SWM Learning Program
in India
Reduce, Reuse and Recycling
In association
with
Module Description
SWM Learning Program
in India
Provides information about the current practices of organic
waste recycling and strategies for further improvements.
Promotes waste minimization concept for waste
management.
Show pathways leading to improved recovery, reuse and
recycling for obtaining more and better secondary raw
material for the production sector
Brings to fore the unacknowledged services being provided
by the informal waste pickers in India in conserving
national resources and discusses various ways through
which their contribution in this sector can be enhanced
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with
Learning Objectives
SWM Learning Program
in India
To understand the magnitude of reusable and recyclable
material in the municipal waste stream which adds burden on
the municipal authorities in managing such waste
To understand the concept of reduce, reuse and recycle which
save resources and reduces the burden on the municipal
authorities in collection, transportation and disposal of waste.
To learn the ways of promoting the objective of 3 R
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SWM Learning Program
in India
Concept of 3 Rs
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Waste Management Hierarchy
Prevention
SWM Learning Program
in India
Most Economic
Least wasted economic value
Least environmental damage
Minimisation
reuse
Reuse
recycling
Recycling
energy recovery
Energy recovery
Least Economic
Most wasted economic value
Most environmental damage
disposal
Disposal
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Concept of 3Rs
SWM Learning Program
in India
3Rs fosters cooperation among waste generators, waste
collectors processors and manufacturers. Recycling allows for
production and consumption with reduced depletion of
natural resources and energy, and can reduce the negative
impact on the environmental system (air, water and soil).
1.
2.
Waste prevention, reduction or minimisation
Reuse
4.
Recycling
Recovery
5.
Disposal
3.
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Typical Recycling Materials
Material
Advantages
Aluminium
SWM Learning Program
in India
High market value
Can be easily recycled by shredding and melting
Can be recycled indefinitely as it does not deteriorate from
reprocessing
Its recycling requires significantly less energy than producing it
from ore.
Recycling recovers valuable metals
Prevention of pollution due to heavy metals such as lead, cadmium
and mercury
Batteries
Concrete/
Demolition waste
Can be crushed to gravel and reused in road construction and
landscaping
Glass
Glass can be sorted into colors and melted.
Saves energy compared to processing raw material
Can be recycled indefinitely as it does not deteriorate from
reprocessing
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Typical Recycling Materials
SWM Learning Program
in India
Other
metal
Metal scrap has high market values (e.g. steel, copper, silver,
platinum)
Alike aluminium it can be recycled indefinitely as it does not
deteriorate from reprocessing
Paper
Can be easily recycled; however quality is deteriorating with each
recycling cycle.
Paper or cardboard from recycled paper requires less energy and
protects forests.
PET
Can be recycled if segregated from other waste.
Reprocessing into granulate is easily possible.
Has a high market value if processing plants are available.
Other
plastic
Other plastic such as Polyethylene or PVC can be recycled but have
less value on the market than PET. The value depends on recycling
and manufacturing options in the vicinity.
Electron
ic waste
Computers or mobile phones contain high value metals, therefore
they are often dismantled, reused or recycled.
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Waste generation rates
SWM Learning Program
in India
According to the Ministry of Urban Development
(Government of India), about 42 million metric tonnes of solid
waste is generated per year in urban India with per capita
waste generation rate ranging between 0.2 and 0.6 kg per day.
A significant increase in Indias urban population, which
has resulted in an enormous increase in the rate of waste
generated in the cities
Lack of serious efforts by municipal authorities.
Increasing income levels will have a multiplier effect on the
amount of waste produced in the cities.
