Heavens light is our guide

Rajshahi University of Engineering &Technology

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

ENGINEERING
Course Title: Photovolatic System Sessional
Course No: EEE 466
Experiment No: 04

Name of Experiment Observation and Measurement of Bandgap

Energy of ZnO Thin Film.
Submitted by:
Name: Md. Nur-A-Adam Dony
Roll: 111099
Date: 30/7/16
Class: 4th year 8th semester
Session: 2011-12

Theory:
The determination of band gap in materials is important to obtain the basic solid
state physics. Band gap indicates the difference in energy between the top of the
valence band filled with electrons and the bottom of the conduction band devoid
of electrons. The bandgap is related to the electric conductivity of the materials.
There is generally no band gap in metals, but the band gap value in insulators is
known to be large, and that in semiconductors is typically intermediate between
these two. Here introduction of band gap determination from Tauc plots
obtained from diffuse reflectance spectra of samples consisting of compound
semiconductor materials.

Process for Obtaining Band Gap Using Tauc Plot :

Tauc plot is used to determine the optical bandgap, or Tauc gap, in
semiconductors The Tauc gap is often used to characterize practical optical
properties of amorphous materials.
(h)^1/n = A(h - Eg)
Where:
h: Planck's constant
: frequency of vibration
: absorption coeffiient
Eg: band gap
A: proportional constant
The value of the exponent n denotes the nature of the sample
transition For direct allowed transition, n = 1/2
For direct forbidden transition, n = 3/2 For
indirect allowed transition ,n = 2 For indirect
forbidden transition , n = 3

 is absorption coefficient given by = 2.303 log (1/T) , T is the transmission .

2
Plot (h ) as a function of h if you have the sample with direct band gap.The
values of Eg have been estimated by taking the intercept of the extrapolation to
2
zero absorption with photon energy axis i.e. (h ) 0 .

ID
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

WL(nm),
900.0
895.0
890.0
885.0
880.0
875.0
870.0
865.0
860.0
855.0
850.0
845.0
840.0
835.0
830.0
825.0
820.0
815.0
810.0
805.0
800.0
795.0
790.0
785.0
780.0
775.0
770.0
765.0
760.0
755.0

Abs.
0.0026
0.0027
0.0027
0.0027
0.0027
0.0026
0.0027
0.0027
0.0028
0.0027
0.0026
0.0036
0.0029
0.0031
0.0030
0.0031
0.0032
0.0032
0.0031
0.0032
0.0032
0.0032
0.0032
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0034

%T
99.41
99.39
99.38
99.39
99.38
99.40
99.38
99.37
99.37
99.38
99.40
99.17
99.33
99.29
99.30
99.28
99.27
99.28
99.28
99.26
99.27
99.26
99.26
99.25
99.24
99.24
99.24
99.24
99.24
99.22

Eg = h = 1240/
1.377777778
1.38547486
1.393258427
1.401129944
1.409090909
1.417142857
1.425287356
1.433526012
1.441860465
1.450292398
1.458823529
1.467455621
1.476190476
1.48502994
1.493975904
1.503030303
1.512195122
1.521472393
1.530864198
1.540372671
1.55
1.559748428
1.569620253
1.579617834
1.58974359
1.6
1.61038961
1.620915033
1.631578947
1.642384106

=2.303log(1/T)
0.005953755
0.006149974
0.006197273
0.006104689
0.006254639
0.006061419
0.006253633
0.00628282
0.006362336
0.006242562
0.006054375
0.008296806
0.006710667
0.007142726
0.007015808
0.00719108
0.007341194
0.007266638
0.007244474
0.00745203
0.007279735
0.007403664
0.007466137
0.007505438
0.007679787
0.007624355
0.007678779
0.007669708
0.007651567
0.007784613

)2

6.7288E-05
7.2601E-05
7.4553E-05
7.3162E-05
7.7675E-05
7.3786E-05
7.9446E-05
8.1119E-05
8.4155E-05
8.1967E-05
7.8009E-05
0.00014824
9.8133E-05
0.00011251
0.00010986
0.00011682
0.00012324
0.00012223
0.00012299
0.00013177
0.00012732
0.00013335
0.00013733
0.00014056
0.00014906
0.00014881
0.00015291
0.00015455
0.00015585
0.00016346

0.090570144
0.092307279
0.092921488
0.092484931
0.093879473
0.092681693
0.094409872
0.094903038
0.095778914
0.095150093
0.093980129
0.110341264
0.09953001
0.102991079
0.102378947
0.10396351
0.105362789
0.105147463
0.105310519
0.107139645
0.106224241
0.107460936
0.108254333
0.108883989
0.110493857
0.110448937
0.111201738
0.111498635
0.111732427
0.113072212

