CHAPTER 32
Improper Integrals
32.1
Determine whether the area in the first quadrant under the curve y = l/x,
for *!, is finite.
This is equivalent to determining whether the improper integral J* (1 Ix) dx is convergent. J* (1 Ix) dx =
Thus, the integral diverges and the area is infinite.
32.2
Determine whether J" (1 Ix2) dx converges.
Thus, the integral converges.
32.3
For what values of p is J" (1 /x)p dx
convergent?
By Problem 32.1, we know that the integral is divergent when
p = 1.
The last limit is l/(p-l) if p>l, and+= if p<l.Thus, the integral converges if and only if p > 1.
32.4
For p>l, is
dx
convergent?
p
First we evaluate J [(In x)/xp] dx by integration by parts. Let u = lnx, dv = (l/* ) dx, du = (\lx)dx.
Hence,
Thus,
I In the last step, we used L'Hopital's rule to evaluate
Thus, the integral converges for all p > 1.
32.5
For
is
divergent for
32.6
for
p : 1.
convergent?
Hence,
by Problem 32.3. Hence,
is
Evaluate xe~'dx.
By integration by parts, we find J xe * dx = -e *(x + 1) Hence, J
[In the last step, we used L'Hopital's rule to evaluate
260
IMPROPER INTEGRALS
32.7
For positive p, show that
261
converges.
By Problem 32.6,
converges. Now let us consider
Hence,
For
Hence,
By the reduction formula of Problem 28.42,
(Note that we used L'Hopital's rule to show
Hence, the question eventually reduces to the case of P<1. Thus, we have
convergence for all positive p.
32.8
convergent when p a 1?
Is
Km (In x)p/x = 0. Hence,
By successive applications of L'Hopital's rule, we see that
p
sufficiently large x. Thus, for some x0, if x ^ xa, (In x) < x,
1 /(In x) > 1 Ix.
Hence, the integral must be divergent for arbitrary P<1.
32.9
g(x)dx =
32.10
gW s/(*) for all A: >; x0. show that
f(x) dx = +<*> and
If
g(x) dx +
Show that
g(x) dx >
is divergent for
g(x) dx +
l/(ln xY s 1/ln x. Now apply Problems 32.8 and 32.9.
Evaluate
Hence,
Evaluate
Let
32.13
g(x) dx is divergent.
f(x)dx->+*.
But,
32.12
So,
p < 1.
For x > e, (In x)p < In x, and, therefore,
32.11
(In x)"lx < 1 for
Evaluate
cos x dx.
By Problem 28.9,
cos x)
Hence,
Then
e~" cos AC dx = \e "'(sin x cos x).
= lim |[e "(cosy-sine;)-(-!)]= i,
32.14
Evaluate J0" e~x dx.
32.15
Evaluate
since
Hence,
Hence,
e * cos x dx = lim [ | e *(sin A:
and
262
CHAPTER 32
32.16
Evaluate
32.17
Evaluate
Let
32.18
Evaluate
[by Problem 32.6].
Then
Let
32.19
Evaluate
Let x = f2. Then
32.20
Then
2u du = dx.
[by Problem 32.6].
xV* dx.
Evaluate
By Problem 28.1,
2)-2]} = 2. [Here, we used L'Hopital's rule to see that
32.21
Find
xVx dx.
By the reduction formula of Problem 28.42 and the result of Problem 32.20,
So,
x3e~* dx = lira+ <x (-*V*) ]"" + lim+ oo 3 x2e~'dx = 0 + 3-2 = 3!.
3 J x V* dx.
32.22
Show that
U-
xV* dx = -xV* +
u-
0x"e * dx = n\ for all natural numbers n.
By Problem 32.14, we know that the formula holds for = 0. Assume now, for the sake of induction, that
the formula holds for n 1. By the reduction formula of Problem 28.42,
n x"~le~* dx = n (n 1)! = nl. [The gamma function T(u) is defined as
This
problem shows that F(n + !) = !.]
32.23
Investigate
Thus, the integral diverges.
32.24
Investigate
32.25
Investigate
Thus, the integral diverges.
32.26
For what values of k, with
k ^ 1 and
dx
k > 0, does
converge?
If
whereas, if
32.27
k<\,
k>\, this limit is +,
the limit is l / ( l - f c )
where
Evaluate
a>0.