The waste collection efficiency in an Indian city ranges
from 50 to 90%
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SWM Learning Program
in India
Physical composition of waste
Compostable
Paper
Plastic
Glass
Metal
Others
India
41.8
5.7
3.9
2.1
1.9
44.6
Name of
the city
Total
Compostable
Paper
Plastic
Glass Metal
Inert
Rubber
Rags
& leather
Bangalore
51.84
11.58
9.72
0.78
0.35
17.34
1.14
2.29
Ahmedaba
d
40.81
5.28
5.29
0.79
0.30
39.28
0.92
5.00
Nagpur
47.41
6.87
7.45
0.92
0.29
18.01
5.38
9.48
Lucknow
47.41
6.87
7.45
0.92
0.29
18.01
5.38
9.48
Indore
48.97
6.10
5.77
0.55
0.15
31.02
2.95
2.41
Bhopal
52.44
9.01
12.38
0.55
0.39
18.88
0.09
2.65
Agra
46.38
6.12
8.72
0.85
0.11
30.07
1.97
3.92
association
Source: Central Pollution Control Board,Inwith
2005
SWM Learning Program
in India
Current practices of RRR in Indian Society
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SWM Learning Program
in India
Steps in the Recycling Chain
Municipal Waste
Storage Depot
Transportatio
n
Treatment
Plant
Rejects
Households/
Shops/
Establishment
Segregation at
source
ORGANIC
Disposal site
RECYCLABLE
Waste Purchaser
Depot
Recycling
Industry
Semi whole seller /
Whole sellers depot
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Contribution of the informal sector
SWM Learning Program
in India
It is estimated that about 8 to 10 % of the waste i.e.
about 4 million MT of waste generated in the urban
areas is retrieved by the waste pickers and given away
to a recycling industry
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Contribution of the informal sector
SWM Learning Program
in India
Comprises mostly women and children from lower income
strata (and often lower caste) with relatively small
percentage of males.
No use of protective gears to generally collect paper,
plastic, metal, glass and other waste materials which have
some value.
materials are then sold to a middle man who purchases the
waste from them at a low price.
These middle men in turn store and resell the materials in
bulk to a waste dealer with a higher profit margin.
The waste dealer then again sells the material in large
quantities to the recycling or even production industry at a
even higher price.
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SWM Learning Program
in India
Income of waste pickers
National Benefit
4 million tones of recyclable material retrieved by about 0.5 million
(5lakh) gives them a minimum of Rs. 12 billion (1200Crores) each year at
the rate of Rs. 3 / Kg and reaches the industry through middlemen.
Category
Earning
Adult Waste Picker
40 - 45 Rs/day
Child Waste Picker (moving with
mother)
10 15 Rs/Day
Child Waste Picker (moving alone)
20 30 Rs/Day
Waste Picker with cycle
50 80 Rs/Day
Waste Picker with tricycle
150 200 Rs/Day
Overall average Earning
50 Rs/Day
association
Source: Recycling Responsibility by Srishti in In2002
with
The old tradition of
households and
small commerce
selling
reusable/recyclable
materials such as
newspaper, plastic
bags, bottles,
clothes, tins and
glass to waste
purchasers at the
doorstep is well
known as
Kabadiwalas.
SWM Learning Program
in India
Residents generally sell
recyclable wastes to
kabadiwallahs at a predetermined price
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SWM Learning Program
in India
Problems faced & caused by Rag pickers
Harassed by the police as they suspect them for
committing thefts.
Municipal authorities harass them as they spread the
waste while retrieving the recyclable materials.
Unhygienic practices pose health threats to waste
pickers
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SWM Learning Program
in India
Problems caused by Rag pickers
Waste pickers often cause additional littering on streets
when rummaging the waste bags and bins .
They also burn waste at the dumpsites to salvage valuable
material such as wires from the tyres and some portion of
metals causing environmental pollution.
They move around the bull dozers/ the compactors at the
landfill to pick up recyclable materials and often accidents
are caused when they try to pick up waste alongside the
moving lauries bull dozers etc at the landfill
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SWM Learning Program
in India
Mandatory directions under MSW Rules to promote 3Rs
Segregation of municipal solid wastes
In order to encourage the citizens, municipal authority shall
organise awareness programmes for segregation of wastes
and shall promote recycling or reuse of segregated materials.
The municipal authority shall undertake phased programme
to ensure community participation in waste segregation. For
this purpose, regular meetings at quarterly intervals shall be
arranged by the municipal authorities with representatives of
local resident welfare associations and non-governmental
organizations.