31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77

99.22
99.22
99.24
99.19
99.21
99.20
99.19
99.21
99.16
99.18
99.18
99.17
99.18
99.19
99.17
99.16
99.16
99.14
99.15
99.13
99.14
99.15
99.11
99.11
99.09
99.10
99.08
99.05
99.02
99.04
99.04
99.01
99.05
99.05
99.17
99.13
99.08
99.06
99.06
98.97
98.99
98.94
99.00
98.94

1.653333333
1.66442953
1.675675676
1.68707483
1.698630137
1.710344828
1.722222222
1.734265734
1.746478873
1.758865248
1.771428571
1.784172662
1.797101449
1.810218978
1.823529412
1.837037037
1.850746269
1.864661654
1.878787879
1.893129771
1.907692308
1.92248062
1.9375
1.952755906
1.968253968
1.984
2
2.016260163
2.032786885
2.049586777
2.066666667
2.084033613
2.101694915
2.11965812
2.137931034
2.156521739
2.175438596
2.194690265
2.214285714
2.234234234
2.254545455
2.275229358
2.296296296
2.317757009

0.007854167
0.007790661
0.007606214
0.008092099
0.007933808
0.008069917
0.008117307
0.007975142
0.008402705
0.008185876
0.008278653
0.008322019
0.00819596
0.008126382
0.008358327
0.008404722
0.008469276
0.008689194
0.008566115
0.008699283
0.008613529
0.008588308
0.008976774
0.008988884
0.009103941
0.009044392
0.009288664
0.009576417
0.009802638
0.009671343
0.00969659
0.009958195
0.009526938
0.009498665
0.008318993
0.00879009
0.009223048
0.009488568
0.009464335
0.010372458
0.010175409
0.010647381
0.010091549
0.010628174

0.00016862
0.00016814
0.00016245
0.00018638
0.00018162
0.0001905
0.00019543
0.0001913
0.00021536
0.0002073
0.00021506
0.00022046
0.00021694
0.0002164
0.00023231
0.00023839
0.00024569
0.00026252
0.00025901
0.00027122
0.00027001
0.00027261
0.0003025
0.00030811
0.00032109
0.00032199
0.00034512
0.00037282
0.00039707
0.00039292
0.00040159
0.0004307
0.00040091
0.00040537
0.00031632
0.00035933
0.00040257
0.00043366
0.00043919
0.00053706
0.00052629
0.00058686
0.000537
0.00060681

530.0 0.0048 98.90

525.0 0.0052 98.82
520.0 0.0054 98.77

2.339622642
2.361904762
2.384615385

0.01110845
0.011869275
0.012352173

0.00067546 0.161212846
0.00078591 0.16743386
0.00086761 0.17162512

750.0
745.0
740.0
735.0
730.0
725.0
720.0
715.0
710.0
705.0
700.0
695.0
690.0
685.0
680.0
675.0
670.0
665.0
660.0
655.0
650.0
645.0
640.0
635.0
630.0
625.0
620.0
615.0
610.0
605.0
600.0
595.0
590.0
585.0
580.0
575.0
570.0
565.0
560.0
555.0
550.0
545.0
540.0
535.0

0.0034
0.0034
0.0033
0.0035
0.0034
0.0035
0.0035
0.0035
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.0036
0.0035
0.0036
0.0036
0.0037
0.0038
0.0037
0.0038
0.0037
0.0037
0.0039
0.0039
0.0040
0.0039
0.0040
0.0042
0.0043
0.0042
0.0042
0.0043
0.0041
0.0041
0.0036
0.0038
0.0040
0.0041
0.0041
0.0045
0.0044
0.0046
0.0044
0.0046

0.113954187
0.113872765
0.112896181
0.116841673
0.11608878
0.117483361
0.118236231
0.117605341
0.121141022
0.119991052
0.121099307
0.121852037
0.121362973
0.121286977
0.123457098
0.124256937
0.125197769
0.127288674
0.126861785
0.128331101
0.128187216
0.128494576
0.131880625
0.1324881
0.133861374
0.133955493
0.136298675
0.1389552
0.141161872
0.140791534
0.141561366
0.144059755
0.141501648
0.141894053
0.133362042
0.137680861
0.141648068
0.144306851
0.144764435
0.152231733
0.151462609
0.155644573
0.152227415
0.156950708

78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118

515.0
510.0
505.0
500.0
495.0
490.0
485.0
480.0
475.0
470.0
465.0
460.0
455.0
450.0
445.0
440.0
435.0
430.0
425.0
420.0
415.0
410.0
405.0
400.0
395.0
390.0
385.0
380.0
375.0
370.0
365.0
360.0
355.0
350.0
345.0
340.0
335.0
330.0
325.0
320.0
315.0