In
In
In
In
In
Thus,
In
In
Thus, the integral diverges.
32.28
Evaluate
33.29
Evaluate
for
a > 0.
There is a discontinuity at x = 2.
So,
Neither limit exists. Therefore, the integral diverges.
32.30
Evaluate
There is a discontinuity at
32.31
Evaluate
x = 2.
Thus,
sec x dx.
In
Thus, the
integral diverges.
32.32
Evaluate
32.33
Find the area under the curve
for
264
CHAPTER 32
32.34
Find the area under
y = 1 /(x2 a2) for x a a + 1.
From Problem 32.27,
In
In
32.35
In
in
Evaluate
There is a discontinuity at
x = 0.
So,
For the first integral,
Also,
Thus, the value is
32.36
Evaluate
In x dx.
J \nxdx = x(\n x - 1). Thus,
lnxdx= lim *(ln x 1) ]' = lim [-1By integration by parts,
t;(lni>-l)] = - l - 0 = - l . [The limit lim u ( l n y - l ) = 0 is obtained by L'Hopital's rule.]
32.37
Evaluate
x In x dx.
By integration by parts,
x\nxdx = \x\2\nx-l) (Take
u = In x,
v = x dx.) Then
32.38
Find thefirst-quadrantarea under
32.39
Find the volume of the solid obtained by revolving the region of Problem 32.38 about the jc-axis.
.v In x dx =
y - e ''.
By the disk formula,
32.40
Let S? be the region in the first quadrant under xy = 9 and to the right of j c = l . Find the volume generated
by revolving 91 about the *-axis.
By the disk formula,
32.41
Find the surface area of the volume in Problem 32.40.
Note that
But
so by Problem 32.9, the integral diverges.
y = 9/x,
y' = ~9/x1,
IMPROPER INTEGRALS
32.42
Investigate
For 0<*<1, l-x4 = (l-x)(l + x)(l+x2)<4(l-x). Hence,
Thus,
But,
32.43
Determine whether
converges.
For
converges.
32.44
265
and (Problem
Determine whether
cos x dx
32.24)
converges.
converges.
Since
cos x dx
32.45
Evaluate
32.46
Evaluate
Hence
the
latter
limit
does
not
exist,
is not convergent.
Hence, the improper integral has the value 2.
32.47
Show that the region in the first quadrant under the curve
centroid.
y = 1 /(x + I) 2 has a finite area but does not have a
However,
Hence, the ^-coordinate of the centroid is infinite.
32.48
For what positive values of p is
Let u = l-x, du=-dx.
and only when p < 1.
32.49
convergent?
Then
Evaluate
Let
u = x2,
| (ir/2) = ?r/4.
du = 2xdx.
Then
By Problem 32.26, the latter converges when
266
CHAPTER 32
32.50
Evaluate
32.51
Evaluate
(The same result is obtained from Problem 29.45.)
32.52
Evaluate
There is a discontinuity at x = 1. Then
32.53
Evaluate
cot x dx.
32.54
Evaluate
tan -1 x dx.
tan
32.55
x>ir/4
for
*>!. Hence by Problem 32.9,
Find the area between the curves y = l/x
and
tan ' x dx = +.
to the right of the line .v'= 1.
y = l / ( x + l)
The area
32.56
Find the area in the first quadrant under the curve
y - 1 /(x2 + 6x + 10).
Problems 32.57-32.60 refer to the Laplace transform L { f } = ^ e's'f(t) dt of a function/(/), where s>0.
(L{f} may not be defined at some or all s >0.) It is assumed that lim e~"f(t) = 0.
32.57
Calculate L(t}.
(Here, the integration was performed by parts:
u = t, dv = e
s<
dt.) Thus,
L{t} = \ls2.
IMPROPER INTEGRALS
32.58
Calculate L{e'}.
The last limit is valid when s > 1. Thus,
32.59
267
L{e'} = l / ( s - 1) (denned for s > 1).
Calculate L {cos t}.
By integration by parts (see Problem 28.9), we obtain
Thus,
32.60
L{cost} =s/(s2 + 1).
If L{f} and L { f ' } are defined, show that L { f ' } = -/(O) + s L { f } .
For L{f'}, we use integration by parts with u = e sl, dv=f'{t)dt. Th
used the basic hypothesis that
[Here, we have
