The bus admittance matrix [Ybus]
2
1
-1
1
1
1
YBUS =
Jan-May 2009
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
Power Systems Analysis ECNG 3012
5- 1
Changes in the system [Ybus]
Remove a line.
Equivalent
to adding a line in parallel to the
one to be removed with y = -yline
Diagonal yline
ii & jj
Off-diagonal
+yline
ij & ji
Add a line.
Jan-May 2009
Power Systems Analysis ECNG 3012
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Changes in the system [Ybus]
Remove a bus
Assume we are interested only in m buses in
a system with n buses (m<n)
IBUS =
Ia
Ib
Jan-May 2009
Ia
Ib
n-m
VBUS =
Yaa Yab
Va
Yabt Ybb
Vb
Power Systems Analysis ECNG 3012
Va
Vb
n-m
[Ia] = [Yeq] [Va]
And Ib = 0
5- 3
Changes in the system [Ybus]
Ib = 0 = YabtVa + YbbVb
Vb = -Ybb-1 Yabt Va
KRONS
REDUCTION
Then:
Ia= YaaVa + YabVb
= YaaVa + Yab(-Ybb-1YabtVa)
Ia = [Yaa YabYbb-1Yabt]Va
Ia = [YBUSEQUIV] Va
[YBUSEQUIV] = Yaa YabYbb-1Yabt
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Power Systems Analysis ECNG 3012
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Power Flow
Operation point of the
system.
Steady State.
Given conditions of
generation, load &
configuration: Operation
Point
Buses
Branches
(V/)
(P, Q)
Solve Equations (Balance generation and load)
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Power Flow Main Objectives
To calculate P&Q flow through elements.
Observe power flow and check overloads.
Effects of contingencies.
Effects of configuration changes.
To calculate voltage magnitude and angle on buses.
Quality of service.
Strategies to operate elements with voltage control ( Taps, Exc.
Generator , Capacitors.)
To design the optimal operation & distribution of
loads.
To define operation guidelines.
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Power Systems Analysis ECNG 3012
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Power Flow
V1
SG1
V2
SG2
V3
SD1
SD3
V5
V4
SD4
Jan-May 2009
SG3
SD5
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Power Flow Basics
Basic
Equations
Power Balance on each node
Power Balance for the system
Sinput = Soutput
SGEN = SLOADS + SLOSSES
S = P + jQ
(Generated real power is calculated with economic dispatch)
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Power Flow
Vg/
Vc/00
R + jX
P+P
Q+Q
P + jQ
Vg
IX
Vc
IR
We want:
V =f(P,Q)
V = f(P,Q)
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Power Systems Analysis ECNG 3012
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Power Flow
Vg2 = (Vc +V)2 + (V)2
Vg2 = (Vc + RI cos + IX sin )2 + (IX cos - RI sin )2
P = VcI cos
; Q = VcI sin
Vg2 = Vc + RP + XQ
Vc
Vc
V = RP + XQ
Vc
If R<< X
Jan-May 2009
+ XP - RQ
Vc
Vc
V = XP RQ
Vc
V = XQ / Vc ; V = XP / Vc
Power Systems Analysis ECNG 3012
5- 10
Power Flow
If load P increases
increases
If load Q increases
Vc reduces
Real power flow
Reactive power flow |Vsending end| >|Vreceiving end|
Jan-May 2009
sending end > receiving end
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Power Flow - Definitions
At each bus:Vk (Voltage magnitude), k (Voltage angle),
Pk (Total injected real power), Qk(Total injected reactive
power)
Reduced number of unknowns. Assumptions:
At most generator buses, the active power PG is controlled (by
speed governor) and the voltage magnitude is controlled (by the
voltage regulator). Treat these as known.
At most load buses, a reasonable approximation is that the load
active and reactive power demand PD and QD are known.
At one generator bus, leave the active power as a variable (to
make up system losses).
Jan-May 2009
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Power Flow Bus Types
Load bus (PQ)
known
real (P) and reactive (Q) power injections
Voltage controlled bus (PV)
known
real (P) power injection and the voltage
magnitude (V)
Slack bus (swing bus)
known
voltage magnitude (V) and voltage angle ()
must have one generator as the slack bus
takes up the power slack due to losses in the network
Jan-May 2009
Power Systems Analysis ECNG 3012
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Power Flow Bus Types
LOAD (PQ)
Pk, Qk
Vk, k
Loads, transformer buses
VOLTAGE CONTROLLED (PV)
Given:
Unknown:
Example:
Given:
Unknown:
Example:
Pk, Vk
Qk, k
Generation buses, reactive power
compensation buses
SLACK(V )
Given:
Unknown:
Jan-May 2009
Vk, k
Pk, Qk
Power Systems Analysis ECNG 3012
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Power Flow Equations
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Power Flow Equations
The equations are nonlinear algebraic equations.