In association
with
Source: Schedule II of MSW Rules 2000
SWM Learning Program
in India
Mandatory directions under MSW Rules to promote 3Rs
Municipal authorities shall adopt suitable technology or
combination of such technologies to make use of wastes
so as to minimize burden on landfill. Following criteria
shall be adopted, namely:The biodegradable wastes shall be processed by composting,
vermicomposting, anaerobic digestion or any other
appropriate biological processing for stabilization of
wastes.
Mixed waste containing recoverable resources shall follow
the route of recycling.
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with
Source: Schedule II of MSW Rules 2000
SWM Learning Program
in India
Recommendations for
Implementation of the mandates
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SWM Learning Program
in India
Promoting storage and segregation of waste at source
Involving the informal sector & extending financial
help to NGOs and co-operatives
Organizing them for into door step "waste collectors"
by motivating them to stop picking up soiled and
contaminated solid waste and instead collect recyclable
clean material directly from the households
The upgraded rag-pickers on becoming door step
waste-collectors may be given an identity card by the
NGOs organizing them so that they may have
acceptability in society.
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SWM Learning Program
in India
Processing of Municipal Solid Wastes:
Promote segregation at source
Till 100% source segregation is achieved the mixed
waste containing recyclable material may be
subjected to segregation at the secondary level.
If waste is of high calorific value consider WTE
options.
Special care must be taken prior to considering
WTE technologies for treatment of MSW waste.
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SWM Learning Program
in India
Promote Composting of Waste
Composting reduces (separated) biodegradable
waste to 25-30 % of its initial weight. By adopting
composting technology for treatment of MSW,
municipal authorities will save up to 55% of waste
going to landfill.
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Role of Industrial Sector & EPR
SWM Learning Program
in India
The central and state governments may consider
introducing the concept of Extended Producers
Responsibility (EPR).
Industry needs to realize the problems their
packaging material creates once they are
discarded by the purchaser of their products.
Ideally, industries should show self commitment
(e.g. in form of a sector agreement) to reduce
waste from packaging and reuse or recycle
production waste as much as possible.
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Extended Producer Responsibility
SWM Learning Program
in India
1. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) provides an
overall framework to link formal systems of production to
the existing informal system of recycling through a product
life cycle approach where the producer is responsible.
2. It provides an opportunity to resolve several inter-related
waste management problems.
3. EPR can act as a pressure tool for making big corporate
houses, which generate large quantities of waste, to invest
in recycling and take back their product waste.
Discouragement and higher taxes on packaging materials,
which are non-recyclable, can help reduce the problem of
waste.
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Governments Role
SWM Learning Program
in India
Encourage technology advancements for waste recycling
Help create logistic chains and market for recyclable
products.
Examine the issue of recycling within the framework of
Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR).
Promote the use of re-usable or eco-friendly packaging
material.
Direct the industries to reduce the packaging material and
its composition.
Levy eco-surcharge on hard-to-recycle or ecologically
unfriendly packaging to encourage compliance.
Help in marketing of compost through extension methods to
the agricultural sector.
In association
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SWM Learning Program
in India
Need of intervention by Municipal Authorities
Promote segregation of waste at source of generation.
Collection of recyclable waste from the door step
Involve citizens and citizens organistions/ NGOs in SWM
planning
Integrate the informal sector in the formal SWM system by
organizing waste picker cooperatives through NGOs for door
to door collection
providing work places for sorting and sheds for storing
recyclables
providing marketing chains and direct links to industries for
recyclables
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NGO Intervention
SWM Learning Program
in India
Undertake phased programmes to encourage citizens
in segregating waste at source.
Organize rag pickers for door to door collection in
urban areas for collection of organic and recyclable
waste separately.
Eliminate the middlemen in this sector, through
forming cooperatives of rag pickers
Provide access to health clinics, livelihood skills and
saving schemes.
Promoting conversion of waste materials (paper and
plastics) into useful products.
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Case Study
SWM Learning Program
in India
Centre for Environment Education, Bangalore
Centre for Environment Education
(CEE) setup a hand made paper making
unit and a plastic weaving loom in
Coorg.
