity;
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the rate of population growth depends on size of the population.
In all these cases, we can model the situation by means of a differential
equation. This is simply an equation which includes a derivative. If the
derivative is of the first order, it is called a first order differential equation.
Formulating differential equations
If a is proportional to b, we can write this as a b, and deduce that a = kb,
where k is a constant, called the constant of proportionality.
Example 1
Formulate a differential equation for the following situations.
(i)
The acceleration of a particle is proportional to the square of its velocity.
(ii)
The rate of population growth is proportional to the size of the population at
any time.
(iii) The rate of cooling of a glass of water is proportional to the difference
between its temperature and room temperature.
Solution
(i)
Let the velocity be v.
The acceleration is the rate of change of velocity,
dv
.
dt
dv
kv 2 .
dt
(ii)
Let P be the population size.
The rate of population growth is
dP
.
dt
dP
kP .
dt
(iii)
Let T be the temperature of the water, and T0 be room temperature.
dT
dT
The rate of change of temperature is
, so the rate of cooling is
.
dt
dt
dT
k (T T0 ) , where k > 0.
This is proportional to T T0, so
dt
Notice the negative
sign! This will be
crucial to the solution.
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Solving differential equations by direct integration
You already know how to solve some differential equations, like the ones in
the next example.
Example 2
Solve the differential equations:
dv
(i)
3t
dt
dy
2
(ii)
, given that when x = 0, y = 1.
dx 1 x
Solution
dv
(i)
3t v 3t dt
dt
32 t 2 c
The solution is v 32 t 2 c
(ii)
2
dy
2
y
.
dx
1 x
dx 1 x
2 ln 1 x c
When x = 0, y = 1 1 2 ln1 c
c 1
The solution is y 2ln 1 x 1
A solution like the one in part (i) of Example 3, which involves an arbitrary
constant (c), is called the general solution of the differential equation. In
effect, the solution is a family of functions, one for each value of c.
In part (ii) of Example 2, the solution function must pass through the point
x = 0, y = 1, and this enables you to calculate the value of c. This gives a
particular solution to the differential equation.
Solving differential equations by separating the variables
Now look at this differential equation:
dv
3v 2 , and when t = 0, v = 10
dt
On the right of this equation is a function of v, not t. To get v, you need to
integrate with respect to t, not v.
You solve this problem like this:
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dv
1 dv
3v 2 2
3
dt
v dt
1 dv
2
dt 3dt .
v dt
1 dv
1
Now 2
dt is the same as 2 dv or v 2dv .
v dt
v
2
v dv 3dt
When t = 0, v = 10
Integrate both sides
with respect to t
Note that you only need to add
a constant of integration to
one side of the equation.
v1 3t c .
1
3t c
v
101 c
1
1 30t 1
3t
v
10
10
10
v
.
30t 1
In this technique, you arrange for the vs on the same side of the equations as
the dv, and the ts on the same side as dt. This is called separating the
variables. The first few steps can also be written more simply like this:
dv
3v 2
dt
1
v2 dv 3dt , and so on
Here are some more examples.
Example 3
The rate of growth of a population after t months P of ants is proportional to the
number of ants. At time t = 0, there are 500 ants, and after 1 month the population has
risen to 750. Find the population after 3 months.
Solution
dP
kP , where k is a constant.
dt
1
P dP kdt
ln P kt c
P e kt c
Remember that the inverse of
the natural logarithm function is
the exponential function
When dealing with exponentials,
it is usual to simplify the solution
e kt ec
by replacing the constant
new constant A.
Ae kt
e c by a
When t = 0, P = 500:
500 = Aek0 = A
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P 500ekt
When t = 1, P = 750:
750 500ek
ek 1.5
P 500 e k
500 1.5t
When t = 3, P 500 1.53 1687.5
You may need to use any of the integration techniques covered so far. In the
next example, partial fractions are used.
Example 4
Find the general solution of the differential equation
Solution
dy
y
dx x(1 x)
1
1
y dy x(1 x) dx
By partial fractions,
1
1
1
y dy x 1 x dx
ln y ln x ln 1 x c
dy
y
.
dx x(1 x)
The details of finding the partial
fractions are omitted here.
Replace c with a new constant ln A
to give a simpler expression
ln x ln 1 x ln A
ln
Ax
y
1 x
Ax
1 x
You can omit the modulus signs at this
stage the value of A will deal with this.
You can practice solving first order differential equations with separable
variables using the interactive questions Differential equations: first order
(all the questions are of the same type).
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