There are n-1 unknown phase angles ( all but the slack bus
which is given as 0).
There are n-m unknown voltage magnitudes (all but the PV and
slack buses, which total m).
Multiple solutions are possible.
Solutions may fail to exist.
Numerical method may fail.
Well designed system will usually only have only one realistic
solution.
Jan-May 2009
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Power Flow Gauss-Seidel
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Power Flow Gauss- Seidel
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Power Systems Analysis ECNG 3012
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Power Flow Gauss-Seidel
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Power Systems Analysis ECNG 3012
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Power Flow Gauss-Seidel
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Power Flow Gauss-Seidel
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Power Flow Gauss-Seidel
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Power Flow Gauss-Seidel
Complete set of equations
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Power Flow Gauss-Seidel
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Power Flow Gauss-Seidel
System characteristics
Since
both components (V & ) are specified
for the slack bus, there are 2(n - 1) equations
which must be solved iteratively.
For the load buses, the real and reactive
powers are known: scheduled
the voltage magnitude and angle must be
estimated.
in per unit, the nominal voltage magnitude is 1 p.u.
the angles are generally close together, so an
initial value of 0 degrees is appropriate.
Jan-May 2009
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Power Flow Gauss-Seidel
For the generator buses, the real power and
voltage magnitude are known
the
real power is scheduled.
the reactive power is computed based on the
estimated voltage values.
the voltage is computed by Gauss-Seidel, only the
angle is kept
the complex voltage is found from the schedule
magnitude and the iterative angle part.
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Power Flow Gauss-Seidel
Start
Select initial voltages
for each bus
Solve for EiNEW
EiNEW = f(Pi,Ej) j = 1 N
Do for all i
i=1N
(i ref)
Find Maximum Voltage Change
EMAX = | Ei Ei -1|MAX OVER i
EMAX
No
= Specified Voltage
Convergence
Tolerance
Jan-May 2009
Yes
Calculate Line Flows,
Losses, Mismatch, etc
Print Results
Power Systems Analysis ECNG 3012
Stop
5- 27
Power Flow Gauss-Seidel Example
Bus
Type
Given Unknown
Load
P1,Q1 V1,1
Voltage
controlled
P2,V2
Load
P3,Q3 V3,3
Load
P4,Q4 V4,4
Load
P5,Q5 V5,5
Slack
V6,6 P6,Q6
Jan-May 2009
Power Systems Analysis ECNG 3012
Q1,2
5- 28
Power Flow Gauss-Seidel Example
Calculate [Ybus]: Y11, Y12, Y13, Y21, Y22, Y26, Y31, Y33, Y34, Y43,
Y43, Y44, Y45, Y54, Y55, Y56, Y62, Y64, Y66
Initial voltages (Flat start)
Jan-May 2009
Bus
V(0)
(0)
1.0
0o
Vknown
0o
1.0
0o
1.0
0o
1.0
0o
Vknown
0o
Power Systems Analysis ECNG 3012
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Power Flow Gauss-Seidel Example
Bus 1
V1(1) =
-P1 + jQ1
Y11
V1(0)*
- Y12 V2(0) - Y13 V3(0)
Bus 2
Q2(1) = V2(0) [ V1(1){G21 sin(21) B21 cos (21)}
21
V2(1) =
1
Y22
+ V6{G26 sin(26) B26 cos (26)}
= 2 - 1
;
26 = 2 - 6
P2 jQ2
V2(0)*
- Y21 V1(1) - Y26 V6
Multiply V2(1) such that |V2(1)| = V2
Jan-May 2009
Power Systems Analysis ECNG 3012
given
5- 30
Example Equations
Bus 3
V3(1) =
-P3 + jQ3
Y33
V3(0)*
-P4 + jQ4
Y44
V4(0)*
Bus 4
V4(1) =
Bus 5
1
V5(1) =
Y55
-P5 + jQ5
V5(0)*
- Y31 V1(1) - Y34 V4(0)
- Y43 V3(1) - Y45 V5(0) - Y46 V6
- Y45 V4(1)
Iterate with these equations
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Gauss Seidel Method
Simple , basic
Slow convergence
Convergence problems
Acceleration Factor
Vi(k)acc = Vi(k-1) + (Vi(k) Vi(k-1))
1.0 2.0
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