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Distance Protection

Distance protection relies on measuring impedance to determine the location of faults on power lines. Distance relays are designed to operate if a fault occurs between the relay position and its predetermined reach point. The relay divides voltage by current to calculate impedance and operates if the measured impedance is less than the reach point impedance. Distance protection provides primary protection for lines through zones, with Zone 1 covering 80-85% of the line length to avoid errors between adjacent lines.

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Velu Samy
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187 views5 pages

Distance Protection

Distance protection relies on measuring impedance to determine the location of faults on power lines. Distance relays are designed to operate if a fault occurs between the relay position and its predetermined reach point. The relay divides voltage by current to calculate impedance and operates if the measured impedance is less than the reach point impedance. Distance protection provides primary protection for lines through zones, with Zone 1 covering 80-85% of the line length to avoid errors between adjacent lines.

Uploaded by

Velu Samy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DISTANCE PROTECTION

Consider the fig given below

It is clear from the fig that the over-current fails to operate correctly when the source
impedance changes
Advantage of distance protection is that its operation is independent of the source
impedance
Impedance of line is proportional to the length of line
In distance protection we use the relay which is capable of measuring impedance up
to a predetermined point(reach point)
These relays are designed to operate if the fault occur between the relay position and
reach point.
The basic principal of measuring impedance is obtain by dividing voltage at relay
point by current
Under normal condition each relay reach impedance is set, if the measured impedance
under fault condition is less than reach point impedance the relay operates

Single relay provide primary protection for its line and backup protection for other
lines.
Zones are given as zone 1, zone2,zone3
Zone refers to primary protection it is provided for 80% of the line(for digital,
numeric relay this is up to 85%),this is because to avoid errors and to provide
discrimination(confusion between 90% and 110%)
Zone 2 protection should be at least 120% of the protected line
In many application it is common practice to provide zone2 for protected line +50%
of shortest adjacent line
Zone3 provide remote back up protection for other lines

Zone3
Zone2
Zone1

Plane Impedance characteristic


This characteristic not takes no account of phase angle between voltage and
current
For this reason when impedance characteristic is plotted on R/X plane we obtain a
circle with center at origin

Operation of relay occurs when ever impedance is inside the circle


This is non directional relay, relay operate for fault on both side of relay
AB represent impedance in front of relay, AC is the impedance behind the
relaying point
Angle RAB is the phase angle between voltage and current
AL is the reach of the relay put to cover 80% to 85% of length of line

Self polarized mho relay


Fig given below shows characteristics of mho relay

Characteristic is circle whose circumference is passing through origin


Inherently Directional relay , operates fault in only in forward direction

Distance relay application problem


Minimum voltage at relaying point
Minimum length of line :for very short length line total impedance is less than the
minimum reach of the relay , so some other technique should be used
Under reach: Reach of relay decreases due to feed current from parallel line

Over reach: Reach increases due to removal of parallel line.


Forward reach limitation
Power swing

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