OPERATORS IN C++
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An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical
manipulations. C++ is rich in built-in operators and provides the following types of operators:
Arithmetic Operators
Relational Operators
Logical Operators
Bitwise Operators
Assignment Operators
Misc Operators
This chapter will examine the arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, assignment and other
operators one by one.
Arithmetic Operators:
There are following arithmetic operators supported by C++ language:
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then:
Show Examples
Operator
Description
Example
Adds two operands
A + B will give 30
Subtracts second operand from the first
A - B will give -10
Multiplies both operands
A * B will give 200
Divides numerator by de-numerator
B / A will give 2
Modulus Operator and remainder of after
an integer division
B % A will give 0
++
Increment operator, increases integer
value by one
A++ will give 11
--
Decrement operator, decreases integer
value by one
A-- will give 9
Relational Operators:
There are following relational operators supported by C++ language
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then:
Show Examples
Operator
Description
Example
==
Checks if the values of two operands are
equal or not, if yes then condition
becomes true.
A == B is not true.
!=
Checks if the values of two operands are
equal or not, if values are not equal then
condition becomes true.
A ! = B is true.
>
Checks if the value of left operand is
greater than the value of right operand, if
yes then condition becomes true.
A > B is not true.
<
Checks if the value of left operand is less
than the value of right operand, if yes
then condition becomes true.
A < B is true.
>=
Checks if the value of left operand is
greater than or equal to the value of right
operand, if yes then condition becomes
true.
A >= B is not true.
<=
Checks if the value of left operand is less
than or equal to the value of right
operand, if yes then condition becomes
true.
A <= B is true.
Logical Operators:
There are following logical operators supported by C++ language
Assume variable A holds 1 and variable B holds 0, then:
Show Examples
Operator
Description
Example
&&
Called Logical AND operator. If both the
operands are non-zero, then condition
becomes true.
||
Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the
two operands is non-zero, then condition
becomes true.
A | | B is true.
Called Logical NOT Operator. Use to
reverses the logical state of its operand. If
a condition is true, then Logical NOT
operator will make false.
! A && B is true.
A && B is false.
Bitwise Operators:
Bitwise operator works on bits and perform bit-by-bit operation. The truth tables for &, |, and ^ are
as follows:
p
p&q
p|q
p^q
Assume if A = 60; and B = 13; now in binary format they will be as follows:
A = 0011 1100
B = 0000 1101
----------------A&B = 0000 1100
A|B = 0011 1101
A^B = 0011 0001
~A = 1100 0011
The Bitwise operators supported by C++ language are listed in the following table. Assume
variable A holds 60 and variable B holds 13, then:
Show Examples
Operator
Description
Example
&
Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the
result if it exists in both operands.
Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists
in either operand.
A | B will give 61 which is 0011 1101
Binary XOR Operator copies the bit if it is
set in one operand but not both.
A B will give 49 which is 0011 0001
Binary Ones Complement Operator is
unary and has the effect of 'flipping' bits.
A will give -61 which is 1100 0011 in
2's complement form due to a signed
binary number.
<<
Binary Left Shift Operator. The left
operands value is moved left by the
number of bits specified by the right
operand.
A << 2 will give 240 which is 1111
0000
>>
Binary Right Shift Operator. The left
operands value is moved right by the
number of bits specified by the right
operand.
A >> 2 will give 15 which is 0000 1111
A & B will give 12 which is 0000 1100
Assignment Operators:
There are following assignment operators supported by C++ language:
Show Examples
Operator
Description
Example
Simple assignment operator, Assigns
values from right side operands to left
side operand
C = A + B will assign value of A + B
into C
+=
Add AND assignment operator, It adds
right operand to the left operand and
assign the result to left operand
C += A is equivalent to C = C + A
-=
Subtract AND assignment operator, It
subtracts right operand from the left
C -= A is equivalent to C = C - A
operand and assign the result to left
operand
*=
Multiply AND assignment operator, It
multiplies right operand with the left
operand and assign the result to left
operand
C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A
/=
Divide AND assignment operator, It
divides left operand with the right
operand and assign the result to left
operand
C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A
%=
Modulus AND assignment operator, It
takes modulus using two operands and
assign the result to left operand
C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A
<<=
Left shift AND assignment operator
C <<= 2 is same as C = C << 2
>>=
Right shift AND assignment operator
C >>= 2 is same as C = C >> 2
&=
Bitwise AND assignment operator
C &= 2 is same as C = C & 2
^=
bitwise exclusive OR and assignment
operator
C ^= 2 is same as C = C ^ 2
|=
bitwise inclusive OR and assignment
operator
C |= 2 is same as C = C | 2
Misc Operators
There are few other operators supported by C++ Language.
Operator
Description
sizeof
sizeof operator returns the size of a variable. For example, sizeofa,
where a is integer, will return 4.
Condition ? X : Y
Conditional operator. If Condition is true ? then it returns value X :
otherwise value Y
Comma operator causes a sequence of operations to be
performed. The value of the entire comma expression is the value
of the last expression of the comma-separated list.
. dot and -> arrow
Member operators are used to reference individual members of
classes, structures, and unions.
Cast
Casting operators convert one data type to another. For example,
int2.2000 would return 2.
&
Pointer operator & returns the address of an variable. For example
&a; will give actual address of the variable.
Pointer operator * is pointer to a variable. For example *var; will
pointer to a variable var.
Operators Precedence in C++:
Operator precedence determines the grouping of terms in an expression. This affects how an
expression is evaluated. Certain operators have higher precedence than others; for example, the
multiplication operator has higher precedence than the addition operator:
For example x = 7 + 3 * 2; here, x is assigned 13, not 20 because operator * has higher
precedence than +, so it first gets multiplied with 3*2 and then adds into 7.
Here, operators with the highest precedence appear at the top of the table, those with the lowest
appear at the bottom. Within an expression, higher precedence operators will be evaluated first.
Show Examples
Category
Operator
Associativity
Postfix
[] -> . ++ - -
Left to right
Unary
+ - ! ~ ++ - - type* & sizeof
Right to left
Multiplicative
*/%
Left to right
Additive
+-
Left to right
Shift
<< >>
Left to right
Relational
< <= > >=
Left to right
Equality
== !=
Left to right
Bitwise AND
&
Left to right
Bitwise XOR
Left to right
Bitwise OR
Left to right
Logical AND
&&
Left to right
Logical OR
||
Left to right
Conditional
?:
Right to left
Assignment
= += -= *= /= %=>>= <<= &= ^= |=
Right to left
Comma
Left to right
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