CURRENT AND POTENTIAL
TRANSFORMERS
G.GIRIJA
SHORT CIRCUIT LABORATORY
Instrument Transformers
To transform currents or voltages from usually a high value
to a value easy to handle for relays and instruments.
To insulate the relays, metering instruments from the
primary high-voltage system.
To standardize the rated current and rated voltage for relays
Current
Voltage
transformers
transformers
Equipment Standards
Current Transformer = IEC 60044-1 / IS 2705
Inductive Voltage Transformer = IEC 60044-2 /
IS 3156 / Part 1 & II & III
Capacitor Voltage transformer = IEC 60044-5 / Part
1 & Part 4
Current Transformer
Main Parts : 1. Primary winding
2. Secondary winding
3. Core
4. Burden
According to constructions:
Bar Primary CT
Wound Primary CT
Ring CT
Dry type CT
Liquid immersed
Equivalent circuit of Current transformer
Ip
I2
Is
Ie
Rct
Rb
Es
Lm
Rwm
Xb
Vector diagramIdeal CT
Vector diagramPractical CT
NsIs = NpIp
NpIp
NpII1( =NsIs)
NpIe
RsIs
RsIs
XsIs
NpIm
Es
NsIs
XsIs
NsIs
Es
NpIw
Types of Current Transformers
# Metering Current transformers
# Protective Current transformer
# Protective Current transformers for special purpose
applications (PS class)
Difference between Metering and
Protective current transformer
Metering CT Very accurate,
saturate fast and protects the instruments
(meters) from over current.
Protective CT Reasonable accuracy to be maintained upto
ALF times the rated current
Difference between Protection class and PS class
Protection class Non- balance circuits.
prime requirement is the maintenance of
accuracy up to ALF times the rated current.
PS class
- Balance schemes of protection requires CTs
having high degree of similarity in their
characteristics
Protection class
Over current Protection
CT must be capable of developing a sufficiently high value
of secondary induced emf in order to give the secondary
current corresponding to the maximum primary fault current
at which protection device must operate.
Rated secondary limiting emf Ess = Is X ALF ( Zb + Rsw)
Max. secondary induced emf is required to be developed
to operate a relay Ew = Ir X plug setting ( Zbs + Rsw)
PS Class CT
Differential protection
A
B
(monitored area)
id
Rst
Protection
(Rp)
PS Class CT
Knee point voltage & excitation current
Turns ratio
Secondary winding resistance
Kp = k. Is ( Rct + Rb)
k - to be specified by the manufacturer,
depends on system fault level and relay
characteristics.
CURRENT
TRANSFORMER (CT)
Metering CT
Protection CT
Spl Purpose CT
Accuracy
Current error &
phase angle
Knee-point voltage
and exciting current
Instrument
security factor
Composite
error
Turns ratio, secondary
winding Resistance
Instrument security current test
It is the ratio of the saturation flux density to the
operating flux density for Metering CT
ISF should be as low as possible so that CT
saturates & secondary does not reflect the
primary conditions when there is an over current.
To protect connected instruments from over
currents.
eg: ISF < 5, 10, 15.
Instrument security current is termed as the
rated instrument primary limit current (IPL) and
is defined as the minimum primary current at which
composite error is equal to or greater than 10%
Determination of errors
Accuracy / current and phase
displacement error
- Rated primary current is passed through
the standard CT & test CT
Test CT secondary is connected with
required burden
Secondary current of the test CT is
compared with that of the standard CT
Measurement of current and phase angle error
CT-PT COMPARATOR
Burden
STANDARD
CT
SOURCE OF PRIMARY
CURRENT
CT UNDER
TEST
Composite error
By Indirect method
With the primary winding open
circuited a voltage equal to the
secondary limiting emf is applied to the
secondary terminals and excitation
current is noted down.
Ec = (Ie/(ALF X Is)) X 100
Measurement of composite error
CT under test
Pri
Sec
Ec = (Ie/(ALF X Is)) X 100
Accuracy
Class
Current
error
at rated
primary
current
Phase
displace
ment at rated
primary
current
Composite
error at
rated
accuracy
limit primary
current
min
5P
60
10P
10
Test on PS class
Declared Kp is applied to the secondary with
the primary open circuited and Ie noted.
Kp is increased to 10% & Ie should not
increase more than 50%.
Turns ratio should be within 0.25%
Secondary resistance should be within the
value specified.
Short-time current test
Effect of Short circuits
Electro dynamic stress - Mechanical forces
Thermal stresses - Heating
Insulation failure - recovery voltage
Short-time current test
Short- time thermal current test
To check the thermal stability
Primary winding has to carry the Ith (sym.) for a
specified time. with secondary winding shorted
Dynamic current test
To check the mechanical design
Primary winding has to carry the Idyn = 2.5 Ith
(Assym.) for atleast one peak with secondary
winding shorted
Mounting Arrangement for STC
Test requirement
No visible damage
The errors at rated burden after STC do not
differ from the values recorded before STC
by more than half limits of the accuracy
class
CT should pass the dielectric tests at 90 %
of the rated value.
Failure on Current Transformer after STC test
Over-voltage test
To check the inter-turn and inter layer
insulation
Primary winding is open circuited
Required voltage is applied to pass 1A or 5A
in the secondary for 1 minute
(90 % after STC)-
HVPF tests
High voltage power frequency
withstand test on primary windings
High voltage power frequency
withstand test on secondary windings.
HVPF test on sections
Test voltages as ratings / standard
Test duration one minute
Potential Transformer
Types
1. Inductive Voltage transformer
2. Capacitor voltage transformer
Equivalent circuit of IVT
(Ns/Np)xIpZp
Is
Up
IsZs
IsZb
Ie
Us
CVT Schematic
C1
E1
C2
E2
E3
Electromagnetic unit
E1 input voltage
E2 Output voltage from divider
E3 output voltage from CVT
C1, C2 Divider capacitance
Unlike CT, the demands on VT in terms of input
variations are less.
The transformers can therefore supply a
secondary voltage at good accuracy.
Voltage
transformers are usually connected phase
to earth. In the event of a disturbance in the
network, the voltage across the winding may
increase considerably -the voltage factor times the
nominal rated performance voltage.
Standard specifies following values for voltage
factor:
1.5 for systems with solidly earthed neutral.
1.9 for systems not being solidly earthed
Hence voltage transformers operate with low flux
density at rated voltage
Thank You
