History of the English Language
A short history of the origins and development of English
The history of the English language really started with the arrival of
three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD.
These tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes, crossed the North
Sea from what today is Denmark and northern Germany. At that time
the inhabitants of Britain spoke a Celtic language. But most of the
Celtic speakers were pushed west and north by the invaders - mainly
into what is now Wales, Scotland and Ireland. The Angles came from
"Englaland" [sic] and their language was called "Englisc" - from which
the words "England" and "English" are derived.
Germanic invaders entered Britain on the east and south coasts in the 5th century
Old English (450-1100 AD)
The invading Germanic tribes spoke similar languages, which in Britain
developed into what we now call Old English. Old English did not sound
or look like English today. Native English speakers now would have
great difficulty understanding Old English. Nevertheless, about half of
the most commonly used words in Modern English have Old English
roots. The words be, strong and water, for example, derive from Old
English. Old English was spoken until around 1100.
Part of Beowulf, a poem written in Old English
Middle English (1100-1500)
In 1066 William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy (part of modern
France), invaded and conquered England. The new conquerors (called
the Normans) brought with them a kind of French, which became the
language of the Royal Court, and the ruling and business classes. For a
period, there was a kind of linguistic class division, where the lower
classes spoke English and the upper classes spoke French. In the 14th
century English became dominant in Britain again, but with many
French words added. This language is called Middle English. It was the
language of the great poet Chaucer (c1340-1400), but it would still be
difficult for native English speakers to understand today.
An example of Middle English by Chaucer
Modern English
Early Modern English (1500-1800)
Towards the end of Middle English, a sudden and distinct change in
pronunciation (the Great Vowel Shift) started, with vowels being
pronounced shorter and shorter. From the 16th century the British had
contact with many peoples from around the world.
This, and the Renaissance of Classical learning, meant that many new
words and phrases entered the language. The invention of printing
also meant that there was now a common language in print. Books
became cheaper and more people learned to read. Printing also
brought standardization to English. Spelling and grammar became
fixed, and the dialect of London, where most publishing houses were,
became the standard. In 1604 the first English dictionary was
published.
Hamlet's famous "To be, or not to be" lines, written in Early Modern English by Shakespeare
Late Modern English (1800-Present)
The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern
English is vocabulary. Late Modern English has many more words,
arising from two principal factors: firstly, the Industrial Revolution and
technology created a need for new words; secondly, the British Empire
at its height covered one quarter of the earth's surface, and the
English language adopted foreign words from many countries.
Varieties of English
From around 1600, the English colonization of North America resulted
in the creation of a distinct American variety of English. Some English
pronunciations and words "froze" when they reached America. In some
ways, American English is more like the English of Shakespeare than
modern British English is. Some expressions that the British call
"Americanisms" are in fact original British expressions that were
preserved in the colonies while lost for a time in Britain (for
example trash for rubbish, loan as a verb instead of lend, and fall for
autumn; another example, frame-up, was re-imported into Britain
through Hollywood gangster movies). Spanish also had an influence on
American English (and subsequently British English), with words
like canyon, ranch, stampede and vigilante being examples of Spanish
words that entered English through the settlement of the American
West. French words (through Louisiana) and West African words
(through the slave trade) also influenced American English (and so, to
an extent, British English).
Today, American English is particularly influential, due to the USA's
dominance of cinema, television, popular music, trade and technology
(including the Internet). But there are many other varieties of English
around the world, including for example Australian English, New
Zealand English, Canadian English, South African English, Indian
English and Caribbean English.
The Germanic Family of Languages
English is a member of the Germanic family of languages. Germanic is a branch of the IndoEuropean language family.
A brief chronology of English
55 BC
Roman invasion of Britain by Julius Caesar
AD 43
Roman invasion and occupation. Beginning of
Roman rule of Britain
436
Roman withdrawal from Britain complete
449
Settlement of Britain by Germanic invaders
begins
450480
Earliest known Old English inscriptions
1066
William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy,
invades and conquers England
c1150
Earliest surviving manuscripts in Middle
English
1348
English replaces Latin as the language of
instruction in most schools
1362
English replaces French as the language of
law. English is used in Parliament for the first
Local
inhabitants
speak
Celtish
Old
English
Middle
English
A brief chronology of English
time
c1388
Chaucer starts writing The Canterbury Tales
c1400
The Great Vowel Shift begins
1476
William Caxton establishes the first English
printing press
1564
Shakespeare is born
1604
Table Alphabeticall, the first English
dictionary, is published
1607
The first permanent English settlement in the
New World (Jamestown) is established
1616
Shakespeare dies
1623
Shakespeare's First Folio is published
1702
The first daily English-language
newspaper, The Daily Courant, is published in
Early
Modern
English
A brief chronology of English
London
1755
Samuel Johnson publishes his English
dictionary
1776
Thomas Jefferson writes the American
Declaration of Independence
1782
Britain abandons its colonies in what is later
to become the USA
1828
Webster publishes his American English
dictionary
1922
The British Broadcasting Corporation is
founded
1928
The Oxford English Dictionary is published
Late
Modern
English