98.71
98.66
98.63
98.52
98.44
98.41
98.24
98.16
98.07
97.93
97.81
97.66
97.47
97.26
96.41
96.51
96.16
95.95
95.50
95.12
94.55
93.78
92.86
91.42
89.28
85.14
76.75
59.14
32.93
19.60
15.24
14.59
14.93
15.28
15.36
15.59
16.81
16.53
16.28
15.91
15.92

2.40776699
2.431372549
2.455445545
2.48
2.505050505
2.530612245
2.556701031
2.583333333
2.610526316
2.638297872
2.666666667
2.695652174
2.725274725
2.755555556
2.786516854
2.818181818
2.850574713
2.88372093
2.917647059
2.952380952
2.987951807
3.024390244
3.061728395
3.1
3.139240506
3.179487179
3.220779221
3.263157895
3.306666667
3.351351351
3.397260274
3.444444444
3.492957746
3.542857143
3.594202899
3.647058824
3.701492537
3.757575758
3.815384615
3.875
3.936507937

0.013030851
0.013454499
0.013771845
0.014866601
0.015722746
0.016029633
0.017722252
0.018540089
0.019505447
0.020964935
0.022165761
0.023635284
0.025610669
0.027816182
0.03654817
0.035525812
0.039165851
0.041328523
0.046067945
0.050057824
0.05608534
0.064182152
0.074125019
0.08973083
0.113440007
0.160884593
0.264678816
0.525274454
1.111122932
1.630189448
1.88144781
1.925324633
1.901979497
1.878852645
1.873903833
1.858708607
1.783648463
1.800081669
1.815572203
1.838817644
1.837943973

0.00098441
0.00107013
0.00114352
0.00135934
0.00155128
0.0016455
0.00205304
0.00229395
0.00259279
0.00305939
0.00349384
0.00405928
0.0048715
0.00587507
0.01037181
0.01002365
0.01246465
0.01420386
0.01806605
0.02184182
0.02808315
0.03767942
0.05150661
0.07737609
0.12681822
0.26166345
0.72670856
2.93797934
13.4991075
29.8480578
40.8546969
43.9790966
44.1365442
44.309079
45.3627923
45.9523955
43.5885361
45.7509282
47.984801
50.7715869
52.3463976

119
120
121

310.0 0.7990 15.89

305.0 0.7925 16.13
300.0 0.7388 18.25

4
4.06557377
4.133333333

1.840082361
1.825022697
1.701552782

54.1744495 2.71299271
55.0529039 2.72392445
49.4642822 2.651996386

0.0057
0.0058
0.0060
0.0065
0.0068
0.0070
0.0077
0.0081
0.0085
0.0091
0.0096
0.0103
0.0111
0.0121
0.0159
0.0154
0.0170
0.0179
0.0200
0.0217
0.0244
0.0279
0.0322
0.0390
0.0493
0.0699
0.1149
0.2281
0.4825
0.7079
0.8170
0.8360
0.8259
0.8158
0.8137
0.8071
0.7745
0.7816
0.7884
0.7984
0.7981

0.177130611
0.180867075
0.183891316
0.192013465
0.198459748
0.201407013
0.212862633
0.218849789
0.225653455
0.235184489
0.243122802
0.252413363
0.26418953
0.276855619
0.319127076
0.316414596
0.334133484
0.345224459
0.3666197
0.384434347
0.409365721
0.440581291
0.476393403
0.527414043
0.596754107
0.715213604
0.92329412
1.309218653
1.916797632
2.337378363
2.528194594
2.57520363
2.577505386
2.580020642
2.595224574
2.603616643
2.569467157
2.600758205
2.631939637
2.66934793
2.689810595

Matlab Code :
clc
clear
cd('G:\MATLAB_PROGRAMMING\')
data=xlsread('nanotechnology.xlsx'); % read xlsx file
wavelength=data(:,2)
absorption=data(:,3)
T=data(:,4)
transmittance=T/100;
Eg=data(:,5)% sorting column
square_of_ahv=data(:,7)
root_of_ahv=data(:,8)
plot(Eg,square_of_ahv)
xlabel('hv in ev')
ylabel('sqrt of ahv')
grid on
figure
plot(Eg,root_of_ahv)
xlabel('hv in ev')
ylabel('sqare of ahv')
grid on
figure
plot(wavelength,absorption,'r',wavelength,transmittance)
grid on

0.8

transmittance
0.6

h
v

wavelength=375

0.4

absorption
0.2

0
300

320

340

360

380

400

420

440

460

480

500

wavelength , in nm
60

50

(ahv)1/2

40

30

20

10

01

1.5

2.5

3
hv in ev

3.5

4.5

2.5

(ahv)2

1.5

tangent
0.5

01

1.5

2.5

3.05

3.5

hv , in ev

So, Direct bandgap energy for ZnO thin film obtained here is 3.05ev.

4.5