The waste polythene bags are collected
from schools through the eco-clubs,
houses, through waste retrievers and Self
help Groups
These polythene bags are washed, dried,
cut into strips and woven in handlooms
to make attractive bags, mats, folders,
pencil cases, wall charts, curtains for
windows and doors etc.
These products are sold at various
exhibitions and fairs.
Polybag weaving
unit at the Coorg
facility
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SWM Learning Program
in India
Community Participation
Keep two domestic bins at home. One for biodegradable
food waste and another for recyclable material.
Not to litter on the streets and handover the waste kept
separately to the waste collector on a day today basis.
May compost their kitchen waste, leaves, grass clippings
and garden plants within their premises if there is space
available
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Community project
SWM Learning Program
in India
Muskan Jyoti Samiti, Lucknow
Work with 150 households
Services offered are collection of waste from door-to door and sweeping of
roads, twice a week. The project took two years to reach a financial stable
position.
The District Authorities allocated 65 acres of land, free of cost, for vermicomposting and monetary assistance for preparation of compost beds and
pits and also for procuring cycle rickshaws.
Currently the project serves the upper, middle and lower income colonies
. It charges different user fee in different colonies, which vary between Rs
15-30 per household per month.
900 waste pickers are Employed.
Waste pickers are not paid any salary however they have a right over the
recyclables and on an average, every waste collector gets between Rs
1200-Rs 1500 per month by selling the recyclables.
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International Examples
SWM Learning Program
in India
Germanys recycling policy and its green dot system
Residual household waste: The annual or monthly waste fee varies
depending on bin volume (e.g. 40l, 80l, 120l, 240l, 660l, and 1100l)
and frequency of pick-up. People either choose the frequency in
advance or is billed according to the number of times they
presented their bin at the kerbside for emptying.
This represents a unit-based price system even though the
calculation base is quite crude, since the volume of the bin is
measured and not the content of waste which can vary within the
bin.
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International Examples
SWM Learning Program
in India
Germanys recycling policy and its green dot system
Organic waste: The fee varies according to bin volume chosen or is
included in the residual waste fee.
Paper and cardboard: Costs are covered by the residual waste fee or
base fee and to a certain percentage by the Green Dot Programme
(see below).
Pick-up and recycling of light packaging materials and glass is
financed by the Green Dot Program.
In association
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Recycling in Switzerland
Waste management is financed through different tariffs:
SWM Learning Program
in India
a unit-based pricing system charging for each bag
a unit-based pricing system charging for each bag in combination with a flat fee, or
a weight-based system in combination with the bag-based system.
The recycling system is financed through:
an advanced recycling contribution which is a voluntary contribution on
every recyclable unit made by the producers to organizations that organize
the collection and recycling (applied for PET-bottles, aluminium cans and
packaging, steel and tin cans),
an advanced disposal fee which the producer has to pay by law on glass
packaging and batteries and which is included in the retail price,
taxes or flat fee component of a two-tiers unit-based pricing system (applied
for metals, paper and cardboard), or
Revenues from sales of recyclable materials (applied for textiles).
In association
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SWM Learning Program
in India
Recycling status in EU
Material
Year
Consumptio
n
/Per capita
/year
Waste
generation
consumptio
n
Recycling Recovery Main
rate
sectors
Rate
Plastic
2002
95
56 %
15%
38%
Household
Paper &
2002
Cardboard
205
96%
56 %
56%
Aluminiu
m
2002
22
84%(1)
84%
Transport,
building
packaging
Steel
2003
412 (2)
55 % (3)
55%
Glass
2002
38
83 % (4)
59 %
59%
Packaging
Rubber (5)
2003
47%
73%
Transport
Inert
Waste
Building
Textile
Waste
Household
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SWM Learning Program
in India
Other Examples
Recycling of waste electrical and electronic
equipment (WEEE) in Delhi.
Privately-initiated resource recovery and recycling
program in the Philippines.
Composting in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
A new solid-waste management and recycling
concept for Bais City, Philippines
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